基于单片机的鸡蛋破损检测系统研究
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摘要
剔除损壳蛋是食品加工中的一道重要工序。目前国内检测损壳蛋常采用人工法,该方法劳动强度大、效率和精度都很低。因此,探讨研制自动化损壳蛋检测系统是一项必要而有意义的工作。
本文设计了由单片机控制的鸡蛋破损检测系统,系统由声音拾取、信号放大、带通滤波、A/D转换、串口通信和自动分级等模块组成。利用该系统采集敲蛋信号,将离散化了的数字信号通过单片机与PC机的串行接口上传PC机以供处理。
运用数字信号处理技术,借助MATLAB软件,对获取的试验数据进行频谱分析,找出敲击好壳蛋与损壳蛋所产生声音信号在频域里的差异,并以好壳蛋与损壳蛋信号功率谱面积的平均值和极差值作为判别因子,依据Bayes判别原理,建立了如下区分好壳蛋与损壳蛋的判别函数。
好壳蛋判别函数:
G_h=0.73870x_1+0.02314x_2+33.01895x_3-10.65950x_4-144.68168
损壳蛋判别函数:
Gs=-0.59691x_1+0.09112x_2+31.22730x_3-10.26062x_4-102.99508
在软件设计方面,用C51语言描述了上述判别函数,编写了基于单片机的蛋壳破损检测程序。系统软件主要由主程序和中断服务程序组成。在主程序中,单片机一直处于等待敲蛋事件发生的循环之中。当敲蛋发生后,系统转入中断服务程序,在中断服务程序中完成信号的采样、存储和分析处理,并将处理结果送给分级机构,完成好壳蛋与损壳蛋的自动分级。
本系统以单片机为核心,成本低廉,运行稳定,最大特点是具有“即敲即采”的智能化特性。但由于受所选单片机最大主频与数据位数的限制,在试验速度和精度方面有些不足。
Getting rid of cracked eggs is an important work in foods processing. The method of detecting cracked eggs is mainly by hand at present in China, which is not only high labour intensity,but also the low efficiency and poor precision.So it is essential and significative to develop a detecting system of eliminating the cracked eggs roboticizedly.In this paper, a detecting cracked eggs system was designed based on SCM. The system contains the following modules: sound collecting, signal amplifying, band-passed filtering, anology to digital conversion, serial port communication and automatic classification circuits. Using the system, we could collect the sound signals of knocking eggshells and transfer them to personal computer.Based on the digital signal processing technology and MATLAB, a large numbers of datum were analyzed throught power spectral. By this means we could find out the differences between the intact egg's sound signals and the cracked egg's in the frequency field, and then regarded their average and extreme difference of the power spectral area as the discriminant vectors, at last we established the following discriminant function of the two sound signals based on the principle of "Bayes" discriminant:G_h = -0.73870x_1+ 0.02314x_2 + 33.01895x_3 -10.65950x_4 -144.68168 G_s= -0.59691x_1+ 0.09112x_2+31.22730x_3 -10.26062x_4 -102.99508 We programmed the procedure of detecting cracked eggs based on SCM with C51 language. The system software includes the main program and interrupt service program. In the main program, the SCM is always waiting for knocking eggs. Once the knock happened, the program entered the interrupt service program, in which the system began to sample, storage and process the signals of knocking eggshells, at last sent the results to the classification institution.The most important character of the system is that it started to sample signals once a egg was knocked. For some limits in main frequency and data bits of SCM, the system is a little deficient in processing speed and precision.
本文设计了由单片机控制的鸡蛋破损检测系统,系统由声音拾取、信号放大、带通滤波、A/D转换、串口通信和自动分级等模块组成。利用该系统采集敲蛋信号,将离散化了的数字信号通过单片机与PC机的串行接口上传PC机以供处理。
运用数字信号处理技术,借助MATLAB软件,对获取的试验数据进行频谱分析,找出敲击好壳蛋与损壳蛋所产生声音信号在频域里的差异,并以好壳蛋与损壳蛋信号功率谱面积的平均值和极差值作为判别因子,依据Bayes判别原理,建立了如下区分好壳蛋与损壳蛋的判别函数。
好壳蛋判别函数:
G_h=0.73870x_1+0.02314x_2+33.01895x_3-10.65950x_4-144.68168
损壳蛋判别函数:
Gs=-0.59691x_1+0.09112x_2+31.22730x_3-10.26062x_4-102.99508
在软件设计方面,用C51语言描述了上述判别函数,编写了基于单片机的蛋壳破损检测程序。系统软件主要由主程序和中断服务程序组成。在主程序中,单片机一直处于等待敲蛋事件发生的循环之中。当敲蛋发生后,系统转入中断服务程序,在中断服务程序中完成信号的采样、存储和分析处理,并将处理结果送给分级机构,完成好壳蛋与损壳蛋的自动分级。
本系统以单片机为核心,成本低廉,运行稳定,最大特点是具有“即敲即采”的智能化特性。但由于受所选单片机最大主频与数据位数的限制,在试验速度和精度方面有些不足。
Getting rid of cracked eggs is an important work in foods processing. The method of detecting cracked eggs is mainly by hand at present in China, which is not only high labour intensity,but also the low efficiency and poor precision.So it is essential and significative to develop a detecting system of eliminating the cracked eggs roboticizedly.In this paper, a detecting cracked eggs system was designed based on SCM. The system contains the following modules: sound collecting, signal amplifying, band-passed filtering, anology to digital conversion, serial port communication and automatic classification circuits. Using the system, we could collect the sound signals of knocking eggshells and transfer them to personal computer.Based on the digital signal processing technology and MATLAB, a large numbers of datum were analyzed throught power spectral. By this means we could find out the differences between the intact egg's sound signals and the cracked egg's in the frequency field, and then regarded their average and extreme difference of the power spectral area as the discriminant vectors, at last we established the following discriminant function of the two sound signals based on the principle of "Bayes" discriminant:G_h = -0.73870x_1+ 0.02314x_2 + 33.01895x_3 -10.65950x_4 -144.68168 G_s= -0.59691x_1+ 0.09112x_2+31.22730x_3 -10.26062x_4 -102.99508 We programmed the procedure of detecting cracked eggs based on SCM with C51 language. The system software includes the main program and interrupt service program. In the main program, the SCM is always waiting for knocking eggs. Once the knock happened, the program entered the interrupt service program, in which the system began to sample, storage and process the signals of knocking eggshells, at last sent the results to the classification institution.The most important character of the system is that it started to sample signals once a egg was knocked. For some limits in main frequency and data bits of SCM, the system is a little deficient in processing speed and precision.
引文
1.丁幼春.基于机器视觉鸭蛋品质无损自动检测分级系统的改进.[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学,2003
2.王芳,陈亚光.C8051F021在远程诊断与急救支援系统中的应用.电子技术应用,2004年第6期,16—19
3.王占操等.单片机系统中的软件抗干扰技术.嵌入式系统,2003年6月,75—76
4.车志星.单片机应用系统简述.中国棉花加工,2002年第2期,26—27
5.公茂法,汤元信,李其才.禽蛋质量自动检测方法与实现.自动化与仪器仪表,1995年第5期,35—38
6.王炳和等.桡动脉脉搏信号的无创检测与声信号处理.应用声学,1993年第13卷第4期,6—10
7.李江昊等.环境温度自动测量和分析系统的研究.自动化仪表,2004,25(11)
8.李现勇.Visual C++串口通信技术与工程实践.北京:人民邮电出版社 2002
9.刘胜利.音频无损检测信号自动跟踪系统优化与设计.[硕士学位论文].长春:长春光学精密机械学院,2001
10.闫长新.基于神经网络的蛋品破损检测.[硕士学位论文].福州:福州大学,2001年12月
11.刘玉英.单片机测控系统的硬件抗干扰技术.煤,1997年第6卷第2集,61—63
12.李其才.禽蛋质量自动检测与分选系统.新浪朝,1992,5:17—20
13.陈慧明等.单片机控制手机的硬软件接口技术及其应用.微计算机信息,2005年第21卷第1期,139—140
14.陈斌,黄显奕.食品与农产品品质无损检测新技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
15.陈家焱.鸭蛋破损声检与分级技术的研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学,2004
16.陈亚勇.MATLAB信号处理详解.人民邮电出版社,2001,9:61—102,131—144
17.陈光东.单片微型计算机原理与接口技术.武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1999
18.杨秀敏,张镭.单片机系统的硬件抗干扰技术.微处理机,1996年第4期,38—41
19.何东健等.西瓜打击音波特性的研究.西北农业大学学报,1994,22(3):105—107
20.余家林.农业多元试验统计.北京:北京农业大学出版社,1993,11:175—180
21.胡汉才.单片机原理及其接口技术(第2版).北京:清华大学出版社,2004
22.郭华伟,胡军科.单片机在智能检测中的应用.山东:山东电子,2002年第1期,8—10
23.胡乾斌,李光斌,李玲,甘锡英.单片微型计算机原理与应用.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002
24.唐苏湘.检测技术的若干新方法.自动化技术与应用,2002年第1期,10—12
25.徐爱钧,彭秀华.单片机高级语言C51 Windows环境编程与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2001
26.夏恒等.西瓜成熟度建模与动力有限元分析及其摸态试验.江苏理工大学学报,1998,19(2): 80—85
27.夏恒等.利用振动理论对西瓜成熟度进行无损检测的研究.农业工程学报,1998,14(2):231—234
28.秦曾煌.电工学电工技术(下册第四版).北京:高等教育出版社,1997
29.高真.蛋制品工艺学.北京:中国商业出版社,1991
30.Donald A.Neamen.电子电路分析和设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2003,1:740—751
31.普罗克斯,马诺莱克思等.数字信号处理:原理、算法与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
32.董晓剑.鸭蛋破损自动检测技术的研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学,2002
33.程启明.8098单片机在家用电冰箱中的应用.电子技术应用,1994年第2期,23—27
34.程佩青.数字信号处理教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2002
35.瞿卫青等.单片机应用系统中的软件抗干扰技术.平顶山师专学报,2004年4月第19卷第2期,52—53
36.(美) Ken C.Pohlmann.数字音频原理与应用(第四版).北京:电子工业出版社,2002
37. Andreas Harrenstein, Gerald Brusewitz. Sound level measurements on flowing wheat. Trans of the ASAE, 1986, 29(4):1114—1117
38. Abbot J A, G S Bachman, N F Childers. Sonic techniques for measuring texture of fruits and vegetables. Food Technol, 1968, 22(5):101—112
39. Brusewitx G, P. B. Venable. Sound level measurements of flowing grain. Trans of the ASAE, 1987, 30(3):863—864
40. Cho. H. k, Y. Kwon. Crack Detection in Eggs by Machine Vision, In 6th Int. Conf. On Computers in Agriculture, St. Joseph. Mich. ASAE,1996:777—784
41. Finney E E. Dynamic elastic properties of some fruits during growth and development. Journal of Agric Engineering Res, 1967, 14(4):249—255
42. B. De Ketelaere, p. Coucke, J. De Baerdemaeker : Eggshell crack based on Acoustic Resonance Frequency Analysis J. agric. Eng. Res. ,2000,76:157—163
43. Sugiyama J, T. Katsurai, J. Hong, H. Koyama and K. Mikuria. Portable melon firmness tester using acoustic impulse transmission. Proceedings from the sensors for nondestructive testing international conference, Orlando, Florida, February18—21, pp3—12
44. Sinha. D. N, R. G. Johnston. W. k. Grace, C. L. Lemanski. Asoustic Resonance in Chicken Eggs, Biotechnol. Prog, 1992, 8(3):240—243
45. Yamamoto H M Iwamoto and S Haginuma. Non-destructive acoustic impulse response method for measuring internal quality of apples and watermelons. J Jap Soc Hort. Sci, 1981, 50(2):247—261
2.王芳,陈亚光.C8051F021在远程诊断与急救支援系统中的应用.电子技术应用,2004年第6期,16—19
3.王占操等.单片机系统中的软件抗干扰技术.嵌入式系统,2003年6月,75—76
4.车志星.单片机应用系统简述.中国棉花加工,2002年第2期,26—27
5.公茂法,汤元信,李其才.禽蛋质量自动检测方法与实现.自动化与仪器仪表,1995年第5期,35—38
6.王炳和等.桡动脉脉搏信号的无创检测与声信号处理.应用声学,1993年第13卷第4期,6—10
7.李江昊等.环境温度自动测量和分析系统的研究.自动化仪表,2004,25(11)
8.李现勇.Visual C++串口通信技术与工程实践.北京:人民邮电出版社 2002
9.刘胜利.音频无损检测信号自动跟踪系统优化与设计.[硕士学位论文].长春:长春光学精密机械学院,2001
10.闫长新.基于神经网络的蛋品破损检测.[硕士学位论文].福州:福州大学,2001年12月
11.刘玉英.单片机测控系统的硬件抗干扰技术.煤,1997年第6卷第2集,61—63
12.李其才.禽蛋质量自动检测与分选系统.新浪朝,1992,5:17—20
13.陈慧明等.单片机控制手机的硬软件接口技术及其应用.微计算机信息,2005年第21卷第1期,139—140
14.陈斌,黄显奕.食品与农产品品质无损检测新技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
15.陈家焱.鸭蛋破损声检与分级技术的研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学,2004
16.陈亚勇.MATLAB信号处理详解.人民邮电出版社,2001,9:61—102,131—144
17.陈光东.单片微型计算机原理与接口技术.武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1999
18.杨秀敏,张镭.单片机系统的硬件抗干扰技术.微处理机,1996年第4期,38—41
19.何东健等.西瓜打击音波特性的研究.西北农业大学学报,1994,22(3):105—107
20.余家林.农业多元试验统计.北京:北京农业大学出版社,1993,11:175—180
21.胡汉才.单片机原理及其接口技术(第2版).北京:清华大学出版社,2004
22.郭华伟,胡军科.单片机在智能检测中的应用.山东:山东电子,2002年第1期,8—10
23.胡乾斌,李光斌,李玲,甘锡英.单片微型计算机原理与应用.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2002
24.唐苏湘.检测技术的若干新方法.自动化技术与应用,2002年第1期,10—12
25.徐爱钧,彭秀华.单片机高级语言C51 Windows环境编程与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2001
26.夏恒等.西瓜成熟度建模与动力有限元分析及其摸态试验.江苏理工大学学报,1998,19(2): 80—85
27.夏恒等.利用振动理论对西瓜成熟度进行无损检测的研究.农业工程学报,1998,14(2):231—234
28.秦曾煌.电工学电工技术(下册第四版).北京:高等教育出版社,1997
29.高真.蛋制品工艺学.北京:中国商业出版社,1991
30.Donald A.Neamen.电子电路分析和设计.北京:电子工业出版社,2003,1:740—751
31.普罗克斯,马诺莱克思等.数字信号处理:原理、算法与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2003
32.董晓剑.鸭蛋破损自动检测技术的研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中农业大学,2002
33.程启明.8098单片机在家用电冰箱中的应用.电子技术应用,1994年第2期,23—27
34.程佩青.数字信号处理教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2002
35.瞿卫青等.单片机应用系统中的软件抗干扰技术.平顶山师专学报,2004年4月第19卷第2期,52—53
36.(美) Ken C.Pohlmann.数字音频原理与应用(第四版).北京:电子工业出版社,2002
37. Andreas Harrenstein, Gerald Brusewitz. Sound level measurements on flowing wheat. Trans of the ASAE, 1986, 29(4):1114—1117
38. Abbot J A, G S Bachman, N F Childers. Sonic techniques for measuring texture of fruits and vegetables. Food Technol, 1968, 22(5):101—112
39. Brusewitx G, P. B. Venable. Sound level measurements of flowing grain. Trans of the ASAE, 1987, 30(3):863—864
40. Cho. H. k, Y. Kwon. Crack Detection in Eggs by Machine Vision, In 6th Int. Conf. On Computers in Agriculture, St. Joseph. Mich. ASAE,1996:777—784
41. Finney E E. Dynamic elastic properties of some fruits during growth and development. Journal of Agric Engineering Res, 1967, 14(4):249—255
42. B. De Ketelaere, p. Coucke, J. De Baerdemaeker : Eggshell crack based on Acoustic Resonance Frequency Analysis J. agric. Eng. Res. ,2000,76:157—163
43. Sugiyama J, T. Katsurai, J. Hong, H. Koyama and K. Mikuria. Portable melon firmness tester using acoustic impulse transmission. Proceedings from the sensors for nondestructive testing international conference, Orlando, Florida, February18—21, pp3—12
44. Sinha. D. N, R. G. Johnston. W. k. Grace, C. L. Lemanski. Asoustic Resonance in Chicken Eggs, Biotechnol. Prog, 1992, 8(3):240—243
45. Yamamoto H M Iwamoto and S Haginuma. Non-destructive acoustic impulse response method for measuring internal quality of apples and watermelons. J Jap Soc Hort. Sci, 1981, 50(2):247—261