摘要
随着互联网的快速发展、各种新型业务应用架构的出现和兴起、未来网络的发展演进,基于DHT的分布式网络以其分布式、自组织、资源共享等特性,在业务创新模式、业务应用架构、未来网络架构的构建中发挥了重要作用,但仍面临诸如负载均衡、安全等关键技术的挑战。
一方面,由于节点承载地址空间存在不均衡因子、节点处理能力的异构性、资源对象大小及查询分布的不均匀、系统的动态性等因素,导致基于DHT的分布式网络存在负载不均衡的问题。负载不均衡问题严重影响整个系统的服务质量,已经成为制约基于DHT的分布式网络发展的主要因素之一,如何实现高效低开销的负载均衡机制已成为亟待解决的问题。另一方面,由于DHT技术的分布式、自组织特性,使得它存在许多不可忽视的安全威胁。而具有负载均衡机制的DHT网络,在获得良好负载均衡效果的同时,不仅面临与普通DHT网络相同的安全威胁,而且带来了新的安全挑战。
为了有效解决上述问题和挑战,本论文在分析总结DHT系统负载不均衡及其安全问题根源的基础上,对DHT网络的负载均衡关键技术及其安全性进行深入研究,并取得若干具有创新性的成果,主要的工作和创新点包括以下几个方面:
第一:针对主要由节点承载地址空间存在不均衡因子、节点处理能力的异构性引起负载不均衡问题的场景,提出了一种基于虚拟服务器策略的混合式负载均衡(SDYA)算法,分为具有负载均衡的ID生成算法和快速动态调整负载算法。提出的具有负载均衡的ID生成算法,能够解决节点能力同构或异构环境中节点承载地址空间的不均衡问题和虚拟服务器数量过多造成路由开销过大的问题,可以较大程度地抵御系统的动荡。提出的快速动态调整负载算法主要解决由系统的动荡性、资源对象大小及查询分布的不均匀产生的负载不均衡问题。最后,通过实验仿真比较证明了SDYA算法在负载均衡效果、路由及路由维护开销、负载转移开销方面的优越性。
第二:针对主要由资源对象大小及查询分布的不均匀、系统动态性引起负载不均衡问题的场景,提出了一种动态调整负载机制,即基于蚁群优化的DHT负载均衡(Ant-based)算法,设计了候选轻载节点发现机制和目标节点选择机制,并由前向蚂蚁和后向蚂蚁合作实现。候选轻载节点发现机制提出了一种有效低开销的负载收集方式,目标节点选择机制则提出了一种简单有效的负载重分配方式。最后,通过仿真比较验证了Ant-based算法在负载均衡效果、负载收集开销和负载转移开销方面的性能,并分析了系统和算法参数对Ant-based算法性能的影响,仿真结果验证了算法的有效性和可扩展性。
第三:针对目前负载重分配机制只停留在与应用场景紧耦合的特例方法上的研究现状,提出了一种通用的负载重分配算法,即基于优先级迭代的多目标优化的负载重分配(PIMO)算法。该算法综合考虑了负载重分配的均衡效果、开销及负载重分配后负载资源的系统属性的变化,较大限度地提高了负载均衡程度、减小了负载转移开销、保证了转移负载资源的系统属性。仿真实验验证了PIMO算法的有效性。另外,PIMO算法还可以通过设置不同的负载偏差率的门限值、权重向量和相对熵的重要系数,满足系统对于不同负载均衡效果、开销和系统属性方面的需求。
第四:针对基于DHT的负载均衡机制的安全问题,研究和分析了基于DHT负载均衡机制的安全威胁。首先,总结并构建了DHT负载均衡机制的架构模型;然后,基于该架构模型,采用攻击树定性地分析和构建了基于DHT的负载均衡机制的安全威胁模型;再者,结合构建的DHT负载均衡机制的架构模型及其安全威胁模型,总结归纳了架构模型中影响安全性的关键实体和流程;最后,着重分析了引入负载均衡机制产生安全威胁的根本原因。
第五:通过研究抵御系统内部安全威胁的安全策略,提出了一种具有安全策略的负载均衡(SLBA)算法,包括考虑安全的具有负载均衡的虚拟ID生成(SLBA-ID)算法和考虑节点信誉度的动态调整负载(SLBA-DA)算法。算法在解决DHT系统的负载不均衡问题的同时,可以抵御来自节点ID生成流程和两类关键实体(收集负载和制定负载重分配策略的节点、重分配资源的新存储节点)的安全威胁。
论文最后对全文进行了总结,并对进一步的研究方向提出了一些想法和思路。
With the rapid development of Internet, the emergence and rise of various new business application architectures, and the evolution of future network, DHT-based distributed network is developing dramatically as the features of distributed, self-organization, and resource sharing. It has played an important role in the construction of business model innovation, business applications architecture and the future network architecture. However, it has encountered key technical challenges such as load balancing technology and security technology.
On the one hand, due to the imbalance address space and objects of node carrying, the heterogeneity of node capacity, the uneven object size and query distribution, the dynamic of system, the DHT network load becomed not balanced. The problem of load imbalance affects the service quality of DHT system seriously, and has constrained the development of DHT-based distributed network. Thus, the realization of a low consumption and high efficiency load balancing mechanism is an urgent problem to be solved. On the other hand, due to the characteristic of distributed and self-organizing of DHT systems, there are security threats that can not be ignored. With load balancing mechanism, DHT networks can raise the availability of system. However, many threats are also introduced by the load balancing in DHT.
In order to address above problems and challenges effectively, based on analyzing and summing up the root causes of the load imbalance and security issues, the DHT load balancing algorithms and their security are investigated. The main contributions of this dissertation include the following aspects:
Firstly, considering a DHT network environment in which the load is imbalance caused by the imbalance address space and objects of node carrying and the heterogeneity of node capacity, based on the virtual server strategy, a hybrid load balancing (SDYA) algorithm is proposed. It is divided into load balancing ID generation algorithm and dynamic load adjustment algorithm. The proposed load balancing ID generation algorithm can solve the problem caused by the imbalance address space of node carrying in the homogeneous and heterogeneous environments and the problem of higher routing maintenance and routing overhead which caused by an excessive number of virtual servers, and it can resist the dynamic of the system. The proposed dynamic load adjustment algorithm can mainly solve the load imbalance caused by the uneven object size and query distribution, and the system dynamic. Finally, the effectiveness of SDYA algorithm is verified by simulation and experiment, and the experiment indicated that it improved in terms of the load balancing effect, the routing overhead and load transfer overhead.
Secondly, considering a DHT network environment in which the load is imbalance caused by the uneven object size and query distribution and the system dynamic, a dynamic adjustment load mechanism, Ant-based DHT load balancing algorithm, is proposed. It designs a candidate light-load nodes discovery mechanism and a target nodes selection mechanism. Two types of agents, Forward Ant and Backward Ant, were adopted to realize them. The candidate light-load nodes discovery mechanism provides a way for effective and low-cost load collection. The target nodes selection mechanism provides a way for simple and effective load redistribution. The experimental results showed that Ant-based algorithm has better performance in terms of load balancing effect, load collection overhead and load transfer overhead. In addition, this paper in-depth analysis how system and algorithm parameters affect the performance of proposed algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate Ant-based algorithm is effective and scalability.
Thirdly, considering the investigated phenomenon of the load redistribution mechanism which just stay on the special case and tightly coupled with scenarios, a general load redistribution algorithm, priority-based iterative multi-objective load re-distribution (PIMO) algorithm, is proposed. It takes into consideration load balancing effect, load balancing overhead and the change of system attributes for resources after load redistribution. PIMO algorithm can maximize load balancing effect, and reduce load balancing overhead, and ensure the system attributes of the transfer resources. The simulation experiments verified the effectiveness of algorithm. In addition, PIMO algorithm can meet the different requirements of load balancing effect, cost, and system attributes through setting different threshold of load deviation rate, the weight vector and the coefficient of relative entropy.
Fourthly, considering the security issues of DHT-based load balancing mechanisms, the security threats are studied and analyzed. This dissertation builds the framework model for DHT load balancing mechanisms. Based on the model, we analyze the root causes of the threats introduced by load balancing mechanisms emphatically, and propose the attack tree model of these threats. Combined with the framework model and its threat model, the key entities and flows affecting the security were summarized and classified.
Fifthly, to resolve the major security issues, a security load balancing (SLBA) algorithm for DHT system is proposed. It includes two parts: SLBA-ID algorithm and SLBA-DA algorithm. While addressing the load imbalance problem in DHT systems, SLBA algorithm can fend off security threats that arrive by way of the key flow, node ID generation, and the key entities, the nodes who generate the load reassignment strategy and the nodes who are responsible for transfer resource.
Summary is given in the end, where the future research directions related to this doctoral dissertation are also putted forward.
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