西藏工布自然保护区生态敏感性评价
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摘要
西藏工布自然保护区位于青藏高原东南部西藏林芝地区,属典型的高原湿地生态系统、森林生态系统类型保护区。随着林芝地区机场、铁路开放和旅游业的发展,每年将有大量的人员进入工布地区,资源保护和利用的矛盾日益突出,原始森林生态系统和生物多样性面临着更加严重的威胁。因此,为解决资源保护与人类经济活动矛盾、明确保护区资源保护实体、开发范围和强度、发展的措施手段等问题,工布自然保护区生态敏感性评价显得尤为必要。生态敏感性评价是从生态环境系统的角度分析各区域自身状况和外界干扰的适应能力。它是生态系统分析和评价中的一项重要内容,是进行生态区划的基础。评价结果可为优化保护区的用地布局提供依据,且对保护区保护对象、保护力度、保护重点和保护区生态建设、全面发挥保护区的功能作用有重要的指导意义。
生态敏感性问题的出现或敏感性强弱常常取决于各个影响因子的强度、分布状况和多个因子的组合。针对生态敏感性问题中多因子,多层面的研究特点,论文分析了典型高原森林生态系统可能发生的生态环境问题,从生态学和环境规划学等理论的角度出发,应用系统工程的思想,按照层次分析法将研究对象构建为一个目标层——准则层——指标层的系统化理论体系,在深入分析保护区生态环境问题及其形成因素的基础上,建立了以土地覆盖、生境、地质灾害为主,具有代表性和典型性的指标体系。在Mat-lab软件中对工布自然保护区生态敏感性评价指数、压力指数等进行聚类分析,以便在没有先验知识、没有合适模式可供参考或依循情况下,能合理地按指数各自的特性来进行分类,减少定性分级带来的误差,使单因素分析的科学性更强。并根据聚类结果划分工布自然保护区的生态敏感性等级,通过敏感性级别的划分,确定了以乡镇为单元的保护区的生态敏感性区域。将工布自然保护区按照按生态敏感性指数值的高低分为5级:极敏感、高度敏感、中度敏感、轻度敏感和不敏感,并以此为指导进行保护区生态功能区划。
论文引入压力(Pressure)——状态(State)——响应(Response)模型的概念框架,并尝试性进行量化研究,分析保护区压力(P)等级分布,并结合生态敏感性评价结果(S)提出了改善保护区生态敏感性响应(R)对策,为研究区生态环境保护、保护区环境管理工作、保护区内社会经济发展提供科学的参考与技术的支撑。
工布自然保护区生态敏感性评价为解决保护区资源保护与人类经济活动矛盾、明确保护区资源保护实体、开发范围和强度、发展的措施手段等问题提供了量化的支撑。
The Gongbu Natural Reserve, which is of typical high land forest eco-system reserve, is located in Nyingchi Prefecture in southeastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Each year, a great number of people swarm into Gongbu district, which poses the contradiction of resources protection and usage. And also the primitive forest eco-system and ecological diversity are facing severe threats. So in order to handle the contradiction between resources protection and human activities and clarify the protective entity and developing means, it is necessary to do the sensitivity assessment of ecological environment in Gongbu Natural Reserve. As an important part of eco-system analysis and assessment, the sensitivity assessment of ecological environment, which is the basis of ecological regionalization, is to analyze the status and the adaptability from the outside harassment. The results of evaluation offer instructions both for better land utilizing and for protective management in the natural conservative area.
The sensitivity of ecological environment is often determined by the combination of many factors and the intensity and distribution of every affecting factor. With the help of systematic project and layer analysis, the objects in study are divided into three layers: the Target Layer, the Criteria Layer and the Indicator Layer. After thorough analysis of the ecological environment problems and its contributing factors, we have established an Factor System which concludes mainly Land Coverage, Ecological Environment and Geological Disasters. The Sensitivity Assessment study of the ecological environment is conducted with the help of Statistics and the techniques like 3S . According to the Sensitivity Value, the Gongbu Natural Reserve is divided into five zones: Maximum sensitive zone, high sensitive zone, moderate sensitive zone, mild sensitive zone and non-sensitive zone. The ecological function regionalization is also done under the result of five zones.
The research introduces Pressure—State-Response model (P-S-R) and attempts to do a quantitative research. Referring to the sensitivity status, the study also suggest responsive measures of improving reserve protection after analyzing pressure zones .These measures supply some kind of scientific thoughts and technical support for the ecological environment protection, management, social and economic development in the reserve. The main results are as follows:
1) Analyses the possible ecological environment problems in high land forest ecological system and establishes the sensitivity assessment indicator system in Gongbu Natural Reserve of Tibet Autonomous Region. From the perspective of ecology and environment planning,with the help of systematic project and layer analysis, the objects in study is divided into three layers: the Target Layer, the Criteria Layer and the Indicator Layer. The researcher also establishes a standardized Factor System concluding land coverage, ecological environment geological disasters and other factors.
2) A cluster analysis about sensitivity assessment index ,pressure index and other indexes is also done with the help of the Mat-lab software. According to this analysis, the ecological sensitivity grading is conducted in Gongbu Natural Reserve . Under the circumstances of without experience and proper stereotypes, this grading could not only categorize different indexes rationally, but also could eliminate errors made by qualitative analysis. Besides, this grading makes the single–factor analysis more scientific.
3) With countries and towns as the units of sensitivity grading, we have ascertained different grades of sensitive areas. On the whole, the Gongbu Natural Reserve is a maximum sensitive area, with the western part higher than the eastern part. The high sensitive zone includes the countries of Zhongsa and Tsogao ,which occupy an area of 3733.30h㎡,accounting for 17.9%of the whole reserve. With an area of 9962.61 k㎡ and 44.1%occupancy of the whole reserve, the high sensitive zone includes towns of Wolone, Lulang, Baiba and the countries of Jindong, Bujiu, Lilone and Zhula. The mild sensitive zone covers an area of 5605.81 k㎡,occupying 26.8% of the whole reserve. Nine countries and towns belong to this area. They are Gongbujiangda, Qiangna, Danniang, Tashiraodeng, Bayi, Bahe and Gengzhang, Mengba minority country. With 1384.25 k㎡ in area and 6.6% in occupancy, Nanyi Luoba minority country, Nyingchi Town and Milin Town belongs to minor sensitive zone. The country of Mirui, with an area of 184.88 k㎡ and occupancy of 0.9%,is the only non-sensitive zone.
4) Instructed by the results of the sensitivity assessment, the researcher divided the zone, moderate sensitive zone as buffer zone and the experiment zone includes mild sensitive and non-sensitive area. This division is not only consistent with the original ecological function regionalization of the reserve, but also makes some supplements and adjustments. This offers important references for the coming environment protection and reserve management.
5) Partion the whole reserve into 5 scales according to pressure assessment. Based on investigation, the average pressure level is moderately high.Ⅴscale area includes Mirui country and Nyingchi town, accounting for 3% of the whole reserve;Ⅳscale area occupies 24.8% of the reserve, with Bujiu, Bahe, Baiba, Milin, Lulang and Gongbujiangda in its region;Ⅲscale area occupies the largest area in the whole reserve, with 11 towns and 66.6% in occupancy.Ⅱscale area includes only Danniang country and accounts for 2.7%of the whole conservative area. Occupying 2.9% of the whole area, Nanyi Luoba minority country is rated asⅠscale area according to pressure index.
6)Combining the pressure assessment and ecological sensitivity evaluation in the conservative area, the author reaches such conclusion:maximum-Ⅲscale area includes Zhongsa country and Tsogao country; Jindong,Wolone, Lilone and Zhula country belong to high sensitive-Ⅲscale area; while Qiangna, Tashiraodeng, and Gengzhang Menba minority country belong to moderate-Ⅲscale area. These areas are pre-cautionary zones that need responsive policies and measures.
7) The essay also introduces the P-S-R model, and tries to do a quantitative research. Using the statistics got from 20 countries and towns ,the author constructs a relevant analyzing model and have reached the conclusion that status and pressure are positively correlated.
8) The sensitivity assessment of ecological environment in Gongbu Natural Reserve not only offers quantitative support for handling the contradictions between resources protection and human activities, but also helps to clarify the protective entity ,developing scale ,intensity and measures.
生态敏感性问题的出现或敏感性强弱常常取决于各个影响因子的强度、分布状况和多个因子的组合。针对生态敏感性问题中多因子,多层面的研究特点,论文分析了典型高原森林生态系统可能发生的生态环境问题,从生态学和环境规划学等理论的角度出发,应用系统工程的思想,按照层次分析法将研究对象构建为一个目标层——准则层——指标层的系统化理论体系,在深入分析保护区生态环境问题及其形成因素的基础上,建立了以土地覆盖、生境、地质灾害为主,具有代表性和典型性的指标体系。在Mat-lab软件中对工布自然保护区生态敏感性评价指数、压力指数等进行聚类分析,以便在没有先验知识、没有合适模式可供参考或依循情况下,能合理地按指数各自的特性来进行分类,减少定性分级带来的误差,使单因素分析的科学性更强。并根据聚类结果划分工布自然保护区的生态敏感性等级,通过敏感性级别的划分,确定了以乡镇为单元的保护区的生态敏感性区域。将工布自然保护区按照按生态敏感性指数值的高低分为5级:极敏感、高度敏感、中度敏感、轻度敏感和不敏感,并以此为指导进行保护区生态功能区划。
论文引入压力(Pressure)——状态(State)——响应(Response)模型的概念框架,并尝试性进行量化研究,分析保护区压力(P)等级分布,并结合生态敏感性评价结果(S)提出了改善保护区生态敏感性响应(R)对策,为研究区生态环境保护、保护区环境管理工作、保护区内社会经济发展提供科学的参考与技术的支撑。
工布自然保护区生态敏感性评价为解决保护区资源保护与人类经济活动矛盾、明确保护区资源保护实体、开发范围和强度、发展的措施手段等问题提供了量化的支撑。
The Gongbu Natural Reserve, which is of typical high land forest eco-system reserve, is located in Nyingchi Prefecture in southeastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Each year, a great number of people swarm into Gongbu district, which poses the contradiction of resources protection and usage. And also the primitive forest eco-system and ecological diversity are facing severe threats. So in order to handle the contradiction between resources protection and human activities and clarify the protective entity and developing means, it is necessary to do the sensitivity assessment of ecological environment in Gongbu Natural Reserve. As an important part of eco-system analysis and assessment, the sensitivity assessment of ecological environment, which is the basis of ecological regionalization, is to analyze the status and the adaptability from the outside harassment. The results of evaluation offer instructions both for better land utilizing and for protective management in the natural conservative area.
The sensitivity of ecological environment is often determined by the combination of many factors and the intensity and distribution of every affecting factor. With the help of systematic project and layer analysis, the objects in study are divided into three layers: the Target Layer, the Criteria Layer and the Indicator Layer. After thorough analysis of the ecological environment problems and its contributing factors, we have established an Factor System which concludes mainly Land Coverage, Ecological Environment and Geological Disasters. The Sensitivity Assessment study of the ecological environment is conducted with the help of Statistics and the techniques like 3S . According to the Sensitivity Value, the Gongbu Natural Reserve is divided into five zones: Maximum sensitive zone, high sensitive zone, moderate sensitive zone, mild sensitive zone and non-sensitive zone. The ecological function regionalization is also done under the result of five zones.
The research introduces Pressure—State-Response model (P-S-R) and attempts to do a quantitative research. Referring to the sensitivity status, the study also suggest responsive measures of improving reserve protection after analyzing pressure zones .These measures supply some kind of scientific thoughts and technical support for the ecological environment protection, management, social and economic development in the reserve. The main results are as follows:
1) Analyses the possible ecological environment problems in high land forest ecological system and establishes the sensitivity assessment indicator system in Gongbu Natural Reserve of Tibet Autonomous Region. From the perspective of ecology and environment planning,with the help of systematic project and layer analysis, the objects in study is divided into three layers: the Target Layer, the Criteria Layer and the Indicator Layer. The researcher also establishes a standardized Factor System concluding land coverage, ecological environment geological disasters and other factors.
2) A cluster analysis about sensitivity assessment index ,pressure index and other indexes is also done with the help of the Mat-lab software. According to this analysis, the ecological sensitivity grading is conducted in Gongbu Natural Reserve . Under the circumstances of without experience and proper stereotypes, this grading could not only categorize different indexes rationally, but also could eliminate errors made by qualitative analysis. Besides, this grading makes the single–factor analysis more scientific.
3) With countries and towns as the units of sensitivity grading, we have ascertained different grades of sensitive areas. On the whole, the Gongbu Natural Reserve is a maximum sensitive area, with the western part higher than the eastern part. The high sensitive zone includes the countries of Zhongsa and Tsogao ,which occupy an area of 3733.30h㎡,accounting for 17.9%of the whole reserve. With an area of 9962.61 k㎡ and 44.1%occupancy of the whole reserve, the high sensitive zone includes towns of Wolone, Lulang, Baiba and the countries of Jindong, Bujiu, Lilone and Zhula. The mild sensitive zone covers an area of 5605.81 k㎡,occupying 26.8% of the whole reserve. Nine countries and towns belong to this area. They are Gongbujiangda, Qiangna, Danniang, Tashiraodeng, Bayi, Bahe and Gengzhang, Mengba minority country. With 1384.25 k㎡ in area and 6.6% in occupancy, Nanyi Luoba minority country, Nyingchi Town and Milin Town belongs to minor sensitive zone. The country of Mirui, with an area of 184.88 k㎡ and occupancy of 0.9%,is the only non-sensitive zone.
4) Instructed by the results of the sensitivity assessment, the researcher divided the zone, moderate sensitive zone as buffer zone and the experiment zone includes mild sensitive and non-sensitive area. This division is not only consistent with the original ecological function regionalization of the reserve, but also makes some supplements and adjustments. This offers important references for the coming environment protection and reserve management.
5) Partion the whole reserve into 5 scales according to pressure assessment. Based on investigation, the average pressure level is moderately high.Ⅴscale area includes Mirui country and Nyingchi town, accounting for 3% of the whole reserve;Ⅳscale area occupies 24.8% of the reserve, with Bujiu, Bahe, Baiba, Milin, Lulang and Gongbujiangda in its region;Ⅲscale area occupies the largest area in the whole reserve, with 11 towns and 66.6% in occupancy.Ⅱscale area includes only Danniang country and accounts for 2.7%of the whole conservative area. Occupying 2.9% of the whole area, Nanyi Luoba minority country is rated asⅠscale area according to pressure index.
6)Combining the pressure assessment and ecological sensitivity evaluation in the conservative area, the author reaches such conclusion:maximum-Ⅲscale area includes Zhongsa country and Tsogao country; Jindong,Wolone, Lilone and Zhula country belong to high sensitive-Ⅲscale area; while Qiangna, Tashiraodeng, and Gengzhang Menba minority country belong to moderate-Ⅲscale area. These areas are pre-cautionary zones that need responsive policies and measures.
7) The essay also introduces the P-S-R model, and tries to do a quantitative research. Using the statistics got from 20 countries and towns ,the author constructs a relevant analyzing model and have reached the conclusion that status and pressure are positively correlated.
8) The sensitivity assessment of ecological environment in Gongbu Natural Reserve not only offers quantitative support for handling the contradictions between resources protection and human activities, but also helps to clarify the protective entity ,developing scale ,intensity and measures.
引文
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