太行山中段银钼成矿系统结构及其深部找矿远景
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摘要
太行山中段阜平矿集区已发现数十个金、银、钼、铅锌矿床和矿点，构成华北克拉通中部最重要的矿集区。但是，迄今为止，除石湖金矿已探明为大型石英脉型金矿外，其他均为中小型矿床或矿点。为此，选择若干代表性中小型矿床进行深入解剖，研究其深部找矿远景，对于区域矿产战略评价和找矿具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。
本文以秋卜洞银矿与阎家沟钼矿为主要对象，采用现代矿床学、成因矿物学和锆石U-Pb、硫化物Rb-Sr、Re-Os同位素年代学及流体包裹体等理论方法，系统剖析了秋卜洞银成矿系统和阎家沟钼成矿系统的结构和成矿要素，测定了两个系统的形成年龄和特征标志，探讨了两个系统的深部矿化远景和找矿潜力。
秋卜洞银矿为斑岩-隐爆角砾岩型矿床。赋矿角砾岩体呈陡倾的筒状，矿体呈似层状或透镜状分布，主要赋存在绢英岩带中。热液成矿期包括早期磁铁矿-石英阶段、黑云母-石英阶段，主成矿期石英-黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段，晚期石英-碳酸盐阶段。黄铁矿微量、稀土元素及Pb同位素特征显示成矿物质主要来自于下地壳，并受到燕山期侵入岩的控制。黄铁矿S、He、Ar同位素表明有幔源物质的加入，计算得出黄铁矿流体包裹体中幔源He所占比例为12.32%。石英H-O同位素与碳酸盐C-O同位素示踪结果显示成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液，在演化过程中受到大气水的影响。成矿热液沿角砾岩筒裂隙系统上升迁移过程中，伴随成矿压力、温度的降低，成矿溶液由碱性变为酸性，成矿环境由氧化条件转变为还原条件，成矿物质富集沉淀，以热液胶结物的形式存在于角砾岩体中。
阎家沟钼矿为斑岩型矿床。矿体形成于麻棚岩体南西部内外接触带上，呈细脉状、透镜状赋存于内外蚀变带的过渡部位。矿化过程划分为4个阶段：黄铁矿绢英岩阶段，石英-黄铁矿阶段，石英-黄铁矿-辉钼矿阶段与石英-碳酸盐阶段。黄铁矿Pb同位素测试结果显示其主要来源于下地壳和阜平杂岩体。而黄铁矿S同位素与辉钼矿Re含量（为74.73~254.43ppm，平均147.9ppm）均指示有幔源物质的加入。石英H-O同位素数据表明成矿流体主要来自岩浆热液。成矿流体随斑岩岩浆向上运移，在麻棚岩体与阜平变质杂岩的接触破碎带上形成网脉状斑岩型钼矿。
秋卜洞银成矿系统中石英斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为107.95±0.87Ma，银矿体黄铁矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄为102.04±0.61Ma，表明银矿的形成与石英斑岩具有密切联系；用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年代学方法，测得阎家沟钼矿成矿年龄为126.7±1.1Ma。识别出太行山中段存在127Ma和102~108Ma两期构造-岩浆-成矿事件。
在成矿系统结构特征研究基础上，较深入提取了成矿系统成因和矿化富集规律的矿物学标志，建立了其成因模式，对深部潜力进行了评价。秋卜洞银矿成矿深度为2.40km，地表多见岩粉胶结的角砾岩，表明剥蚀较浅；该矿床黄铁矿热电性标型显示P型黄铁矿占优势（88.78%），说明矿床几乎未剥蚀，深部具有较大的成矿潜力。而钼矿床的深部成矿远景还有待进一步研究。
As the most important ore-cluster region in the North China Craton, the Fupingore-cluster region in the middle Taihang Mountains contains tens of Au, Ag, Mo andPb-Zn deposits. Up to now, except for the large quartz-vein type gold deposit, i.e.Shihu gold deposit in this part, others are all middle to small scale deposits. So it issignificant to research middle to small scale deposits deeply, and to prospect thedeep mineralization for regional mining prospection.
In this thesis, we mainly study the Qiubudong Ag deposit and the Yanjiagou Modeposit. Through the methods of modern metallogeny, genetic mineralogy, andzircon U-Pb, sulfide Rb-Sr, Re-Os isotope geochronology and fluid inclusions, weanalyse the structures, factors, formation ages and characteristics of metallogenicsystems of the Qiubudong Ag deposit and the Yanjiagou Mo deposit. Then wediscuss their deep mineralization prospection.
The Qiubudong Ag deposit is a porphyry-cryptoexplosive breccia type deposit.The breccia pipe is cylinder-shaped and the ore bodies exist in the sericitization zonewith layered or lenticular shape. The ore formation process can be divided into fivestages: magnetite-quartz stage, biotite-quartz stage, quartz-pyrite stage, polymetallicsulfide stage and quartz-carbonate stage. Trace, REE and Pb isotope characteristicsof pyrite suggest a lower crustal origin of the ore-forming materials, and alsocontrolled by the Yanshanian intrusions. The S、He、Ar isotope values consistent witha mantle input. Calculated average mantle helium proportions of the fluid inclusionstrapped in pyrite is12.32%. Quartz H-O isotope data and carbonate C-O data suggestthat the hydrothermal fluids mainly come from the magmatic water, and mixed withair water during the evolution. The hydrothermal fluids rise along the fractures in thebreccia body. Accompanied with the decrease of pressure and temperature, theenvironment changed from alkaline into acid, and from oxidation into reduction，resulted with the enrichment of ore minerals in the forms of hydrothermal cements inthe breccia bodies.
The Yanjiagou Mo deposit is a porphyry type deposit, located at the periphery of the southwest Mapeng batholith. The ore bodies exist in the transitional contacts ofthe inner and external alteration zones with veinlet or lenticular shape. We identifyfour stages of ore formation in this deposit: pyrite phyllic stage, quartz-pyrite stage,quartz-pyrite-molybdenite stage, and quartz-carbonate stage. Pb isotopecompositions of pyrite infer that it is origined from the lower crust and FupingComplex. S isotope of pyrite and Re content of molybdenite reflect the mantle originof ore-forming materials. Quartz H-O isotope data suggest that the hydrothermalfluids mainly come from the magmatic water. The hydrothermal fluids rise alongwith porphyry magmas, deposited at the fractured zone between the Mapengbatholith and the Fuping Complex as network mineralization.
The zircon U-Pb age of quartz porphyry from Qiubudong Ag deposit is107.95±0.87Ma. The mineralization time obtained through pyrite Rb-Sr isochron ageis102.04±0.61Ma, consistent with the zircon U-Pb age of associated quartz porphyry,which suggests that the formation of Qiubudong Ag deposit is closely related withthe intermediate dikes in this region. We obtained the mineralization time of theYanjiagou Mo deposit as126.7±1.1Ma (molybdenite Re-Os isochron age). Thereare two important tectonic-diagenetic-metallogenic episodes during127Ma and102~108Ma in the middle Taihang Mountains.
Based on the study of structures of metallogenic systems, we research thegenetic of metallogenic systems and enrichment regularity of minerology, thenproposed the genetic model, and evaluated the metallogenic potential in the deep partof the deposits. The mineralization depth of Qiubudong Ag deposit is2.40km, andthe breccia were mainly cemented by clastic cement at the earth’s surface, whichindicate the erosion is very weak. The conduction type of pyrite from Qiubudong Agdeposit is dominanted by P-type (88.78%), which also suggests the weakly erosionand there are superior metallogenic potential in the deep part of Ag deposit. Whilethe metallogenic potential of Mo deposit needs further discussion.
本文以秋卜洞银矿与阎家沟钼矿为主要对象，采用现代矿床学、成因矿物学和锆石U-Pb、硫化物Rb-Sr、Re-Os同位素年代学及流体包裹体等理论方法，系统剖析了秋卜洞银成矿系统和阎家沟钼成矿系统的结构和成矿要素，测定了两个系统的形成年龄和特征标志，探讨了两个系统的深部矿化远景和找矿潜力。
秋卜洞银矿为斑岩-隐爆角砾岩型矿床。赋矿角砾岩体呈陡倾的筒状，矿体呈似层状或透镜状分布，主要赋存在绢英岩带中。热液成矿期包括早期磁铁矿-石英阶段、黑云母-石英阶段，主成矿期石英-黄铁矿阶段、多金属硫化物阶段，晚期石英-碳酸盐阶段。黄铁矿微量、稀土元素及Pb同位素特征显示成矿物质主要来自于下地壳，并受到燕山期侵入岩的控制。黄铁矿S、He、Ar同位素表明有幔源物质的加入，计算得出黄铁矿流体包裹体中幔源He所占比例为12.32%。石英H-O同位素与碳酸盐C-O同位素示踪结果显示成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液，在演化过程中受到大气水的影响。成矿热液沿角砾岩筒裂隙系统上升迁移过程中，伴随成矿压力、温度的降低，成矿溶液由碱性变为酸性，成矿环境由氧化条件转变为还原条件，成矿物质富集沉淀，以热液胶结物的形式存在于角砾岩体中。
阎家沟钼矿为斑岩型矿床。矿体形成于麻棚岩体南西部内外接触带上，呈细脉状、透镜状赋存于内外蚀变带的过渡部位。矿化过程划分为4个阶段：黄铁矿绢英岩阶段，石英-黄铁矿阶段，石英-黄铁矿-辉钼矿阶段与石英-碳酸盐阶段。黄铁矿Pb同位素测试结果显示其主要来源于下地壳和阜平杂岩体。而黄铁矿S同位素与辉钼矿Re含量（为74.73~254.43ppm，平均147.9ppm）均指示有幔源物质的加入。石英H-O同位素数据表明成矿流体主要来自岩浆热液。成矿流体随斑岩岩浆向上运移，在麻棚岩体与阜平变质杂岩的接触破碎带上形成网脉状斑岩型钼矿。
秋卜洞银成矿系统中石英斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为107.95±0.87Ma，银矿体黄铁矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄为102.04±0.61Ma，表明银矿的形成与石英斑岩具有密切联系；用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年代学方法，测得阎家沟钼矿成矿年龄为126.7±1.1Ma。识别出太行山中段存在127Ma和102~108Ma两期构造-岩浆-成矿事件。
在成矿系统结构特征研究基础上，较深入提取了成矿系统成因和矿化富集规律的矿物学标志，建立了其成因模式，对深部潜力进行了评价。秋卜洞银矿成矿深度为2.40km，地表多见岩粉胶结的角砾岩，表明剥蚀较浅；该矿床黄铁矿热电性标型显示P型黄铁矿占优势（88.78%），说明矿床几乎未剥蚀，深部具有较大的成矿潜力。而钼矿床的深部成矿远景还有待进一步研究。
As the most important ore-cluster region in the North China Craton, the Fupingore-cluster region in the middle Taihang Mountains contains tens of Au, Ag, Mo andPb-Zn deposits. Up to now, except for the large quartz-vein type gold deposit, i.e.Shihu gold deposit in this part, others are all middle to small scale deposits. So it issignificant to research middle to small scale deposits deeply, and to prospect thedeep mineralization for regional mining prospection.
In this thesis, we mainly study the Qiubudong Ag deposit and the Yanjiagou Modeposit. Through the methods of modern metallogeny, genetic mineralogy, andzircon U-Pb, sulfide Rb-Sr, Re-Os isotope geochronology and fluid inclusions, weanalyse the structures, factors, formation ages and characteristics of metallogenicsystems of the Qiubudong Ag deposit and the Yanjiagou Mo deposit. Then wediscuss their deep mineralization prospection.
The Qiubudong Ag deposit is a porphyry-cryptoexplosive breccia type deposit.The breccia pipe is cylinder-shaped and the ore bodies exist in the sericitization zonewith layered or lenticular shape. The ore formation process can be divided into fivestages: magnetite-quartz stage, biotite-quartz stage, quartz-pyrite stage, polymetallicsulfide stage and quartz-carbonate stage. Trace, REE and Pb isotope characteristicsof pyrite suggest a lower crustal origin of the ore-forming materials, and alsocontrolled by the Yanshanian intrusions. The S、He、Ar isotope values consistent witha mantle input. Calculated average mantle helium proportions of the fluid inclusionstrapped in pyrite is12.32%. Quartz H-O isotope data and carbonate C-O data suggestthat the hydrothermal fluids mainly come from the magmatic water, and mixed withair water during the evolution. The hydrothermal fluids rise along the fractures in thebreccia body. Accompanied with the decrease of pressure and temperature, theenvironment changed from alkaline into acid, and from oxidation into reduction，resulted with the enrichment of ore minerals in the forms of hydrothermal cements inthe breccia bodies.
The Yanjiagou Mo deposit is a porphyry type deposit, located at the periphery of the southwest Mapeng batholith. The ore bodies exist in the transitional contacts ofthe inner and external alteration zones with veinlet or lenticular shape. We identifyfour stages of ore formation in this deposit: pyrite phyllic stage, quartz-pyrite stage,quartz-pyrite-molybdenite stage, and quartz-carbonate stage. Pb isotopecompositions of pyrite infer that it is origined from the lower crust and FupingComplex. S isotope of pyrite and Re content of molybdenite reflect the mantle originof ore-forming materials. Quartz H-O isotope data suggest that the hydrothermalfluids mainly come from the magmatic water. The hydrothermal fluids rise alongwith porphyry magmas, deposited at the fractured zone between the Mapengbatholith and the Fuping Complex as network mineralization.
The zircon U-Pb age of quartz porphyry from Qiubudong Ag deposit is107.95±0.87Ma. The mineralization time obtained through pyrite Rb-Sr isochron ageis102.04±0.61Ma, consistent with the zircon U-Pb age of associated quartz porphyry,which suggests that the formation of Qiubudong Ag deposit is closely related withthe intermediate dikes in this region. We obtained the mineralization time of theYanjiagou Mo deposit as126.7±1.1Ma (molybdenite Re-Os isochron age). Thereare two important tectonic-diagenetic-metallogenic episodes during127Ma and102~108Ma in the middle Taihang Mountains.
Based on the study of structures of metallogenic systems, we research thegenetic of metallogenic systems and enrichment regularity of minerology, thenproposed the genetic model, and evaluated the metallogenic potential in the deep partof the deposits. The mineralization depth of Qiubudong Ag deposit is2.40km, andthe breccia were mainly cemented by clastic cement at the earth’s surface, whichindicate the erosion is very weak. The conduction type of pyrite from Qiubudong Agdeposit is dominanted by P-type (88.78%), which also suggests the weakly erosionand there are superior metallogenic potential in the deep part of Ag deposit. Whilethe metallogenic potential of Mo deposit needs further discussion.
引文
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