烃类预测的岩石物理基础和地震孔隙度反演
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摘要
论文探讨了油气预测的地震勘探方法和岩石物理理论和实验的有关问题。重点研究了岩石基质参数和岩石骨架参数的计算方法和基于Biot‐Gassmann方程的地震反演问题。这些问题的研究，对应用岩石物理实验室的测试分析结果减少实际地震解释和地震反演的模糊性，提高烃类预测的可靠性具有重要作用。在烃类预测的岩石物理基础和地震孔隙度反演方法等研究工作中，获得了如下的主要进展和创新成果：
（1）在碳酸盐岩地面露头岩样和钻井岩心岩样的采集、制作和基本参数的测试分析基础上，研究了碳酸盐岩岩石力学参数和声学参数的基本特征和随地层压力和温度的变化规律；发展了适合碳酸盐岩岩石物理的测试、分析技术，改善了岩石物理力学参数测试的软件系统，并有助于提高碳酸盐岩储层预测的精度。
（2）针对含流体孔隙介质中求取岩石基质模量的重要性和复杂性，通过对Biot‐Gassmann方程的合理简化并引入孔隙形态参数，获得了计算岩石基质模量的线性拟合法(LRM)，并导出了LRM的相关公式。与常规计算岩石基质模量的方法相比，LRM法简单易行并且有较高的精度。
（3）岩石骨架模型的建立和骨架参数的求取对含流体双相介质波的传播研究十分重要，但目前常用的岩石骨架模型的形态各异，参数计算方法也不相同，给实际应用带来困惑。因此，建立和推导岩石骨架模型参数的统一表示式是非常必要的。通过分析和比较现有的岩石骨架模型与公式，如Esheby‐Walsh、Pride、Geertsma、Nur、 Keys‐Xu以及Krief等模型和公式，我们得到了带有两个调节参数的岩石骨架模型的统一表示式。通过对调节参数赋予具体的数值，可获得某些有特定物理意义的岩石骨架新模型，这使得我们有可能结合实际地质、地球物理条件，选择最适当的岩石骨架模型，以实现合理的地震孔隙度反演。
（4）根据带有孔隙形态参数的Biot‐Gassmann修改方程和计算岩石基质模量的LRM法以及岩石骨架模型的统一表示式，提出了新的地震孔隙度反演方法，给出了相应的计算公式和实现该反演的主要步骤。所发展的方法特别适用于在富烃储层的分布受控于孔隙度大小的地区作烃类识别。也为岩石物理和地震反演的有机结合提供了例证。
（5）作为烃类预测和流体识别的应用实例，我们在ZJ地区，将岩石物理参数测试分析和地震孔隙度反演相结合进行了预测研究。该地区富烃储层的分布与中等大小的孔隙度分布关系密切。给利用孔隙度反演区分油层、水层和干层提供了良好条件。实际反演结果显示，将地震孔隙度反演和其他技术结合较好地预测了有利油气区带的分布。
This dissertation deals with some oil and gas prediction problems related to seismic exploration technologies and petro‐physical theoretic and empirical results with emphasis on calculations of rock matrix and skeleton parameters and seismic inversions based on Biot‐Gassmann equation. The solution of these problems is quite important for applying rock physical empirical results to reduce fuzziness of seismic interpretation and inversion and to increase hydrocarbon prediction reliability. Several main research progresses and innovative methods in rock physics fundamental works and seismic porosity inversion for hydrocarbon prediction are acquired:
(1) By petro‐physical modulus measurement and analysis of rock samples which were collected from outcrop rocks and drilling cores in carbonate layers，some basic mechanic and acoustic parameter characterizations and regularities varying with reservoir pressure and temperature of those carbonate samples are obtained. Combining those empirical and research results, we develop a set of technologies and methodologies for carbonate sample’s measurement and analysis that will promote to improve the carbonate reservoir predictions and to set up a new mechanic test software system for carbonate reservoir identifecation.
(2) Due to the importance and complexity for calculating rock matrix modulus in fluid‐bearing porosity reservoir，a linear regression method (LRM) for computing this parameter is presented in this dissertation and the LRM relation is derived from reasonable simplifying the Biot‐Gassmann equation and adding a porosity shape parameter in the equation. Comparing with some conventional methods for computing the modulus, the LRM is simple and accurate.
(3) Because the formulation of a rock skeleton model and derivation of a useful formula for calculating rock skeleton modulus are very important for wave propagation in two phase material and some existing rock skeleton models and their calculating relations are quite different from each other that will confuse us to apply them correctly, therefor a uniform expression of rock skeleton models and computing formula are requisite. A uniform expression with two adjusting parameters is acquired through analysis and comparison of conventional rock skeleton models and computing formula including Esheby‐Walsh， Pride，Geertsma，Nur， Keys‐Xu，Krief model and formula. By endowing the adjusting parameters with specific values, some unique rock skeleton models with specific physical meaning can be constructed That is an opportunity for us to select most suitable rock skeleton model from real geological and geophysical conditions and to do a reasonable seismic porosity inversion.
(4) Based on the modified Biot‐Gassmann equation with a porosity shape parameter and the LRM method for calculating rock matrix modulus as well as the uniform rock skeleton model，a new seismic porosity inversion relation and it’s completion steps are presented. This seismic porosity inversion method is suitable especially for fluid‐bearing reservoir identification in area where distribution of hydrocarbon‐rich strata is controlled by reservoir porosities. The new seismic porosity inversion is also an example of the combination of rock physical research results and seismic inversions.
(5) As an example of hydrocarbon prediction and fluid identification we apply seismic porosity inversion associated with rock physical measurement and analysis results to ZJ basin where the existence of an abundant hydrocarbon reservoir is dependent on a middle porosity range that means we can use the seismic porosity inversion’s results to identify oil reservoir and dry or water reservoirs. The seismic real data inversions show that it works quite well.
（1）在碳酸盐岩地面露头岩样和钻井岩心岩样的采集、制作和基本参数的测试分析基础上，研究了碳酸盐岩岩石力学参数和声学参数的基本特征和随地层压力和温度的变化规律；发展了适合碳酸盐岩岩石物理的测试、分析技术，改善了岩石物理力学参数测试的软件系统，并有助于提高碳酸盐岩储层预测的精度。
（2）针对含流体孔隙介质中求取岩石基质模量的重要性和复杂性，通过对Biot‐Gassmann方程的合理简化并引入孔隙形态参数，获得了计算岩石基质模量的线性拟合法(LRM)，并导出了LRM的相关公式。与常规计算岩石基质模量的方法相比，LRM法简单易行并且有较高的精度。
（3）岩石骨架模型的建立和骨架参数的求取对含流体双相介质波的传播研究十分重要，但目前常用的岩石骨架模型的形态各异，参数计算方法也不相同，给实际应用带来困惑。因此，建立和推导岩石骨架模型参数的统一表示式是非常必要的。通过分析和比较现有的岩石骨架模型与公式，如Esheby‐Walsh、Pride、Geertsma、Nur、 Keys‐Xu以及Krief等模型和公式，我们得到了带有两个调节参数的岩石骨架模型的统一表示式。通过对调节参数赋予具体的数值，可获得某些有特定物理意义的岩石骨架新模型，这使得我们有可能结合实际地质、地球物理条件，选择最适当的岩石骨架模型，以实现合理的地震孔隙度反演。
（4）根据带有孔隙形态参数的Biot‐Gassmann修改方程和计算岩石基质模量的LRM法以及岩石骨架模型的统一表示式，提出了新的地震孔隙度反演方法，给出了相应的计算公式和实现该反演的主要步骤。所发展的方法特别适用于在富烃储层的分布受控于孔隙度大小的地区作烃类识别。也为岩石物理和地震反演的有机结合提供了例证。
（5）作为烃类预测和流体识别的应用实例，我们在ZJ地区，将岩石物理参数测试分析和地震孔隙度反演相结合进行了预测研究。该地区富烃储层的分布与中等大小的孔隙度分布关系密切。给利用孔隙度反演区分油层、水层和干层提供了良好条件。实际反演结果显示，将地震孔隙度反演和其他技术结合较好地预测了有利油气区带的分布。
This dissertation deals with some oil and gas prediction problems related to seismic exploration technologies and petro‐physical theoretic and empirical results with emphasis on calculations of rock matrix and skeleton parameters and seismic inversions based on Biot‐Gassmann equation. The solution of these problems is quite important for applying rock physical empirical results to reduce fuzziness of seismic interpretation and inversion and to increase hydrocarbon prediction reliability. Several main research progresses and innovative methods in rock physics fundamental works and seismic porosity inversion for hydrocarbon prediction are acquired:
(1) By petro‐physical modulus measurement and analysis of rock samples which were collected from outcrop rocks and drilling cores in carbonate layers，some basic mechanic and acoustic parameter characterizations and regularities varying with reservoir pressure and temperature of those carbonate samples are obtained. Combining those empirical and research results, we develop a set of technologies and methodologies for carbonate sample’s measurement and analysis that will promote to improve the carbonate reservoir predictions and to set up a new mechanic test software system for carbonate reservoir identifecation.
(2) Due to the importance and complexity for calculating rock matrix modulus in fluid‐bearing porosity reservoir，a linear regression method (LRM) for computing this parameter is presented in this dissertation and the LRM relation is derived from reasonable simplifying the Biot‐Gassmann equation and adding a porosity shape parameter in the equation. Comparing with some conventional methods for computing the modulus, the LRM is simple and accurate.
(3) Because the formulation of a rock skeleton model and derivation of a useful formula for calculating rock skeleton modulus are very important for wave propagation in two phase material and some existing rock skeleton models and their calculating relations are quite different from each other that will confuse us to apply them correctly, therefor a uniform expression of rock skeleton models and computing formula are requisite. A uniform expression with two adjusting parameters is acquired through analysis and comparison of conventional rock skeleton models and computing formula including Esheby‐Walsh， Pride，Geertsma，Nur， Keys‐Xu，Krief model and formula. By endowing the adjusting parameters with specific values, some unique rock skeleton models with specific physical meaning can be constructed That is an opportunity for us to select most suitable rock skeleton model from real geological and geophysical conditions and to do a reasonable seismic porosity inversion.
(4) Based on the modified Biot‐Gassmann equation with a porosity shape parameter and the LRM method for calculating rock matrix modulus as well as the uniform rock skeleton model，a new seismic porosity inversion relation and it’s completion steps are presented. This seismic porosity inversion method is suitable especially for fluid‐bearing reservoir identification in area where distribution of hydrocarbon‐rich strata is controlled by reservoir porosities. The new seismic porosity inversion is also an example of the combination of rock physical research results and seismic inversions.
(5) As an example of hydrocarbon prediction and fluid identification we apply seismic porosity inversion associated with rock physical measurement and analysis results to ZJ basin where the existence of an abundant hydrocarbon reservoir is dependent on a middle porosity range that means we can use the seismic porosity inversion’s results to identify oil reservoir and dry or water reservoirs. The seismic real data inversions show that it works quite well.
引文
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