匾额文化与传统民居环境
摘要
“自从有了建筑物,也就有了建筑文化。”传统的匾额常常被称作“古建筑的灵魂”,是最能体现中国古代建筑文化和建筑特色的一种装饰构件。它集标名、教育、装饰等多重意义于一身,具有丰富的文化内涵。
本论文共分为五章,第一章为绪论,主要说明了研究的缘起、研究的主要内容和研究的意义;第二章根据目前已有的文献资料,论述匾额的起源与历史沿革,分析促使匾额形成与发展的客观因素;第三章从设计学和美学的角度分析匾额的内容和形式特点,系统的论证了民居匾额的装饰特征及其在传统民居环境的功效;第四章从社会学、历史学和文化学的角度,进一步深入剖析了传统民居环境中匾额的文化内涵;第五章从设计方法论的角度,立足当今社会和人文环境,分析传统匾额文化对现代人居环境设计的启示和借鉴意义。
目前我国有关匾额或者匾额文化的论著,大多停留在对现存匾额的照片搜集和来源介绍,研究方面也偏重于对其文学性、历史性和制作工艺的研究。甚至许多研究建筑装饰的学术资料,也仅把它当作建筑装饰中比较次要的一部分,简略带过。匾额把文学引入建筑,为中国独有。再加上由于我国古汉语文学的丰富深奥,使得国外对我国匾额的相关研究更难开展。基于此,作者试图在本文中,从环境艺术设计学、文化学和社会学等多学科的角度,以研究与传统民居环境密切相关的匾额与匾额文化来剖析人民生活习俗、伦理道德、理想情感与传统民居环境之间更深层次的东西,同时也是对当今社会环境中日益缺失的一种民族传统精神文化的研究与挽回,是研究传统民居环境必不可少的一环。
中国今天的社会制度和道德观念已经与过去相距甚远,但文化的渊源依然存在。对于传统的匾额文化,在今天的环境艺术设计中应持一种批判的继承。
“Since there has been the building, there also has been the architectural culture.”The traditional tablet is usually called“the soul of ancient architecture”, It is one kind of ornament which is able to reflect the culture of Chinese ancient architecture and the architectural feature. It has multiple significances such as nomenclature, education, decoration and so on, and it has rich cultural content.
There are five chapters in the paper. The first chapter introduces the motivation, the destination, the main content, and the significance of research. Based on the present literature, the second one discusses the origin and historical evolution of tablet and analyzes the objective factor of tablet’s formation and development.
The third chapter analyzes the content and the form of tablets from design and esthetics theory, proof common residence tablet decoration characteristic and the affection in the traditional residence environment; The fourth chapter further analyzes the culture of tablets in the traditional common residence environment from sociological, the history and the cultural science factor; Based on the society and the humanities, the fifth chapter analyzes the enlightenment and profits of the traditional tablet culture to the modern design from the design methodology.
At present, literatures on the tablet or the tablet culture in China, most of them remain are photo collections and introductions, the study also emphasis on their literary, historical research and the production process. Even many architectural decorations on the academic information, only treat it as architectural decoration in the relatively minor part of a brief over. There is only in China that the tablet introduces the literary into architecture. Besides ancient Chinese literature’s rich esoteric, makes our tablets even more difficult to carry out further research.
Therefore, the author tried in the paper, from a multidisciplinary perspective of environmental art design, culture and sociology, to study tablets which are closely related to the traditional residence and the environment, as to analyze people's living and cultural, ethics, ideals and feelings Between the environment and traditional residence in a deeper level, and also the social environment of today's increasingly missing in a national tradition of research and restore the cultural, traditional residence on the environment, which is an essential component.
Social institution and moral values has been a far more different from the past in China today, but the origin culture still exists. There should be a critical succession to the traditional tablet culture in today’s environment art design.
本论文共分为五章,第一章为绪论,主要说明了研究的缘起、研究的主要内容和研究的意义;第二章根据目前已有的文献资料,论述匾额的起源与历史沿革,分析促使匾额形成与发展的客观因素;第三章从设计学和美学的角度分析匾额的内容和形式特点,系统的论证了民居匾额的装饰特征及其在传统民居环境的功效;第四章从社会学、历史学和文化学的角度,进一步深入剖析了传统民居环境中匾额的文化内涵;第五章从设计方法论的角度,立足当今社会和人文环境,分析传统匾额文化对现代人居环境设计的启示和借鉴意义。
目前我国有关匾额或者匾额文化的论著,大多停留在对现存匾额的照片搜集和来源介绍,研究方面也偏重于对其文学性、历史性和制作工艺的研究。甚至许多研究建筑装饰的学术资料,也仅把它当作建筑装饰中比较次要的一部分,简略带过。匾额把文学引入建筑,为中国独有。再加上由于我国古汉语文学的丰富深奥,使得国外对我国匾额的相关研究更难开展。基于此,作者试图在本文中,从环境艺术设计学、文化学和社会学等多学科的角度,以研究与传统民居环境密切相关的匾额与匾额文化来剖析人民生活习俗、伦理道德、理想情感与传统民居环境之间更深层次的东西,同时也是对当今社会环境中日益缺失的一种民族传统精神文化的研究与挽回,是研究传统民居环境必不可少的一环。
中国今天的社会制度和道德观念已经与过去相距甚远,但文化的渊源依然存在。对于传统的匾额文化,在今天的环境艺术设计中应持一种批判的继承。
“Since there has been the building, there also has been the architectural culture.”The traditional tablet is usually called“the soul of ancient architecture”, It is one kind of ornament which is able to reflect the culture of Chinese ancient architecture and the architectural feature. It has multiple significances such as nomenclature, education, decoration and so on, and it has rich cultural content.
There are five chapters in the paper. The first chapter introduces the motivation, the destination, the main content, and the significance of research. Based on the present literature, the second one discusses the origin and historical evolution of tablet and analyzes the objective factor of tablet’s formation and development.
The third chapter analyzes the content and the form of tablets from design and esthetics theory, proof common residence tablet decoration characteristic and the affection in the traditional residence environment; The fourth chapter further analyzes the culture of tablets in the traditional common residence environment from sociological, the history and the cultural science factor; Based on the society and the humanities, the fifth chapter analyzes the enlightenment and profits of the traditional tablet culture to the modern design from the design methodology.
At present, literatures on the tablet or the tablet culture in China, most of them remain are photo collections and introductions, the study also emphasis on their literary, historical research and the production process. Even many architectural decorations on the academic information, only treat it as architectural decoration in the relatively minor part of a brief over. There is only in China that the tablet introduces the literary into architecture. Besides ancient Chinese literature’s rich esoteric, makes our tablets even more difficult to carry out further research.
Therefore, the author tried in the paper, from a multidisciplinary perspective of environmental art design, culture and sociology, to study tablets which are closely related to the traditional residence and the environment, as to analyze people's living and cultural, ethics, ideals and feelings Between the environment and traditional residence in a deeper level, and also the social environment of today's increasingly missing in a national tradition of research and restore the cultural, traditional residence on the environment, which is an essential component.
Social institution and moral values has been a far more different from the past in China today, but the origin culture still exists. There should be a critical succession to the traditional tablet culture in today’s environment art design.
引文
[1] 林明德 .台澎金马地区匾联调查研究 .台湾 : “行政院”文化建设委员会,1994.12
[2] Marco Diani.The Immaterial Society:Design, Culture, and Technology in the Postmodern World, Feb 1992
[3] 陈从周等.中国民居. 香港:三联书店有限公司,1993.4,11
[4] 中国大百科全书·建筑·园林·城市规划.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1988: 327
[5] 夏征农等.辞海.上海辞书出版社,2001
[6] 张驭寰.中国古代建筑装饰讲座.安徽:安徽教育出版社,2005.12
[7] 韦瑞霖.广西名匾与摩崖碑额.南宁:广西美术出版社,2000
[8] 吴开英.中国古戏台匾联艺术.北京:当代中国出版社,2007.11,33-61
[9] 张振辉.中国传统住宅及庭园之匾联研究--以台湾传统住宅及庭园为例.台北:国立台湾师范大学美术研究所硕士论文,1993, 45
[10] 林声.中华名匾.辽宁人民出版社,1992.2
[11] 刘森林.中华装饰.上海:上海大学出版社 2004.5.1
[12] 赵 立 德 , 赵 梦 文 . 清 代 古 建 筑 油 漆 作 工 艺 . 北 京 : 中 国 建 筑 工 业 出 版社,1999.12..1
[13] 过汉泉陈家俊.古建筑装折.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.7.20
[14] 林永钦.匾额的修护与保存.台湾:国立台南大学古物研究所
[15] Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Philosophie des Rechts . Germany: Suhrkamp Verlag KG ,January 31, 2005
[16] [清]李渔.闲情偶寄.北京:华夏出版社,2006.12,206-216
[17] 张道一.中国民间美术辞典.南京:江苏教育出版社,2001,20
[18] 楼庆西.中国传统建筑装饰.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.1.21
[19] Kevin Lynch , Gary Hack.Site Planning - 3rd Edition..America:The MIT Press,1998:173
[20] 候幼彬.中国建筑美学. 哈尔滨:黑龙江科技出版社,1997,15
[21] 李允鉌.华夏意匠:中国古典建筑设计原理分析. 天津大学出版社,2005.5
[22] Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.Hegel's Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art, Oxford Univ Pr (Sd) ,June 1975
[23] 楼庆西.中国古建筑二十讲.北京:三联书店,2001.9
[24] 乔家大院民俗博物馆志.山西人民出版社,2006.9
[25] 乐嘉藻.中国建筑史.北京:团结出版社,2005
[26] Susanne K. Langer. Feeling and Form. Prentice Hall ,June 1977
[27] (宋)李诫.营造法式.北京:中华书局,1992
[28] 孔丘.论语.北京: 纺织工业,2007.9
[29] 吴庆洲.建筑哲理.意匠与文化.中国建筑工业出版社,2005.6
[30] 钱兴奇.礼记. 岳麓书社,2002.6.1
[31] 王安石.周官新义.大东书局 ,1935.1.1
[32] 张善文.周易注译.广州:花城出版社,2001.1
[33] 秦红岭.建筑的伦理意蕴.中国建筑工业出版社,2006.3
[34] 唐明星.装饰文化论纲.重庆:重庆大学出版社,2006.10
[35] 孙丽萍.屋宇春秋山西老宅院.山西人民出版社发行部,2002.3
[36] 楼庆西.中国建筑的门文化.郑州:河南科学技术出版社,2007.7
[37] 陈朝晖.建筑语言+文学语言-中国传统建筑的一种独特文化形式.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文,1999.6.1
[38] Vitruvius Pollio .De architectura. Italy: Giulio Einaudi ,1997
[39] Amos Rapoport.House Form and Cuture.Englewood Cliffs,N.J.and London,1969
[40] John Naisbitt .Megatrends Asia ,Simon & Schuster ,1996
[41] W?rringer.Abstraktion und einfiihlung. Rodopi ,November 2003
[42] Adam,Sharr. Heidegger for Architects (Thinkers forArchitects). Britain :Routledge; November 19, 2007
[2] Marco Diani.The Immaterial Society:Design, Culture, and Technology in the Postmodern World, Feb 1992
[3] 陈从周等.中国民居. 香港:三联书店有限公司,1993.4,11
[4] 中国大百科全书·建筑·园林·城市规划.北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1988: 327
[5] 夏征农等.辞海.上海辞书出版社,2001
[6] 张驭寰.中国古代建筑装饰讲座.安徽:安徽教育出版社,2005.12
[7] 韦瑞霖.广西名匾与摩崖碑额.南宁:广西美术出版社,2000
[8] 吴开英.中国古戏台匾联艺术.北京:当代中国出版社,2007.11,33-61
[9] 张振辉.中国传统住宅及庭园之匾联研究--以台湾传统住宅及庭园为例.台北:国立台湾师范大学美术研究所硕士论文,1993, 45
[10] 林声.中华名匾.辽宁人民出版社,1992.2
[11] 刘森林.中华装饰.上海:上海大学出版社 2004.5.1
[12] 赵 立 德 , 赵 梦 文 . 清 代 古 建 筑 油 漆 作 工 艺 . 北 京 : 中 国 建 筑 工 业 出 版社,1999.12..1
[13] 过汉泉陈家俊.古建筑装折.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.7.20
[14] 林永钦.匾额的修护与保存.台湾:国立台南大学古物研究所
[15] Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Philosophie des Rechts . Germany: Suhrkamp Verlag KG ,January 31, 2005
[16] [清]李渔.闲情偶寄.北京:华夏出版社,2006.12,206-216
[17] 张道一.中国民间美术辞典.南京:江苏教育出版社,2001,20
[18] 楼庆西.中国传统建筑装饰.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.1.21
[19] Kevin Lynch , Gary Hack.Site Planning - 3rd Edition..America:The MIT Press,1998:173
[20] 候幼彬.中国建筑美学. 哈尔滨:黑龙江科技出版社,1997,15
[21] 李允鉌.华夏意匠:中国古典建筑设计原理分析. 天津大学出版社,2005.5
[22] Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.Hegel's Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art, Oxford Univ Pr (Sd) ,June 1975
[23] 楼庆西.中国古建筑二十讲.北京:三联书店,2001.9
[24] 乔家大院民俗博物馆志.山西人民出版社,2006.9
[25] 乐嘉藻.中国建筑史.北京:团结出版社,2005
[26] Susanne K. Langer. Feeling and Form. Prentice Hall ,June 1977
[27] (宋)李诫.营造法式.北京:中华书局,1992
[28] 孔丘.论语.北京: 纺织工业,2007.9
[29] 吴庆洲.建筑哲理.意匠与文化.中国建筑工业出版社,2005.6
[30] 钱兴奇.礼记. 岳麓书社,2002.6.1
[31] 王安石.周官新义.大东书局 ,1935.1.1
[32] 张善文.周易注译.广州:花城出版社,2001.1
[33] 秦红岭.建筑的伦理意蕴.中国建筑工业出版社,2006.3
[34] 唐明星.装饰文化论纲.重庆:重庆大学出版社,2006.10
[35] 孙丽萍.屋宇春秋山西老宅院.山西人民出版社发行部,2002.3
[36] 楼庆西.中国建筑的门文化.郑州:河南科学技术出版社,2007.7
[37] 陈朝晖.建筑语言+文学语言-中国传统建筑的一种独特文化形式.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学硕士论文,1999.6.1
[38] Vitruvius Pollio .De architectura. Italy: Giulio Einaudi ,1997
[39] Amos Rapoport.House Form and Cuture.Englewood Cliffs,N.J.and London,1969
[40] John Naisbitt .Megatrends Asia ,Simon & Schuster ,1996
[41] W?rringer.Abstraktion und einfiihlung. Rodopi ,November 2003
[42] Adam,Sharr. Heidegger for Architects (Thinkers forArchitects). Britain :Routledge; November 19, 2007