移动Ad Hoc网络中安全路由协议的研究
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摘要
移动Ad Hoc网络技术是一种节点可以任意移动、拓扑结构高度动态变化、没有预设的网络基础设施的无线网络技术。这种网络具有可临时组网、快速开展、无控制中心、抗毁性强等特点，可提供灵活方便的通信，扩宽了移动通信的应用领域，因此早期移动Ad Hoc网络在军事通信中的战术互联、单兵个人电台等场合获得了广泛的应用。近年来，这项技术正迅速地向民用系统扩展，如无线局域网、个域网、传感器组网等，都具有广阔的应用前景。在因发生了重大自然灾害，固定的通信网络设施被毁坏或无法正常工作时，或处于偏远、野外地区工作无法依赖固定或预设网络设施进行通行时，移动Ad Hoc网络的单独组网能力和自组织能力是这些场合下通信的唯一或最佳的选择，特别是对军事应用领域具有重要的意义。
由于移动Ad Hoc网络自身的特点，从安全的角度看，与传统网络相比，移动Ad-Hoc网络的安全性更加值得关注。其中移动Ad Hoc网络的路由协议是否能提供安全、有效的服务是移动Ad Hoc网络安全问题的重要问题之一。以往对于移动Ad Hoc网络安全路由协议的研究中，对路由的匿名性很少考虑。同时由于网络环境复杂，使得路由算法的设计较复杂。本文采用信任管理来监测恶意节点，保证路由协议的建立在相对安全的网络环境中，达到保证协议效率的目的。
本文对移动Ad Hoc网络安全路由协议进行了研究，得到如下结果：
1.提出并设计了一种移动Ad Hoc网络安全路由协议EARP，基于本地信任管理机制监测恶意节点，保证路由建立在相对安全的网络环境，同时采用随机数加密的方法，有效保证节点身份的匿名安全，很好的抵御各种网络攻击。
2.提出一种高效安全的路由协议AARAN。该协议对参与到路由发现的每个节点都存储一个哈希路径登记表并对节点身份加密，保证了网络的安全、匿名和高效。同时针对自私节点采用Hello报文认证的方式，有效的解决由自私节点引起的对路由协议及网络的危害。
3.提出基于信任评估的匿名认证路由协议AARP。采用信任评估机制排除恶意节点，建立安全的网络环境。同时在路由建立前与CA完成源节点、目的节点的匿名双向认证。通过随机数和基于身份的签名以及DH密钥协商算法实现在路由建立过程中完成认证密钥协商。路由表中存储哈希路由登记表。这些安全措施为认证的建立提供了保障。协议实现了路由的安全、匿名和高效性，理论分析证明本方案是安全的。
4. Dempster-Shafer证据理论是一种用来解决不同证据间的不确定性以及证据融合的理论。基于该理论提出了一种用来计算移动Ad Hoc网络中节点信任值的机制，同时给出了一种可信的路由协议。该协议根据节点的信任值选择可信节点建立可信路由进行数据传输。为了评估所提机制的有效性，对该可信路由协议进行了仿真实现，仿真结果表明AE-ARAN能有效的检测和隔离恶意节点，抵御多种网络攻击，实现路由匿名性，提高网络的效率及安全性。
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks is a wireless network technique that the nodes in thenetwork could move randomly, topology changes highly dynamic and there is nobeforehand support of network infrastructure. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks has thecharacteristics of temporarily network, rapidly deploy, no control center andsurvivability, so it can provide flexible and convenient communication, broaden thefield of mobile communications applications. Therefore, there has a wide range ofapplications for the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks early, such as tactical militarycommunications network and personal radio. In recent years, the technology is rapidlyexpanding to the civilian system, such as wireless local area networks, personal areanetwork, sensor network, etc., they have broad application prospects. In a major naturaldisaster occurred due to leaving the fixed telecommunications network facilities weredestroyed or not working correctly, or in remote, wild areas of work can not rely onfixed facilities or the default network access, the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks which hasthe ability to separate network and self-organizing capacity of communication in thesesituations is the only or the best option, especially for military applications is of greatsignificance.
As the mobile Ad Hoc networks of their own characteristics, from a security pointof view, the security of Mobile Ad-Hoc network is more worthy of attention comparedwith traditional networks. And whether the secure routing protocol of mobile Ad Hocnetwork is safe and efficient is one of the important security issues for mobile Ad HocNetworks.
This paper discusses the secure routing protocols for mobile Ad Hoc networks, themain results of this paper are as follows:
1. We present an efficiently anonymous routing protocol(EARP), it bases on alocalized trust management which can primarily remove malicious nodes, and encryptsthe identity of node by random number. The node that participates in the protocolencrypts the entire message with trust key and says Hello to its ancestor withinexpiration time. It makes malicious node can be detected and isolated from the network,in this way, an anonymous and secure route path can be established in a hostileenvironment. The method is able to resist many attacks efficiently.
2. A new Anonymous and Authenticated Routing protocol for mobile Ad-HocNetworks(AARAN) is presented. It makes use of hash function, signature and Hello message, it can effectively ensure the anonymous of the networks, avoid launching arouting request repeatedly, so it improves the efficiency, and the protocol can availablyaccount for the harm which is caused by selfish nodes.
3. A new secure and anonymous authentication routing protocol based on trustvaluation for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks(AARP) is presented. It introduces a system oftrust valuation that could dynamic and in time discover malicious actions in networks,so the secure environment of routing protocol can be achieved. An anonymous identityof nodes presented by the hash routing is stored in routing table, it can effectivelyensure the anonymous of the network, avoid launching a routing request repeatedly, allthis improves the efficiency. Based on the Diffie-Hellman key agreement arithmetic, theprotocol set up the key agreement, and insures that bidirectional anonymousauthentication among CA, source node and destination node. The protocol combineswith symmetric cryptographic algorithm and asymmetric cryptographic algorithm, itmade the structure of the protocol simple and availability.
4. We presente a new anonymous and efficiently routing protocol AE-ARAN forMANET. It bases on Dempster-Shafer(D-S) evidence theory and a trust evaluation modelwhich is a system of trust valuation was given. It could dynamic and timely discovermalicious actions in networks and isolate them efficiently, and resist attacks to some extentand improve the reliability, robustness and security of the over all network effectively. So itcould provide a secure network environment for routing establishing. Meanwhile, wepresente the anonymous identity of nodes which presented by the hash routing that wasstored in routing table. Based on the Diffie-Hellman key agreement arithmetic, the protocolset up the key agreement at the time of routing. Theory analysis and simulation results showthat the proposed scheme can detect and isolate malicious nodes efficiently and resistattacks. The protocol can achieve the anonymous and improve the efficiency and security ofthe all network.
由于移动Ad Hoc网络自身的特点，从安全的角度看，与传统网络相比，移动Ad-Hoc网络的安全性更加值得关注。其中移动Ad Hoc网络的路由协议是否能提供安全、有效的服务是移动Ad Hoc网络安全问题的重要问题之一。以往对于移动Ad Hoc网络安全路由协议的研究中，对路由的匿名性很少考虑。同时由于网络环境复杂，使得路由算法的设计较复杂。本文采用信任管理来监测恶意节点，保证路由协议的建立在相对安全的网络环境中，达到保证协议效率的目的。
本文对移动Ad Hoc网络安全路由协议进行了研究，得到如下结果：
1.提出并设计了一种移动Ad Hoc网络安全路由协议EARP，基于本地信任管理机制监测恶意节点，保证路由建立在相对安全的网络环境，同时采用随机数加密的方法，有效保证节点身份的匿名安全，很好的抵御各种网络攻击。
2.提出一种高效安全的路由协议AARAN。该协议对参与到路由发现的每个节点都存储一个哈希路径登记表并对节点身份加密，保证了网络的安全、匿名和高效。同时针对自私节点采用Hello报文认证的方式，有效的解决由自私节点引起的对路由协议及网络的危害。
3.提出基于信任评估的匿名认证路由协议AARP。采用信任评估机制排除恶意节点，建立安全的网络环境。同时在路由建立前与CA完成源节点、目的节点的匿名双向认证。通过随机数和基于身份的签名以及DH密钥协商算法实现在路由建立过程中完成认证密钥协商。路由表中存储哈希路由登记表。这些安全措施为认证的建立提供了保障。协议实现了路由的安全、匿名和高效性，理论分析证明本方案是安全的。
4. Dempster-Shafer证据理论是一种用来解决不同证据间的不确定性以及证据融合的理论。基于该理论提出了一种用来计算移动Ad Hoc网络中节点信任值的机制，同时给出了一种可信的路由协议。该协议根据节点的信任值选择可信节点建立可信路由进行数据传输。为了评估所提机制的有效性，对该可信路由协议进行了仿真实现，仿真结果表明AE-ARAN能有效的检测和隔离恶意节点，抵御多种网络攻击，实现路由匿名性，提高网络的效率及安全性。
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks is a wireless network technique that the nodes in thenetwork could move randomly, topology changes highly dynamic and there is nobeforehand support of network infrastructure. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks has thecharacteristics of temporarily network, rapidly deploy, no control center andsurvivability, so it can provide flexible and convenient communication, broaden thefield of mobile communications applications. Therefore, there has a wide range ofapplications for the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks early, such as tactical militarycommunications network and personal radio. In recent years, the technology is rapidlyexpanding to the civilian system, such as wireless local area networks, personal areanetwork, sensor network, etc., they have broad application prospects. In a major naturaldisaster occurred due to leaving the fixed telecommunications network facilities weredestroyed or not working correctly, or in remote, wild areas of work can not rely onfixed facilities or the default network access, the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks which hasthe ability to separate network and self-organizing capacity of communication in thesesituations is the only or the best option, especially for military applications is of greatsignificance.
As the mobile Ad Hoc networks of their own characteristics, from a security pointof view, the security of Mobile Ad-Hoc network is more worthy of attention comparedwith traditional networks. And whether the secure routing protocol of mobile Ad Hocnetwork is safe and efficient is one of the important security issues for mobile Ad HocNetworks.
This paper discusses the secure routing protocols for mobile Ad Hoc networks, themain results of this paper are as follows:
1. We present an efficiently anonymous routing protocol(EARP), it bases on alocalized trust management which can primarily remove malicious nodes, and encryptsthe identity of node by random number. The node that participates in the protocolencrypts the entire message with trust key and says Hello to its ancestor withinexpiration time. It makes malicious node can be detected and isolated from the network,in this way, an anonymous and secure route path can be established in a hostileenvironment. The method is able to resist many attacks efficiently.
2. A new Anonymous and Authenticated Routing protocol for mobile Ad-HocNetworks(AARAN) is presented. It makes use of hash function, signature and Hello message, it can effectively ensure the anonymous of the networks, avoid launching arouting request repeatedly, so it improves the efficiency, and the protocol can availablyaccount for the harm which is caused by selfish nodes.
3. A new secure and anonymous authentication routing protocol based on trustvaluation for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks(AARP) is presented. It introduces a system oftrust valuation that could dynamic and in time discover malicious actions in networks,so the secure environment of routing protocol can be achieved. An anonymous identityof nodes presented by the hash routing is stored in routing table, it can effectivelyensure the anonymous of the network, avoid launching a routing request repeatedly, allthis improves the efficiency. Based on the Diffie-Hellman key agreement arithmetic, theprotocol set up the key agreement, and insures that bidirectional anonymousauthentication among CA, source node and destination node. The protocol combineswith symmetric cryptographic algorithm and asymmetric cryptographic algorithm, itmade the structure of the protocol simple and availability.
4. We presente a new anonymous and efficiently routing protocol AE-ARAN forMANET. It bases on Dempster-Shafer(D-S) evidence theory and a trust evaluation modelwhich is a system of trust valuation was given. It could dynamic and timely discovermalicious actions in networks and isolate them efficiently, and resist attacks to some extentand improve the reliability, robustness and security of the over all network effectively. So itcould provide a secure network environment for routing establishing. Meanwhile, wepresente the anonymous identity of nodes which presented by the hash routing that wasstored in routing table. Based on the Diffie-Hellman key agreement arithmetic, the protocolset up the key agreement at the time of routing. Theory analysis and simulation results showthat the proposed scheme can detect and isolate malicious nodes efficiently and resistattacks. The protocol can achieve the anonymous and improve the efficiency and security ofthe all network.
引文
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