流域生态分区及其生态特性研究
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摘要
在资源环境成为各方关注焦点的当今社会,有效利用自然资源环境和高效管理已成为资源管理者和决策者的工作重点。根据研究目的的不同,对自然资源环境进行分区,尤其是生态分区,揭示各区的特性和内在规律,并采取相应的管理措施,是实现资源高效利用的前提。美国、加拿大等国家在生态分区的研究中进行了大量的摸索性工作,积累了比较丰富的经验。我国正处在由传统水利向现代水利逐渐过渡的重要阶段,水资源的高效利用以及和流域其他资源环境相协调的可持续发展是当前面临的重要问题。近十年以来,我国水利行业针对不同资源类型以及特定的环境要求,开展了不同类型的分区工作,如针对水资源管理的水功能分区；用于水环境规划、监测和水质评估的水环境功能区域；以及用于揭示区域水文现象的水文分区和河川径流分布特定的生态水文分区。由于侧重方向和应用领域的不同,使得已有分区工作不能完全满足流域资源环境的综合管理需求。因此在已有工作的基础上,统筹考虑影响流域过程的各类因素,开展流域生态分区,能够整体把握流域生态特征,分析生态系统的质量和整体性,包括资源环境的类型、质量和数量,可有效组织各类环境资源,有针对性地开展水资源管理和评价工作,从而实现水资源的高效、可持续利用,为社会经济的可持续发展奠定基础。
本论文以滦河流域为研究对象,在分析流域生态分区内涵和构建生态分区框架体系的基础上,利用气候条件、自然地理条件、土地利用和人类活动作为指标体系开展了滦河流域的两级生态分区,其中一级生态区3个,分别是内蒙古高原生态区、华北山地生态区和冀东沿海生态区;二级生态区共7个,是在一级区的基础上详细分区,以反映土地分布格局和人类活动对流域生态系统的影响。流域两级生态分区是流域生态特性研究的基础。本研究在滦河流域两级生态分区的基础上,分别从河流物理特性和景观格局两方面分析滦河流域的生态特性。研究成果可为滦河流域的生态修复规划和监测、评估与管理提供依据。
河流是联系不同生态区域的纽带,是不同生态区域信息、物质、能量传递的载体。通过计算不同生态区域内河流形态特征参数以及河长、河网分形维数,分析河流形态与底栖物种之间的关系、河流形态与河流分维数的关系、河长分维在流域内的分布特征以及河流岸边带健康状况,综合反映河流的生态特性。在景观格局方面,通过计算生态区域的景观指数、历年土地利用转移情况以及分析影响流域湿地缩减的重要因素,得出水资源消耗量的持续增长和天然来水量的减少也是影响湿地面积变化的有效因素的重要结论。通过全面掌握流域景观格局的生态特性和变化趋势,揭示人类活动对流域景观格局所产生的影响。
通过对滦河流域开展流域两级生态分区,将具有不同生态属性的区域划分开来。在不同的生态区域内分别从河流物理生态特性和景观生态特性两方面总结和分析各自不同的生态特性。流域生态分区及其生态特性的研究是进一步开展流域空间管理的前提和基础,详细而贴切的流域生态分区可以为今后准确的开展数据监测、采样和评估提供可靠的前提保障,使得保护修复工作因地制宜、有的放矢,资源环境与经济社会相协调发展。
In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness that effective utilization and management of environmental resources must be undertaken by resource managers and decision makers. According to different purposes, several regions about natural resources are carring out. Especially eco-region, which can reflect the characteristics and running law, is precondition of efficient use of resources. Some countries, such as USA and Canada, have gathered more experiences and references for us when doing further researches. In China, an significant experience changing from traditional water conservancy to modern water resources development is undergoing. Efficient use of water and development in harmony with other natural resources in watershed are two important problems that we are facing now. In the past ten years, there are also some work about zoning area have carried out in our water conservancy industry. Such as water functional regionization according to water resources management; water envrionomental-functional regionization who are used to plan, monitor and assess of water environment; eco-hydrological regionization concentrates on eco-hydrological characteristics of different river basins and regions. Since there are different application fields, all of these regionazations cannot fulfill the requirement of resources management with a holistic focus on the basin resources. Therefore, basin eco-regions should be done in order to balancing all elements which affects basin process. Based on eco-region, a geographic framework can be built and organize all kinds of resources, to denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. They are designed to serve as a spatial framework for the assessment of ecosystems and ecosystem components.
Take Luanhe basin as a case study, using climate conditions, geographic conditions, land use and human activities as characteristic indicators to carry out two-class eco-regions in basin area. There are three first class ecoregions, those are eco-reion of Inner Mongolian Plateau, eco-region of Mountain Land of North and eco-region of Eastern of Hebei province. The second class eco-regions include7regions, they are refined from first-class eco-regions, reflecting the distribution of landscape and influence from human activities. Based on two-class ecoregions of Luanhe basin, physical characteristics of rives and landscape patterns are analyzed for expressing eco-characteristics. An important reference of planning, monitoring, assessment and management of Luanhe basin ecological restoration can be provided.
River links eco-regions and transfer information, matter and energy from one eco-region to another. Relationships between river morphology and macroinvertebrate, between river morphology and river fractal, distribution of river fractal in basin area and the assessment of riparian are done after calculating the river morphological indicators and fractal of single river and river network, therefore the eco-feature of river systems will be described. From landscape aspect, landscape metrics, transfer of land use over years and the indicators which lead to the reduction of wetland were calculated. Ecological characteristics and changes of landscape patterns are analyzed well and finally to reflect the influence of human activities on basin landscape pattern.
Study on the eco-region and ecological characteristics of basin area are the premise and basis of further geographic framework services. Dedailed and proper basin eco-regions can make good conditions of data monitoring, sampling, health assessment. Therefore the protection and ecological restoration can be carried out according to the local characteristics, and make sure the sustainable and coherent development between resources and economic society.
本论文以滦河流域为研究对象,在分析流域生态分区内涵和构建生态分区框架体系的基础上,利用气候条件、自然地理条件、土地利用和人类活动作为指标体系开展了滦河流域的两级生态分区,其中一级生态区3个,分别是内蒙古高原生态区、华北山地生态区和冀东沿海生态区;二级生态区共7个,是在一级区的基础上详细分区,以反映土地分布格局和人类活动对流域生态系统的影响。流域两级生态分区是流域生态特性研究的基础。本研究在滦河流域两级生态分区的基础上,分别从河流物理特性和景观格局两方面分析滦河流域的生态特性。研究成果可为滦河流域的生态修复规划和监测、评估与管理提供依据。
河流是联系不同生态区域的纽带,是不同生态区域信息、物质、能量传递的载体。通过计算不同生态区域内河流形态特征参数以及河长、河网分形维数,分析河流形态与底栖物种之间的关系、河流形态与河流分维数的关系、河长分维在流域内的分布特征以及河流岸边带健康状况,综合反映河流的生态特性。在景观格局方面,通过计算生态区域的景观指数、历年土地利用转移情况以及分析影响流域湿地缩减的重要因素,得出水资源消耗量的持续增长和天然来水量的减少也是影响湿地面积变化的有效因素的重要结论。通过全面掌握流域景观格局的生态特性和变化趋势,揭示人类活动对流域景观格局所产生的影响。
通过对滦河流域开展流域两级生态分区,将具有不同生态属性的区域划分开来。在不同的生态区域内分别从河流物理生态特性和景观生态特性两方面总结和分析各自不同的生态特性。流域生态分区及其生态特性的研究是进一步开展流域空间管理的前提和基础,详细而贴切的流域生态分区可以为今后准确的开展数据监测、采样和评估提供可靠的前提保障,使得保护修复工作因地制宜、有的放矢,资源环境与经济社会相协调发展。
In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness that effective utilization and management of environmental resources must be undertaken by resource managers and decision makers. According to different purposes, several regions about natural resources are carring out. Especially eco-region, which can reflect the characteristics and running law, is precondition of efficient use of resources. Some countries, such as USA and Canada, have gathered more experiences and references for us when doing further researches. In China, an significant experience changing from traditional water conservancy to modern water resources development is undergoing. Efficient use of water and development in harmony with other natural resources in watershed are two important problems that we are facing now. In the past ten years, there are also some work about zoning area have carried out in our water conservancy industry. Such as water functional regionization according to water resources management; water envrionomental-functional regionization who are used to plan, monitor and assess of water environment; eco-hydrological regionization concentrates on eco-hydrological characteristics of different river basins and regions. Since there are different application fields, all of these regionazations cannot fulfill the requirement of resources management with a holistic focus on the basin resources. Therefore, basin eco-regions should be done in order to balancing all elements which affects basin process. Based on eco-region, a geographic framework can be built and organize all kinds of resources, to denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. They are designed to serve as a spatial framework for the assessment of ecosystems and ecosystem components.
Take Luanhe basin as a case study, using climate conditions, geographic conditions, land use and human activities as characteristic indicators to carry out two-class eco-regions in basin area. There are three first class ecoregions, those are eco-reion of Inner Mongolian Plateau, eco-region of Mountain Land of North and eco-region of Eastern of Hebei province. The second class eco-regions include7regions, they are refined from first-class eco-regions, reflecting the distribution of landscape and influence from human activities. Based on two-class ecoregions of Luanhe basin, physical characteristics of rives and landscape patterns are analyzed for expressing eco-characteristics. An important reference of planning, monitoring, assessment and management of Luanhe basin ecological restoration can be provided.
River links eco-regions and transfer information, matter and energy from one eco-region to another. Relationships between river morphology and macroinvertebrate, between river morphology and river fractal, distribution of river fractal in basin area and the assessment of riparian are done after calculating the river morphological indicators and fractal of single river and river network, therefore the eco-feature of river systems will be described. From landscape aspect, landscape metrics, transfer of land use over years and the indicators which lead to the reduction of wetland were calculated. Ecological characteristics and changes of landscape patterns are analyzed well and finally to reflect the influence of human activities on basin landscape pattern.
Study on the eco-region and ecological characteristics of basin area are the premise and basis of further geographic framework services. Dedailed and proper basin eco-regions can make good conditions of data monitoring, sampling, health assessment. Therefore the protection and ecological restoration can be carried out according to the local characteristics, and make sure the sustainable and coherent development between resources and economic society.
引文
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