动机性压抑的内隐特性研究
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摘要
压抑理论是整个精神动力学说的基石,由于研究方法各异,压抑的概念、理论体系和评估存在几个主要争议：如何验证压抑的动机性无意识理论假设?如何评估压抑的存在?压抑有何适应性与非适应特征?带着这些问题意识,本研究通过文献综述厘清了精神动力学说中的“压抑”、“压制”、“防御机制”与现代认知理论中的“抑制”等概念的关系,从内隐社会认知的视角提出内隐压抑和外显压抑的概念,并将它们归类为“动机性抑制”,由于以往压抑的实证研究主要采用自陈测量的方法,存在一定的局限性,本研究首先以正常人群为对象,采用阈下启动、信号检测论技术、命中联系作业、加工分离程序、句子整理任务等内隐社会认知研究的范式进行实验,实验1和实验2验证了动机性压抑的内隐性和记忆效应；实验3和实验4分别采用任务分离和加工分离程序探究内隐压抑与外显压抑的关系；实验5和实验6均操纵了内隐压抑与外显压抑变量,分别考察它们对情绪反应和人际适应等心理适应性的影响。实验得出如下结论：
(1)压抑具有内隐性,存在压抑的阈下启动效应；压抑的内隐反应偏向与外显记忆效应之间不一致,阈下启动导致了回避情绪刺激,尤其是消极情绪刺激的自动化反应偏向。
(2)在“工作”和“休息”两种目标情境中均存在压抑的GNAT效应；内隐压抑的内容为自我冲突刺激,内隐压抑与外显压抑是彼此独立的心理结构。
(3)压抑偏向可以通过学习获得,一旦形成记忆,可以有意识提取,也可以自动化提取；压抑偏向的自动化提取不受“理性”和“直觉”反应方式的影响,而意识性提取在“理性”条件下显著大于“直觉”条件。
(4)内隐压抑与外显压抑均降低了主观报告的消极情绪体验；内隐压抑降低了消极情绪的生理反应,而外显压抑增强了消极情绪的生理反应。内隐压抑和外显压抑均减少了低水平社交接纳条件下的消极社交接纳感受；而内隐压抑也降低了低社交接纳条件下的社交意愿,影响了社会交往功能。
为进一步了解异常个体压抑的不适应特征,研究还分析了两例临床咨询个案
(一例为强迫症,一例为社交回避)中的压抑防御机制和干预措施,研究最后推论了压抑的不同意识水平对心理适应性的影响模式：内隐压抑与外显压抑具有不同的加工特点,在自我冲突威胁下,都有可能产生适应和不适应的反应,与目标情境协调的压抑是适应性的,而压抑不足、压抑不当和压抑不调都是心理不适应的表现。
Repression theory is the foundation that underlies the structure of psychodynamics. Due to various methodologies adopted, there is still no clear consensus on the concept of repression, its theoretical system and its evaluation. Major of disagreement include:How to test the motivated unconsciousness hypothesis of repression? How to evaluate the existence of repression? What are the adaptive and non-adaptive features of repression? Based on the literature review, the present study first clarifies the concepts of repression, suppression and defense mechanism in terms of psychodynamics, and the concept of inhibition in terms of modern cognition theory, as well as the relationships among those concepts. Then, the concepts of implicit repression and explicit repression are discussed from perspective of implicit social cognition, and categorized as motivated inhibition. Different from previous repression research that used self-report measurement, the present study conducted a series of experiments that adopted methods and techniques of research on implicit social cognition, such as subliminal priming, signal detection technology, go/no-go association task, process dissociation procedure and sentence unscrambling task. The participants in the present study were randomly selected from normal population.
Experiment1and Experiment2focuses on verifying the implicit nature of repression, and its memory effect. Experiment3and Experiment4explores the correlation between implicit repression and explicit repression by means of task dissociation and process dissociation procedure respectively. Experiment5and Experiment6both manipulates variant of implicit repression and explicit repression, aiming to investigates their impact on mental adaptation such as emotional reaction and interpersonal adaptation. Following conclusions are drawn from those findings:
(1) Repression demonstrates implicit traits. There is effect of subliminal priming on repression. It is inconsistent between the implicit response bias and explicit memory effect of repression; subliminally primed repression mainly affects the reaction bias of emotional stimuli, particularly the automatic reaction bias of negative emotional stimuli.
(2) In both situations of work and recess, the effect of GNAT on repression is demonstrated; internal conflict is the major content of repression. Implicit repression and explicit repression are two separate psychological structures, independent from each other.
(3) Repression bias could be acquired by means of learning. Once repression bias memory is formed, contributions of conscious recollection and automatic influences can be separated by means of process dissociation procedure. The automatic influence of repression bias memory is not significantly affected by rational and intuitive response formats, whereas conscious recollection of repression bias memory under rational response format is significantly more than that under intuitive response format.
(4) Both implicit repression and explicit repression reduce the self-reported negative emotional experience, and implicit repression reduces the active physiological response to negative emotion while explicit repression enhances it. Both implicit repression and explicit repression reduce the negative perceptions of acceptance under low social acceptance conditions. Simultaneously, implicit repression also reduces the willingness to social network under low social acceptance condition. By extension, it impacts the ability of social interaction.
In order to understand deep about the form of maladaptation among individual repression, the defense mechanisms of repression and relevant intervention measures in clinical counseling are analyzed in two case studies (one is involved with obsessive-compulsive disorder; and the other is social avoidance.). Conclusions are made on the effects of different conscious levels of repression on adaptive reactions. Findings show that implicit and explicit repression may exert different influences upon mental adaption. Under the threat of self-conflict, adaptive and mala-adaptive behaviors are likely to be generated by implicit repression and explicit repression. The inadequate repression, inappropriate repression and dissonant repression with other mechanisms can all be considered as a form of maladaptation.
(1)压抑具有内隐性,存在压抑的阈下启动效应；压抑的内隐反应偏向与外显记忆效应之间不一致,阈下启动导致了回避情绪刺激,尤其是消极情绪刺激的自动化反应偏向。
(2)在“工作”和“休息”两种目标情境中均存在压抑的GNAT效应；内隐压抑的内容为自我冲突刺激,内隐压抑与外显压抑是彼此独立的心理结构。
(3)压抑偏向可以通过学习获得,一旦形成记忆,可以有意识提取,也可以自动化提取；压抑偏向的自动化提取不受“理性”和“直觉”反应方式的影响,而意识性提取在“理性”条件下显著大于“直觉”条件。
(4)内隐压抑与外显压抑均降低了主观报告的消极情绪体验；内隐压抑降低了消极情绪的生理反应,而外显压抑增强了消极情绪的生理反应。内隐压抑和外显压抑均减少了低水平社交接纳条件下的消极社交接纳感受；而内隐压抑也降低了低社交接纳条件下的社交意愿,影响了社会交往功能。
为进一步了解异常个体压抑的不适应特征,研究还分析了两例临床咨询个案
(一例为强迫症,一例为社交回避)中的压抑防御机制和干预措施,研究最后推论了压抑的不同意识水平对心理适应性的影响模式：内隐压抑与外显压抑具有不同的加工特点,在自我冲突威胁下,都有可能产生适应和不适应的反应,与目标情境协调的压抑是适应性的,而压抑不足、压抑不当和压抑不调都是心理不适应的表现。
Repression theory is the foundation that underlies the structure of psychodynamics. Due to various methodologies adopted, there is still no clear consensus on the concept of repression, its theoretical system and its evaluation. Major of disagreement include:How to test the motivated unconsciousness hypothesis of repression? How to evaluate the existence of repression? What are the adaptive and non-adaptive features of repression? Based on the literature review, the present study first clarifies the concepts of repression, suppression and defense mechanism in terms of psychodynamics, and the concept of inhibition in terms of modern cognition theory, as well as the relationships among those concepts. Then, the concepts of implicit repression and explicit repression are discussed from perspective of implicit social cognition, and categorized as motivated inhibition. Different from previous repression research that used self-report measurement, the present study conducted a series of experiments that adopted methods and techniques of research on implicit social cognition, such as subliminal priming, signal detection technology, go/no-go association task, process dissociation procedure and sentence unscrambling task. The participants in the present study were randomly selected from normal population.
Experiment1and Experiment2focuses on verifying the implicit nature of repression, and its memory effect. Experiment3and Experiment4explores the correlation between implicit repression and explicit repression by means of task dissociation and process dissociation procedure respectively. Experiment5and Experiment6both manipulates variant of implicit repression and explicit repression, aiming to investigates their impact on mental adaptation such as emotional reaction and interpersonal adaptation. Following conclusions are drawn from those findings:
(1) Repression demonstrates implicit traits. There is effect of subliminal priming on repression. It is inconsistent between the implicit response bias and explicit memory effect of repression; subliminally primed repression mainly affects the reaction bias of emotional stimuli, particularly the automatic reaction bias of negative emotional stimuli.
(2) In both situations of work and recess, the effect of GNAT on repression is demonstrated; internal conflict is the major content of repression. Implicit repression and explicit repression are two separate psychological structures, independent from each other.
(3) Repression bias could be acquired by means of learning. Once repression bias memory is formed, contributions of conscious recollection and automatic influences can be separated by means of process dissociation procedure. The automatic influence of repression bias memory is not significantly affected by rational and intuitive response formats, whereas conscious recollection of repression bias memory under rational response format is significantly more than that under intuitive response format.
(4) Both implicit repression and explicit repression reduce the self-reported negative emotional experience, and implicit repression reduces the active physiological response to negative emotion while explicit repression enhances it. Both implicit repression and explicit repression reduce the negative perceptions of acceptance under low social acceptance conditions. Simultaneously, implicit repression also reduces the willingness to social network under low social acceptance condition. By extension, it impacts the ability of social interaction.
In order to understand deep about the form of maladaptation among individual repression, the defense mechanisms of repression and relevant intervention measures in clinical counseling are analyzed in two case studies (one is involved with obsessive-compulsive disorder; and the other is social avoidance.). Conclusions are made on the effects of different conscious levels of repression on adaptive reactions. Findings show that implicit and explicit repression may exert different influences upon mental adaption. Under the threat of self-conflict, adaptive and mala-adaptive behaviors are likely to be generated by implicit repression and explicit repression. The inadequate repression, inappropriate repression and dissonant repression with other mechanisms can all be considered as a form of maladaptation.
引文
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