西南季节性干旱区农业资源与环境要素数据库设计与应用
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摘要
我国地域辽阔,物产丰富,农业资源类型众多,区域差异大。对于区域农业资料的记录和查询,多以依赖于年鉴志和区域性农业统计(或普查)资料。如果在科研和生产中想全面了解具体某种农业资源的信息,查询过程复杂繁琐,给科研和生产管理带来困难,不利于农业信息的传播和农业资源的合理开发利用。只有充分地利用当代信息技术发展的最新成果,加快信息技术在农业资源管理上的应用,才能够促进中国现代农业的快速发展。
     1949年以来,我国进行过多次资源环境调查,积累了大量的土地资源、水资源、气候资源、生物资源等数据资料。如何合理地利用这些数据是当下农业资源管理工作的重点。近年来,随着农业信息技术的发展,出现了大批的农业资源数据库。这些整合后的农业资源数据库,不仅能为农业区划与决策部门整合、存储区域农业资源的海量数据,提供简便、快捷的数据统计与查询功能,强化部门之间的信息交流与共享,更能多层次、动态描述农业资源的时空分布特征,直观、快速、全面地体现区域农业资源状况,促进农业资源的深入调查、保护、开发、利用与科学管理,对农业综合开发、农业结构调整和农业生产管理等具有重要的现实意义。
     我国西南季节性干旱区主要涉及重庆、四川、贵州、云南、广西5个省(市、区),是我国十分重要且潜力巨大的农产品生产基地。西南地区虽然降雨比较丰富、水资源总量较大,但由于其水资源时空分布极不平衡,可利用量和实际开发利用率低,开发难度大,且面临着越来越严峻的污染问题。对于其他农业资源,也存在资源配置不当、利用效率低或过度开发等问题。管理者必须充分利用现代化信息技术,提高管理水平和决策的准确性,实现农业资源优化配置、合理保护与高效利用。
     开展西南季节性干旱区农业资源与环境要素数据库研究,将为国家和地方政府部门、农业管理和推广部门、科研机构和高等院校科技人员提供农业资源数据的采集与处理、查询与输出、统计与分析、管理与维护等数据交流共享服务,为西南地区农业资源资源开发利用、农业结构调整、生态环境的保护和改善的战略决策与宏观研究提供详实可靠的数据资料,为农业生产发展和农业资源管理提供科学的手段和依据。主要研究结果如下:
     (1)广泛收集和总结了前人有关数据库的研究成果,系统分析了数据库的历史沿革、发展阶段及每一阶段的特征,对数据库进行了分类,并分别描述了各类型数据库的特征;总结了世界主要国家(地区)的数据库产业发展和国内外主要数据库建设状况及农业数据库技术发展趋势,总结了国外数据库建设的主要经验及中国数据库建设的差距;界定了农业资源和环境要素的内涵,分析了农业资源的特征,综述了数据库技术和农业相结合的相关研究,概述了数据库技术在农业资源方面应用的国内外研究进展和未来发展动态。从中吸取了与本研究有关的研究成果和先进经验,明确了系统开发思路和应该注意的问题。
     (2)明确了西南季节性干旱区涉及的范围,从该地区农业资源的特点和开发利用面临的问题、季节性干旱的多发性、旱作农业的重要地位三方面论述了构建农业资源和环境要素数据库的必要性,提出西南季节性干旱区农业资源与环境要素数据库的建立对于农业资源优化配置、提高农业资源利用效率、更好地保护和利用农业环境资源、促进农业可持续发展、提升农业创新体系的整体实力和水平都具有十分重要的意义。完成了较为完整的西南季节性干旱区农业资源环境要素的相关数据收集和标准化整理。
     (3)在分类整理所收集数据的基础上,按照设计规范的要求,分阶段进行设计。首先进行了系统的用户预测和需求分析,拟定该系统用户为国家级决策机构、西南地区省级及各地市级政府部门、农业管理部门及其各相关领域的科研机构和高等院校等。在此基础上明确系统的数据流程,确定结构体系,采用分层架构模式,选择Microsoft SQL Server 2005数据库管理系统和C#编程语言,以异步线程、Xml技术、Teechart第三方插件技术为支撑,采用基于Client/Server模式,在Visual Studio 2008开发平台开发包含有数据库管理系统、服务器端和客户端三部分的数据库系统。将多源异构的农业资源数据综合运用数据库技术、系统集成技术等主要技术手段,整合成统一的数据形式,再以数据库平台建设等基础,形成多类型、多尺度、多时态的综合性农业资源数据库。建立了农业生产数据库、农业资源数据库、生态环境数据库三大子数据库,按照行政区划分为重庆、四川、贵州、云南、广西五大部分。
     (4)系统通过面向对象编程语言实现了多个数据库操作模块,包括用户登陆模块、数据编辑更新模块、数据检索模块、数据打印输出模块,其中数据编辑模块包括了数据的添加、修改、查询、删除子模块,数据检索模块包括了数据分类检索、专题检索和定位比较检索子模块,形成一套简单、直观、方便、实用的用户操作界面。对于整个数据库的安全性作了较为完善的设计,从客观上最大程度地保证了西南季节性干旱区农业资源环境要素数据库的数据安全及整个系统的完整性和稳定性。
     (5)概括了本研究的创新点和局限性,对系统建设和应用进行了展望。近期建设目标即是软件的近期升级,提出要实现本省内地级市的比较搜索的功能扩展和进一步优化美化页面设计和充实数据库中的数据。系统的远期建设目标即是实现基于WEB的B/S版的数据库,实现数据库技术与地理信息系统(GIS)的结合,与相关模型库、方法库结合,形成有能力对一个特定区域提供智能辅助决策的决策支持系统(DSS),直至实现主动智能控制的系统。
With vast territory and rich resource. China enjoys variety of agricultural resource which have wide geographic variation. The recording and checking of regional agriculture information mainly depends on yearbook and regional agriculture statistics (or general survey) data. In order to learn fully about some information of some kind of agriculture resource, it needs complex evaluation process, which brings difficulty to scientific research and production management and affects the development of regional agriculture. Only fully utilizing the updated results of information technology and speeding up applying it to the regional agriculture management can lead to rapid progress of Chinese modern agriculture.
     Since 1949. China has proceeded resource and environment research for many times, and accumulated plenty of data and figures of land, water, climate and biological resource. How to efficiently utilize these data is the vital task for the present agriculture resource management. In recent years, based on massive agriculture resource data, many agriculture resource data base appears. These integrated data bases can not only provide easy and rapid data statistics and checking function for the agriculture regionalization and decision making departments to integrate and storage data about regional agriculture resource, and consolidate the information communication and sharing between variouis departments, but also multi-level and dynamically describe the spatial and temporal distribution feature of agriculture resource, intuitively, rapidly and roundly reflect its status, and promote its profound research. protecting, developing and scientifically managing, which has important realistic importance in agriculture comprehensive exploitation, structural adjustment and production management.
     Seasonal drought regions of southwest China mainly comprised of Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunan and Guangxi, which are potentially huge agricultural products production bases. Southwest region receives abundant rainfall and has enormous quantity of water resource, but due to imbalance in the spatial and temporal distribution of its water resource, and low available quantity and actual development utilization rate, drought is an integral factor to adversely affect its agricultural development. For other agriculture resource, the problem of improper resource allocation, low utilization rate and over exploitation also exists. Manager should fully utilize modern information technology to enhance the accuracy of managing level and decision making, promote efficient utilizing of agriculture resource and realize its optimum distribution.
     To conduct the research regarding database of agricultural resource and environment factors in seasonal drought regions of southwest China will provide collecting and processing, checking and outputing. statistic and analysis, managing and maintaining and other data communication and sharing service of agricultural resource data for national and local government departments, agriculture managing and promotion departments, scientific research institutions and scientific and technical personnel in colleges and universities; provide full, accurate and reliable data for the development and utilization of agricultural resource, the agriculture structural adjustment, the strategic decision making and macro research of environment protection and improvement in south west area; and also provide scientific method and basis for the development and planning of agriculture production. The main research results are as follows:
     (1) This paper widely collects and summarizes the former research results about database, analyzes the historical evolution, developing step to step features of database, carries out classification of database and separately describe the features of every types of database; summarize the industry development and construction status of data base at home and abroad, and the developing trends of agriculture database, and also establishing comparison between the domestic and oversea construction of database which helps to find precious experience and disadvantage of domestic database. It also defines the intension of agricultural resource and environment element, analyzes the feature of agricultural resource, summarizes the application of data base to agricultural resource at home and abroad, from which it absorbs research result and advanced experience about this research, and points out the line of developing system and the problem.
     (2) It identifies the scope of the seasonal drought regions of southwest China; points out that this area's environment is fragile, extent of information sharing of agriculture information is low. and agricultural resource hasn't been precisely allocated; proposes that the building of the database of agricultural resource and environment factors in seasonal drought regions of southwest China reflects the significance to increase the utilization efficiency of agricultural resource, better protect and utilize agriculture environment resource, promote agriculture sustainable development, and upgrade the whole strength and level of agriculture innovation system; finish the relatively intact relevant data collection and standardized classification of the agricultural resource and environment factors
     (3) On the basis of classification of the collected data, it makes design in stages, according to the requirement of design specification. By the user forecast and demand analysis, it determine the user of this system as national policy-making institution, the provincial and municipal government, information centre, agricultural resource regionalization office and research institution, scientific institute in relevant field, and relevant universities, on the basis of which it chooses the data base managing system and software programming language. Finally, on the basis of asynchronous thread aborts, Xml techniques, Tee-chart third party plug-in technique, it adopts Client/Server mode Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 as development platform, C# as programming language, and Microsoft SQL Server 2005 as database managing system to develop the database system including three parts:database managing system, server slide and client slide. Comprehensively utilizing the main tech such as database tech. and system integration tech. it firstly integrates the multi-source heterogeneous agriculture data into unified data form, and then forms comprehensive agriculture database with varied types, dimension and tense, based on the building of data platform. It builds three subsidiary data base, including agriculture production data base, agricultural resource data base and environment dada base, and divides into five parts according to administrative district, including Chongqing. Sichuan, Guizhou. Yunan. and Guangxi.
     (4) Through object-oriented programming (OOP) language, this system achieves multiple data base operating modules, such as user login, data addition, updating of data edition, data check and output, data positioning, comparison and search, and data print, forming a set of easy, direct viewing, convenient and practical user operating interface. It makes a better design for protection of the whole data base, which objectively and maximally guarantees the safety of the database of agricultural resource and environment factors in seasonal drought regions of southwest China and the integrity and stability of the whole system
     (5) It deeply looks into the building and application of this system. The recent objective is to upgrade the software, realize the function extension of comparison searching between the cities within the province, and further optimize page design and enrich the information in the data base. The long term objective is to realize Browser/Server database based on WEB. the combination of the data base tech with geographic information system(GIS). with relevant model library and method library, and form the decision supporting system(DSS)which can provide intelligence aid decision making for a specific area, until gain proactive intelligence control.
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