基于青海半干旱地区公路生态恢复集成技术研究
|
摘要
近年来,随着公路路域生态环境的恶化,人类的生存和发展受到威胁,作为公路路域生态恢复主要内容的植被恢复成为关注焦点。本文结合西部交通科技项目：《公路路域生态工程技术研究》,通过对青海半干旱地区生态恢复机理的深入研究,以研究区多条已建和在建的典型公路的调查监测为依据,将配套的公路生态恢复集成技术体系应用于依托工程青海省西塔高速公路,取得了较好的恢复效果,从中得出以下结论。
1.基于生态相关理论的研究,提出研究区公路路域生态恢复的限制因子为气候、土壤和植被,各因子之间互相依存,互为制约,因此只有将植被群落筛选与设计、土壤改良与调控、植被建植技术集成并系统运用于公路路域的生态恢复,才能保证路域植被建植的成功和生态环境的自然演替及恢复。
2.通过对相关公路植被恢复的调查及实验研究,运用综合指数法,成功筛选出研究区中央分隔带绿化美化并能起到良好防眩作用的植物物种：祁连圆柏、青海云杉、北京桧、刺柏、珍珠梅、红刺玫、丁香等乔灌木。边坡植被恢复适用的灌木种类：柠条、柽柳、紫穗槐等,及适用草本植物：赖草、紫花苜蓿、赖草、老芒麦、披碱草、中华羊茅等。
3.为建立高效稳定的公路路域生态系统,根据西塔高速公路的气候特征和边坡土壤特点,在以上筛选出的适用植物物种中确立其植被恢复设计方案为：
中央分隔带构建物种祁连圆柏、紫丁香、珍珠梅、红刺玫；
边坡植被恢复植物组合：柠条、紫花苜蓿、披碱草、碱茅、老芒麦、中华羊茅等,兼顾了灌草组合,禾本科与豆科的搭配。
4.经过土壤改良、植被建植和养护管理等技术的实施,西塔高速公路中央隔离带的植株成活率在90%以上；客土喷播、三维土工网和棉网状植生带建植的设计草灌结合种群在边坡植被恢复中均取得了较好的效果,其中棉网状植生带效果最好。
5.通过生态护坡的效益估算,生态防护体系在研究区的应用可以取得较高的生态效益。而生态效益的取得决定于绿化面积及植被的生态功能。因此增加生态护坡面积,选取成活率高、而生态功能(固碳、制氧、纳污能力强)优秀的植被及减少建设和养护成本是提高公路生态环境效益的有效途径。
Nearly years, with the deterioration of the road-zone's ecology environment, the human existence and development is under threat. As the main contents of road-zone's ecology restoration, the vegetation recovery becomes the social focus. Combined with the western traffic science and technology project: Study on the Ecotechnique in Highway Field, this paper firstly had researched the mechanism of ecology restoration in Huangshui River of Qinghai further, then taken the on-site inspection and monitoring for many building or built demonstration roads in the areas, at last applied the matched integrated technical systems to Xining-Ta'ersi highway of Qinghai. The recovery effects are tested and following conclusion is recieved:
1. Based on the research on the concerned theory, the limitation factors of the road-zone's ecology restoration such as the climate, soil and vegetation is raised, and the relationship of dependence and limitation among those factors is confirmed. So only applying the screening design of vegetation communities, the soil's Improvement and regulation and the vegetation recovery's technique integratedly and systematically can the vegetation be built successfully and the ecology environment be recovery naturally.
2. Based on the research and experiment for the concerned roads'vegetation recovery, the plant species which are helpful to make the mid compartition strip greener, beautiful and non-glare, such as Sabina przewalskii, Picea crassifolia, Sabina chinensis L., Taiwan Juniper, Giant false spiraea, Rosa,Lilac and so on, and which are suitable for use in slope vegetation restoration such as Leymussecalinus, Alfalfa, Elymus sibiricus, Dahusian wildrye, Festuca sinensis and so on.
3.In order to build efficient and stable road-zone's ecosystem, the vegetation recovery design proposal which is based on the climatic features of Xining-Ta'ersi highway, the characteristics of slope's soil and the above suitable plant species is identified
4. As the technique-enforcement of soil improvement, vegetation construction, and maintenance management, survival rate is kept above 90%. By using external-soil spray seeding, three-dimensional geonet sprig-grass and sodded strip technique, the grass- irrigation mixed design is tested better results.
5. By estimating on the ecological benefit, the ecology protection system has gotten better ecological benefit, which is depended on the green coverage and vegetation's ecosystem function. So increasing the green coverage and choosing those plants whose survival rate and ecosystem function is better is the effective way to raise road's ecological benefit but maintenance cost.
1.基于生态相关理论的研究,提出研究区公路路域生态恢复的限制因子为气候、土壤和植被,各因子之间互相依存,互为制约,因此只有将植被群落筛选与设计、土壤改良与调控、植被建植技术集成并系统运用于公路路域的生态恢复,才能保证路域植被建植的成功和生态环境的自然演替及恢复。
2.通过对相关公路植被恢复的调查及实验研究,运用综合指数法,成功筛选出研究区中央分隔带绿化美化并能起到良好防眩作用的植物物种：祁连圆柏、青海云杉、北京桧、刺柏、珍珠梅、红刺玫、丁香等乔灌木。边坡植被恢复适用的灌木种类：柠条、柽柳、紫穗槐等,及适用草本植物：赖草、紫花苜蓿、赖草、老芒麦、披碱草、中华羊茅等。
3.为建立高效稳定的公路路域生态系统,根据西塔高速公路的气候特征和边坡土壤特点,在以上筛选出的适用植物物种中确立其植被恢复设计方案为：
中央分隔带构建物种祁连圆柏、紫丁香、珍珠梅、红刺玫；
边坡植被恢复植物组合：柠条、紫花苜蓿、披碱草、碱茅、老芒麦、中华羊茅等,兼顾了灌草组合,禾本科与豆科的搭配。
4.经过土壤改良、植被建植和养护管理等技术的实施,西塔高速公路中央隔离带的植株成活率在90%以上；客土喷播、三维土工网和棉网状植生带建植的设计草灌结合种群在边坡植被恢复中均取得了较好的效果,其中棉网状植生带效果最好。
5.通过生态护坡的效益估算,生态防护体系在研究区的应用可以取得较高的生态效益。而生态效益的取得决定于绿化面积及植被的生态功能。因此增加生态护坡面积,选取成活率高、而生态功能(固碳、制氧、纳污能力强)优秀的植被及减少建设和养护成本是提高公路生态环境效益的有效途径。
Nearly years, with the deterioration of the road-zone's ecology environment, the human existence and development is under threat. As the main contents of road-zone's ecology restoration, the vegetation recovery becomes the social focus. Combined with the western traffic science and technology project: Study on the Ecotechnique in Highway Field, this paper firstly had researched the mechanism of ecology restoration in Huangshui River of Qinghai further, then taken the on-site inspection and monitoring for many building or built demonstration roads in the areas, at last applied the matched integrated technical systems to Xining-Ta'ersi highway of Qinghai. The recovery effects are tested and following conclusion is recieved:
1. Based on the research on the concerned theory, the limitation factors of the road-zone's ecology restoration such as the climate, soil and vegetation is raised, and the relationship of dependence and limitation among those factors is confirmed. So only applying the screening design of vegetation communities, the soil's Improvement and regulation and the vegetation recovery's technique integratedly and systematically can the vegetation be built successfully and the ecology environment be recovery naturally.
2. Based on the research and experiment for the concerned roads'vegetation recovery, the plant species which are helpful to make the mid compartition strip greener, beautiful and non-glare, such as Sabina przewalskii, Picea crassifolia, Sabina chinensis L., Taiwan Juniper, Giant false spiraea, Rosa,Lilac and so on, and which are suitable for use in slope vegetation restoration such as Leymussecalinus, Alfalfa, Elymus sibiricus, Dahusian wildrye, Festuca sinensis and so on.
3.In order to build efficient and stable road-zone's ecosystem, the vegetation recovery design proposal which is based on the climatic features of Xining-Ta'ersi highway, the characteristics of slope's soil and the above suitable plant species is identified
4. As the technique-enforcement of soil improvement, vegetation construction, and maintenance management, survival rate is kept above 90%. By using external-soil spray seeding, three-dimensional geonet sprig-grass and sodded strip technique, the grass- irrigation mixed design is tested better results.
5. By estimating on the ecological benefit, the ecology protection system has gotten better ecological benefit, which is depended on the green coverage and vegetation's ecosystem function. So increasing the green coverage and choosing those plants whose survival rate and ecosystem function is better is the effective way to raise road's ecological benefit but maintenance cost.
引文
[1]交通部公路科学研究院等.西部地区公路建设中的环境保护对策研究,西部交通建设科技项目,(200231822337).
[2]章家恩,徐琪.恢复生态学研究的一些基本问题探讨[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(1)：109-113.
[3]Forman R T & Lexander L E. Roads and their ecological effects[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1998,29:207-231.
[4]Arnout Z, Pieter R, Martin H. Motor vehicles as vectors of plant species from road verges in a suburban environment[J].Basic and applied ecology,2005,7:83-93
[5]米文宝,谢应忠.生态恢复与重建研究综述[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(2)：49-53.
[6]Alisa W. Coffin. From roadkill to road ecology A review of the ecological effects of roads[J]. Journal of Transport GeograpHy,2007 (In press)
[7][日]仓田益二郎著,顾保衡译.绿化工程技术,北京：成都科技出版社,1989.
[8]山寺喜成,安保昭,吉田宽著,恢复自然环境绿化工程概论,北京：中国科学技术出版社,1997.
[9]#12
[10]安保昭著.《坡面绿化施工法》,人民交通出版社,1988.
[11]李旭光,等.日本的公路边坡绿化与防护[J].公路交通科技,1995,(12)：59-64.
[12]章恒江等.岩质坡面喷混快速绿化新技术[J].国外公路,2000,(10)：30-32
[13]周颖,曹映乱,廖晓瑾,等.喷混植生技术在高速公路岩石边坡防护和绿化中的应用.岩土力学,2001,22(3)：353-356
[14]周德培,张俊云.植被护坡工程技术[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.1-10.
[15]许文年,叶建军,周明涛等.植被混凝土护坡绿化技术若干问题探讨[J].水利水电技术,2004,35(10)： 50-52.
[16]李志刚等.高速公路边坡综合防护与关化设计试验研究.公路交通科技.2002,19(6)：61-65.
[17]刘德荣等.坡而液压喷播快速强制绿化的效益分析.北京林业人学学报.2009,22(2).
[18]顾卫,江源,余海龙等.我国北方地区边坡客土喷播技术应用现状与问题[J].公路交通科技(应用技术版),2007(3)：36-39.
[19]顾卫、江源、张春禹等.厚层基质喷附技术在半干旱地区高速公路生态恢复与重建中的应用研究,公路交通科技(应用技术版),2006,(9)：157-160
[20]余海龙等.高速公路路域土壤质量退化演变的研究[J].水土保持学报2006.20(4),195-198.
[21]余江.生态环境影响评价水土流失预测方法应用研究.四川师范大学.2001.04.
[22]交通部.《公路自然区划标准(JTJ 003-86)》.1986
[23]交通部公路科学研究院等.公路路域生态工程技术研究,西部交通建设科技项目,(200331822333).
[24]刘丽等.四川丘陵区高速公路中央分隔带绿化防眩植株高度的研究.安徽农业科学,2010,38(2)：1096-1098
[25]贾致荣等,公路边坡生态防护的定量评价方法水土保持研究,2008年4月,第15卷第2期.
[26]陈爱侠.公路路域生态系统环境功能与稳定性的初步研究长安大学学报(建筑与环境科学版)2003年3月第20卷第1期.36.
[27]姜德文等.高等级公路路城生态恢复工程效益分析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(4),140-142.
[28]马国强,李秋洁,张堂松等.高速公路对路域生态系统的影响及修复技术研究进展[J],林业调查规划,2010,35(3)：29-34.
[29]沈毅,晏晓林等.公路路域生态工程技术.人民交通出版社,2009年3月.
[30]刘春霞等.高速公路边坡植被恢复研究进展.生态学报,2007年5月,2090-2095.
[31]李万全.青海省水土保持生态修复适宜性初步探讨.
[32]江玉林,杜娟等.高等级公路生态环境保护问题与对策.公路.2000,08：68-72.
[33]刘龙等.西北高寒地区公路建设对生态环境的影响.交通环保.第24卷第6期2003年12月.
[34]徐俏等.广州市生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].北京师范大学学报：自然科学版,2003,39(2)：268-272.
[35]陈芳等.城市工业区植物生态服务功能的计量评价.生态学报,2006,26(7)：2229-2232.
[36]刘龙.平西高速公路生态恢复适用技术研究.公路2005年2月第2期.
[37]Nilaweera N S.Effects of tree roots on slope stability:the case of Khao Luang Mountain area,So.Thailand.Dissertation No.GT-93-2.Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology.1994.
[38]Barker D H. Continuing and future developments in vegetative slope engineering or ecoengineering.In: Proceedings of the international Conference on Vegetation and Slope.Oxford:[s.n],1994.29-30.
[39]Greenway D R.Vegetation and slope stability[A].In:Anderson ed.Slope Stability[C].New York:John and Sons,1987.59-64.
[40]Donald. H.Gray. Influence of Vegetation on the Stability of Slopes.Proceedings of the international conference held at the University MUseum, Oxford.29-30 September 1994.
[41]章恒江等.岩质坡而喷混快速绿化新技术.中外公路.2000.20(5)：30-32.
[42]白史且,胥晓刚.高速公路绿化工程技术,中国农业出版社,2005,北京,
[43]张俊石等.厚层基材喷射种植基的物理特性.岩石力学与工程学报.2001,20(增1)：1010-1014,
[44]张科利,彭文英,张竹梅.日本近50年来土壤侵蚀及水土保持研究评述[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2)：61-64,68.
[45]方华,林建平.植被护坡现状与展望.水土保持研究,2004.11(3)：283-286.
[46]王云,龙春林,刘怡涛等.植被在高速公路路域边坡防护中的作用,水土保持研究,2005,12(6)：199-202.
[47]傅伯杰,陈利顶、马克明.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社.2001.
[48]Forman R T T, Spering D, John A et al., Road ecology science and solutions[M]. Ashingtonn Covelo London: ISLAND Press,2002.253-267.
[49]Forman R T T & Deblinger R D. The ecological road-effcet zone of a Massacuscetts(USA)suburban highway[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14:36-46.
[50]Guckin C.P & Brown R D. A landscape ecological model for wildlife enhancement of stormwater practices in urban greenways[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,33:227-246.
[51]Howard T & Odum B O. Concepts and methods of ecological engineering[J].Ecological Engineering.2003,20:339-361.
[52]James E B, Kim C, Clive G..,et al,.Using ecosystem engineers to restore ecological systems [J].TRENDS Ecology and Evolution,2007(in press)
[53]Jim C Y. A planning strategy to augment the diversity and biomass of roadside trees in urban Hong Kong[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.1999,44:13-22.
[54]Jose R A, Juan D D, Rudiger O, et al. Distribution of alien vs. native plant species in roadside communities along an altitudinal gradient in Tenerife and Gran Canaria[J].Perspectives in
[55]L.Chapman, J.E.Thornes. A Geomatics-based Road Surface Temperature Prediction Model. Science of the Total Environment,2006:68-80.
[56]Mark T S, Venhaus S, Windhager H. Exploiting the attributes of regional ecosystems for landscape design The role of ecological restoration in ecological engineering[J].Ecological Engineering.2007(in press).
[57]江玉林.公路路域环境生态恢复研究与实践[M]..北京：中国农业出版社,2004.
[58]李秀珍.从第15届美国景观生态学年会看当前景观生态学发展的热点和前沿[J].生态学报,2000,20(6)：1113-1115.
[59]俞孔坚.风景资源评价的主要学派及方法见：俞孔坚《景观：文化、生态与感知》.北京：科学出版社,1998.40-50.
[60]王代军,胡桂馨,高洁.2000,公路路域边坡侵蚀及坡面生态工程的应用现状.草原与草坪,3：22-24.
[61]李满兆,梁朝鹏等.青海生态环境调查.区域经济,
[62]袁黎,陆键,项乔君等..高速公路绿化评价指标及方法研究,交通运输工程与信息学报,2005,2(3)：39-43,
[63]黄晓霞,江源,顾卫等.中国公路生态研究的国际比较及展望,公路交通科技,2004,21(4)：165-168,
[64]高民欢,李辉,张新宇等.高等级公路路域边坡冲刷理论与植被防护技术,2005,人民交通出版社,
[65]高速公路丛书编委会.高速公路环境保护与绿化[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2001.
[66]交通部公路规划设计院.中华人民共和国交通部部标准—公路自然区划[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999.
[67]李家春,田伟平.黄土路堤坡顶及土路肩暴雨冲蚀破坏机理试验[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2004,24(2)：27-29.
[68]陆兆熊,蔡强国,朱同新等.黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀过程研究[J].中国水土保持,1991(11)：19-22.
[69]罗斌,王秉纲,王选仓.路基公路路域边坡坡面冲刷基本理论[J].公路交通科技,2002,19(4)：27-29.
[70]唐克丽.黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀区域特征及其治理途径[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1990,63-65.
[71]杨航宇.公路路域边坡防护与治理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2002.
[72]杨俊平.景观生态绿化工程设计与管理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999.
[73]徐国钢等.高速公路岩石边坡的快速生态恢复技术.http//www.buv888.com/news/show.php? id= 84,
[74]Pauchard A & Alabcak. P B. Edge type defines alien plant species invasions along Pinus contorta burned, highway and clearcut forest edges [J].Forest Ecology and Management.2006,223:327-335.
[75]Sheldon J C & Bradshaw A D. The development of a hydraulic seeding technique for unstable sand slopes:Effects of fertilizers,mulches and stabilizers[J].Journal of Applied Ecology.1997,14:905-918.
[76]Yang YJ, Sun XY. Forest soil seed bank and natural regeneration. Chin J Appl Ecol,2001,12(2):304-308.
[77]封金财,王建华.植物根的存在对边坡稳定性的作用[J].华东交通大学学报,2003,20(5)：42-45.
[78]封金财.植物根系对边坡的加固作用模拟分析[J].江苏工业学院学报,2005,17(3)：27-29.
[79]李绍才,孙海龙：中国岩石边坡植物护坡技术现状及发展趋势[J].资源科学,2004,26(supple ment),61-66
[80]李铁军,李晓华.植被固坡机制的研究[J].水土保持科技情报,2004,(2)：1-3.
[81]李西,罗承德,陈其兵.岩石边坡植被护坡植物选择初探[J].中国园林.2003,(9)：52-53.
[82]李永庚,蒋高明.矿山废弃地生态重建研究进展[J].生态学 报,2004,24(1)：123-131.
[83]李勇,武淑霞,夏侯国风.紫色土区刺槐林根系对土壤结构的稳定作用[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(2)：1-7
[84]王文生,杨晓华,谢永利.公路边坡植物的护坡机理[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(4)：26-30.
[85]谢平,李燕.海岸沙地防护林的小气候效应.中国沙漠,2001,21(1)：93-96.
[86]胥晓刚,杨冬生,胡庭兴,等.不同植物种类在公路边坡植被恢复中的适应性研究[J].公路,2004(6)：158-160.
[87]徐则民,黄润秋,唐正光等.植被护坡的局限性及其对深层滑坡孕育的贡献[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(3).438-450.
[88]赵晓英,孙成权：恢复生态学及其发展[J].地球科学进展,1998,13(5),474-480
[89]赵忠,李鹏,王乃江.渭北黄土高原主要造林树种根系分布特征的研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1)：37-39.
[90]钟爽.矿山废弃地生态恢复理论体系及评价方法研究[M].辽宁工程技术大学,硕士毕业论文,2006：1-2.
[91]周跃.土壤植被系统及其坡面生态工程意义[J].山地学报,1999,17(3)224-229
[92]宗跃光,周尚意,彭萍,等.道路生态学研究进展[J].生态学报.2003,23(11)：2396-2405.
[93]李西,罗承德,陈其兵.岩石边坡植被护坡植物选择初探[J].中国园林,2004,(9),52-53.
[94]林金安.植物种子综论[M].哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社,1993,211-221.
[95]刘本同,钱华,何志华,等.我国岩石边坡植被修复技术现状和展望[J].浙江林业科技,2004,(3)：47-54.
[96]方华,林建平.植被护坡现状与与展望[J].水土保持研究.2004,11(3)：283-285.
[2]章家恩,徐琪.恢复生态学研究的一些基本问题探讨[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(1)：109-113.
[3]Forman R T & Lexander L E. Roads and their ecological effects[J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1998,29:207-231.
[4]Arnout Z, Pieter R, Martin H. Motor vehicles as vectors of plant species from road verges in a suburban environment[J].Basic and applied ecology,2005,7:83-93
[5]米文宝,谢应忠.生态恢复与重建研究综述[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(2)：49-53.
[6]Alisa W. Coffin. From roadkill to road ecology A review of the ecological effects of roads[J]. Journal of Transport GeograpHy,2007 (In press)
[7][日]仓田益二郎著,顾保衡译.绿化工程技术,北京：成都科技出版社,1989.
[8]山寺喜成,安保昭,吉田宽著,恢复自然环境绿化工程概论,北京：中国科学技术出版社,1997.
[9]#12
[10]安保昭著.《坡面绿化施工法》,人民交通出版社,1988.
[11]李旭光,等.日本的公路边坡绿化与防护[J].公路交通科技,1995,(12)：59-64.
[12]章恒江等.岩质坡面喷混快速绿化新技术[J].国外公路,2000,(10)：30-32
[13]周颖,曹映乱,廖晓瑾,等.喷混植生技术在高速公路岩石边坡防护和绿化中的应用.岩土力学,2001,22(3)：353-356
[14]周德培,张俊云.植被护坡工程技术[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.1-10.
[15]许文年,叶建军,周明涛等.植被混凝土护坡绿化技术若干问题探讨[J].水利水电技术,2004,35(10)： 50-52.
[16]李志刚等.高速公路边坡综合防护与关化设计试验研究.公路交通科技.2002,19(6)：61-65.
[17]刘德荣等.坡而液压喷播快速强制绿化的效益分析.北京林业人学学报.2009,22(2).
[18]顾卫,江源,余海龙等.我国北方地区边坡客土喷播技术应用现状与问题[J].公路交通科技(应用技术版),2007(3)：36-39.
[19]顾卫、江源、张春禹等.厚层基质喷附技术在半干旱地区高速公路生态恢复与重建中的应用研究,公路交通科技(应用技术版),2006,(9)：157-160
[20]余海龙等.高速公路路域土壤质量退化演变的研究[J].水土保持学报2006.20(4),195-198.
[21]余江.生态环境影响评价水土流失预测方法应用研究.四川师范大学.2001.04.
[22]交通部.《公路自然区划标准(JTJ 003-86)》.1986
[23]交通部公路科学研究院等.公路路域生态工程技术研究,西部交通建设科技项目,(200331822333).
[24]刘丽等.四川丘陵区高速公路中央分隔带绿化防眩植株高度的研究.安徽农业科学,2010,38(2)：1096-1098
[25]贾致荣等,公路边坡生态防护的定量评价方法水土保持研究,2008年4月,第15卷第2期.
[26]陈爱侠.公路路域生态系统环境功能与稳定性的初步研究长安大学学报(建筑与环境科学版)2003年3月第20卷第1期.36.
[27]姜德文等.高等级公路路城生态恢复工程效益分析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(4),140-142.
[28]马国强,李秋洁,张堂松等.高速公路对路域生态系统的影响及修复技术研究进展[J],林业调查规划,2010,35(3)：29-34.
[29]沈毅,晏晓林等.公路路域生态工程技术.人民交通出版社,2009年3月.
[30]刘春霞等.高速公路边坡植被恢复研究进展.生态学报,2007年5月,2090-2095.
[31]李万全.青海省水土保持生态修复适宜性初步探讨.
[32]江玉林,杜娟等.高等级公路生态环境保护问题与对策.公路.2000,08：68-72.
[33]刘龙等.西北高寒地区公路建设对生态环境的影响.交通环保.第24卷第6期2003年12月.
[34]徐俏等.广州市生态系统服务功能价值评估[J].北京师范大学学报：自然科学版,2003,39(2)：268-272.
[35]陈芳等.城市工业区植物生态服务功能的计量评价.生态学报,2006,26(7)：2229-2232.
[36]刘龙.平西高速公路生态恢复适用技术研究.公路2005年2月第2期.
[37]Nilaweera N S.Effects of tree roots on slope stability:the case of Khao Luang Mountain area,So.Thailand.Dissertation No.GT-93-2.Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology.1994.
[38]Barker D H. Continuing and future developments in vegetative slope engineering or ecoengineering.In: Proceedings of the international Conference on Vegetation and Slope.Oxford:[s.n],1994.29-30.
[39]Greenway D R.Vegetation and slope stability[A].In:Anderson ed.Slope Stability[C].New York:John and Sons,1987.59-64.
[40]Donald. H.Gray. Influence of Vegetation on the Stability of Slopes.Proceedings of the international conference held at the University MUseum, Oxford.29-30 September 1994.
[41]章恒江等.岩质坡而喷混快速绿化新技术.中外公路.2000.20(5)：30-32.
[42]白史且,胥晓刚.高速公路绿化工程技术,中国农业出版社,2005,北京,
[43]张俊石等.厚层基材喷射种植基的物理特性.岩石力学与工程学报.2001,20(增1)：1010-1014,
[44]张科利,彭文英,张竹梅.日本近50年来土壤侵蚀及水土保持研究评述[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2)：61-64,68.
[45]方华,林建平.植被护坡现状与展望.水土保持研究,2004.11(3)：283-286.
[46]王云,龙春林,刘怡涛等.植被在高速公路路域边坡防护中的作用,水土保持研究,2005,12(6)：199-202.
[47]傅伯杰,陈利顶、马克明.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京：科学出版社.2001.
[48]Forman R T T, Spering D, John A et al., Road ecology science and solutions[M]. Ashingtonn Covelo London: ISLAND Press,2002.253-267.
[49]Forman R T T & Deblinger R D. The ecological road-effcet zone of a Massacuscetts(USA)suburban highway[J].Conservation Biology,2000,14:36-46.
[50]Guckin C.P & Brown R D. A landscape ecological model for wildlife enhancement of stormwater practices in urban greenways[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.1995,33:227-246.
[51]Howard T & Odum B O. Concepts and methods of ecological engineering[J].Ecological Engineering.2003,20:339-361.
[52]James E B, Kim C, Clive G..,et al,.Using ecosystem engineers to restore ecological systems [J].TRENDS Ecology and Evolution,2007(in press)
[53]Jim C Y. A planning strategy to augment the diversity and biomass of roadside trees in urban Hong Kong[J].Landscape and Urban Planning.1999,44:13-22.
[54]Jose R A, Juan D D, Rudiger O, et al. Distribution of alien vs. native plant species in roadside communities along an altitudinal gradient in Tenerife and Gran Canaria[J].Perspectives in
[55]L.Chapman, J.E.Thornes. A Geomatics-based Road Surface Temperature Prediction Model. Science of the Total Environment,2006:68-80.
[56]Mark T S, Venhaus S, Windhager H. Exploiting the attributes of regional ecosystems for landscape design The role of ecological restoration in ecological engineering[J].Ecological Engineering.2007(in press).
[57]江玉林.公路路域环境生态恢复研究与实践[M]..北京：中国农业出版社,2004.
[58]李秀珍.从第15届美国景观生态学年会看当前景观生态学发展的热点和前沿[J].生态学报,2000,20(6)：1113-1115.
[59]俞孔坚.风景资源评价的主要学派及方法见：俞孔坚《景观：文化、生态与感知》.北京：科学出版社,1998.40-50.
[60]王代军,胡桂馨,高洁.2000,公路路域边坡侵蚀及坡面生态工程的应用现状.草原与草坪,3：22-24.
[61]李满兆,梁朝鹏等.青海生态环境调查.区域经济,
[62]袁黎,陆键,项乔君等..高速公路绿化评价指标及方法研究,交通运输工程与信息学报,2005,2(3)：39-43,
[63]黄晓霞,江源,顾卫等.中国公路生态研究的国际比较及展望,公路交通科技,2004,21(4)：165-168,
[64]高民欢,李辉,张新宇等.高等级公路路域边坡冲刷理论与植被防护技术,2005,人民交通出版社,
[65]高速公路丛书编委会.高速公路环境保护与绿化[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2001.
[66]交通部公路规划设计院.中华人民共和国交通部部标准—公路自然区划[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999.
[67]李家春,田伟平.黄土路堤坡顶及土路肩暴雨冲蚀破坏机理试验[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2004,24(2)：27-29.
[68]陆兆熊,蔡强国,朱同新等.黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀过程研究[J].中国水土保持,1991(11)：19-22.
[69]罗斌,王秉纲,王选仓.路基公路路域边坡坡面冲刷基本理论[J].公路交通科技,2002,19(4)：27-29.
[70]唐克丽.黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀区域特征及其治理途径[M].北京：中国科学技术出版社,1990,63-65.
[71]杨航宇.公路路域边坡防护与治理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2002.
[72]杨俊平.景观生态绿化工程设计与管理[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999.
[73]徐国钢等.高速公路岩石边坡的快速生态恢复技术.http//www.buv888.com/news/show.php? id= 84,
[74]Pauchard A & Alabcak. P B. Edge type defines alien plant species invasions along Pinus contorta burned, highway and clearcut forest edges [J].Forest Ecology and Management.2006,223:327-335.
[75]Sheldon J C & Bradshaw A D. The development of a hydraulic seeding technique for unstable sand slopes:Effects of fertilizers,mulches and stabilizers[J].Journal of Applied Ecology.1997,14:905-918.
[76]Yang YJ, Sun XY. Forest soil seed bank and natural regeneration. Chin J Appl Ecol,2001,12(2):304-308.
[77]封金财,王建华.植物根的存在对边坡稳定性的作用[J].华东交通大学学报,2003,20(5)：42-45.
[78]封金财.植物根系对边坡的加固作用模拟分析[J].江苏工业学院学报,2005,17(3)：27-29.
[79]李绍才,孙海龙：中国岩石边坡植物护坡技术现状及发展趋势[J].资源科学,2004,26(supple ment),61-66
[80]李铁军,李晓华.植被固坡机制的研究[J].水土保持科技情报,2004,(2)：1-3.
[81]李西,罗承德,陈其兵.岩石边坡植被护坡植物选择初探[J].中国园林.2003,(9)：52-53.
[82]李永庚,蒋高明.矿山废弃地生态重建研究进展[J].生态学 报,2004,24(1)：123-131.
[83]李勇,武淑霞,夏侯国风.紫色土区刺槐林根系对土壤结构的稳定作用[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,4(2)：1-7
[84]王文生,杨晓华,谢永利.公路边坡植物的护坡机理[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2005,(4)：26-30.
[85]谢平,李燕.海岸沙地防护林的小气候效应.中国沙漠,2001,21(1)：93-96.
[86]胥晓刚,杨冬生,胡庭兴,等.不同植物种类在公路边坡植被恢复中的适应性研究[J].公路,2004(6)：158-160.
[87]徐则民,黄润秋,唐正光等.植被护坡的局限性及其对深层滑坡孕育的贡献[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(3).438-450.
[88]赵晓英,孙成权：恢复生态学及其发展[J].地球科学进展,1998,13(5),474-480
[89]赵忠,李鹏,王乃江.渭北黄土高原主要造林树种根系分布特征的研究[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1)：37-39.
[90]钟爽.矿山废弃地生态恢复理论体系及评价方法研究[M].辽宁工程技术大学,硕士毕业论文,2006：1-2.
[91]周跃.土壤植被系统及其坡面生态工程意义[J].山地学报,1999,17(3)224-229
[92]宗跃光,周尚意,彭萍,等.道路生态学研究进展[J].生态学报.2003,23(11)：2396-2405.
[93]李西,罗承德,陈其兵.岩石边坡植被护坡植物选择初探[J].中国园林,2004,(9),52-53.
[94]林金安.植物种子综论[M].哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社,1993,211-221.
[95]刘本同,钱华,何志华,等.我国岩石边坡植被修复技术现状和展望[J].浙江林业科技,2004,(3)：47-54.
[96]方华,林建平.植被护坡现状与与展望[J].水土保持研究.2004,11(3)：283-285.