论南唐诗
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摘要
本论文分为四章对南唐诗进行论述。第一章是南唐诗综论,论述南唐的政治局势及其对诗坛的影响、南唐诗的总特征及其对宋初诗坛的影响;第二章论述“白体”诗人的创作;第三章论述“贾岛体”诗人的创作;第四章论述“温李体”诗人的创作。在论述各体诗人的创作时,又采取先综论、后分论的方法。全文约120000多字。
     在五代十国时期,由于北方的战乱频仍、动荡不安,朝代更迭频繁,使得一些士人到南方去谋求生路。在南方各国中,南唐与西蜀两国较为富庶、稳定,而南唐的三位君主烈祖李昪、嗣主李、后主李煜又都优礼文士,对其来者不拒,委以官职,特别是烈祖李昪统治时期,制定了一些有利于本国文化发展的一系列政策,诸如倡导儒风、兴办教育、科举取士、重用文士等。南唐诗歌繁荣的另一个重要因素是:李、李煜又都风流儒雅、喜好作诗填词,尤其是后主李煜于诗、词、音乐、书法、绘画皆精,如宋太祖赵匡胤所云“真乃一翰林学士”。由此导致了“物以类聚”,大批北方的和当地的文人学士为其所用,并受其影响,以作诗作文为事业,遂造成了南唐诗坛在整个五代十国之中最为繁荣的局面。
     虽然南唐在三代君王历经39年的统治中局势相对稳定,诗坛较为繁荣,诗人多,诗作多,流派亦多,然而,由于南唐偏安一隅,不思进取,不接受士人们“长驱以定中原”的建议,严重挫伤了士人们的进取之心,加之朝廷内部南北两党的派系斗争激烈,互相争权夺利,排斥异己,士人们为全身远祸,纷纷远离权力中心,或辞官隐居,或苟且偷生,不问世事。到了李统治时期,渐兴战事,攻闽伐楚,空耗国力,与后周一战,尽割江北之地,划江而治,奉周正朔,向其进贡;到了李煜统治时期,则完全成了北周与北宋的附庸,只是苟延残喘而已。在这种局势下,南唐的诗人们看到南唐统治大势已去、行将灭亡的现实,并由此普遍地感到了理想的幻灭、前景的黯淡,进而产生出一种消极避世、苟且偷安、不思进取、悲观厌世的心态(当然,亦有个别的积极进取者,如潘佑、李平等人),效忠国家,建功立业的人格亦开始蜕变,有的变为明哲保身、及时享乐、醉生梦死的偷生者;有的则由着眼于外部的事功转向于对人生的深刻思考,对现实的叹惋,以及对闲适生活和心情的描摹。诗人的这种心态和人格反映到诗作上,由此形成“白体”诗人;有的潦倒不遇诗人则抒写的全是内心世界的忧郁凄凉感受,侧重于寒狭物象的描写,诗的格调便呈现出一种低沉衰微的倾向,由此而形成“贾岛体”诗人;而另一些达官显宦及朝廷君主则沉溺于风花雪月之中,以艳词丽句去描摹景物和女性,或以此娱情,或表达哀愁,由此而形成“温李体”诗人。由于诗人们的视野狭窄,也导致了诗歌主题的偏狭和格调的卑弱,所咏之物无非是四时风物、应酬赠答、怀古伤己和身边琐屑之事。在上述诗人中,追求平淡的意境是一种倾向,有的则倾向于浮艳,而另一类诗人则在抒情时追求一种自然与细腻的风格,这是诗人们共同的特点。南唐诗坛的两大流派——“宗白”诗派和“宗贾岛”诗派上承晚唐的“宗白”、“宗贾岛”诗风,苦吟诗人和平淡诗风下启北宋初诗坛的苦吟诗风和恬淡诗风,为之先导。特别是诗人徐铉,他由南唐入宋,直接把平淡诗风带到了北宋,对北宋初的诗坛产生了很大的影响。所以说南唐诗又有着承上与启下的作用。
     南唐诗人有三大流派,其主题取向与艺术风格各有不同。“白体”诗人主要师法白居易的闲适诗,抒写个人的闲情逸致,或赏花饮酒,优哉游哉;或往来应答,倾诉友情;或崇仙慕道,企求超脱。这一类闲适诗有着通俗浅近、平淡流易的风格,如李建勋、沈彬等人的诗;另一类“白体”诗则学白居易的感伤诗,抒写家国之忧、身世之悲,抒写怀才不遇、有志不骋的忧患人生。此类诗不但清新典雅,而且如白居易的“其辞质而径”、“其体顺而肆”,率意而成,毫无雕琢之感,如徐铉、郑文宝等诗人。第二大流派则是“贾岛”派,这些宗贾岛诗人既有仕宦者,也有隐逸者,他们之所以追宗贾岛,一方面是由于他们孤寂落寞的人生与贾岛有相似之处,另一方面也因为其和贾岛有着相同的诗歌艺术追求。他们的诗作由于其经历不同,其主题取向和风格特点又各有差异。其代表诗人是左偃、廖凝、李中、孟宾于等人,他们的诗作主题偏狭,视界不广,效贾岛的寻章觅句、刻意苦吟、求变入僻,其题材取向多为忧郁情怀的抒写、自然风物的描摹和怀古伤今的忧思;其艺术追求则是清幽凄冷的诗境和瘦硬涩僻的风格。第三大流派是“温李体”诗派,代表诗人为李煜、张佖、成彦雄、李、冯延巳等人,此派诗人由于他们的生活经历、自身素养和创作目的不同,其诗风亦显示出明显的差异。他们有的以娱乐为目的,以华丽的词藻去描摹场面的煊赫气派与富丽堂皇,或刻画女性美,如李、冯延巳等人,从而表现出一种虚华浮艳的风格;还有的为了表达离别之愁、相思之苦及人间悲情,也以凄艳的词藻描绘物象,渲染气氛,抒写或幽深或哀愁的情怀,以此表现出一种深情绵邈的格调,所营构的意境或幽冷凄婉,或清幽雅致,如李煜、张佖等人。此为“白体”、“贾岛体”与“温李体”诗的主题取向与艺术风格。
This thesis, with four chapters, discusses the poets and their poems in the south Tang Dynasty. Chapter 1 deals with the political situation and its influence on poems, general characters of the poems and their influence on the poems in the early Song Dynasty. While Chapter 2 expounds the composition of the Bai's style of poems, Chapter 3 elaborates the composition of the Jia Dao's style and Chapter 4 the Li's style. The writing way in the thesis is discussing overall first and discussing separately afterwards. There are about 120 thousand words in the thesis.
     During the period of the Five Dynasties and Ten States, many scholars moved to the south for making livings because of frequent wars, social upheaval and shifts of dynasties in the north. Among the southern states, the south Tang and the west Su were both much wealthy and stable. And the three dynasts in succession of the south Tang, Li Bian, Li Jing and Li Yu, treated scholars politely and positioned them officially. Especially in the period of Li Bian's, Li Bian developed a series of policies beneficial to the domestic cultural development, such as promoting Confucianism, establishing schools, selecting officials through examination(named Keju), and putting literati in important positions. Another important cause of blossom of poems in the south Tang was that Li Jing and Li Yu both were accomplished and elegant in manners and fond of filling in Ci. Extraordinarily, Li Yu mastered poem, Ci, music, calligraphy, and painting, and lived to the reputation as a "imperial scholar"(—said by the first king of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin). Thus, as the saying "birds of a feather flock together" goes, a lot of literati from both the north and the south were employed and influenced by him, and devoted themselves to writing poem and literature. With that, the south Tang's poem was most blooming in this period.
     The south Tang experienced 39-year's relative stable society, and blooming poem with numerous poets, poems, and schools. But it located at a remote part, did not thought about making progress, and did not accepted the literati's idea—"march straight into and rule the Central Plain". That dampened seriously the scholars' enthusiasm. Additionally, there were intensive quarrels and struggle for power between the northern and southern cliques in the dynastic government. They excluded those not of their ilk. Many scholars left the power center, either resigning their official posts and living in peace or muddling their time and not inquiring into matters not related to them, in order to avert potential dangers. By the period of Li Jing's, wars increased, attacking Min (a state) and suppressing Chu, and exhausted state power. Due to the war with the later Zhou Dynasty, the south Tang lost all its territory north of the River and was forced to pay tributes to the later Zhou. By the period of Li Yu's, the south Tang completely became a dependency of the north Zhou and the north Song, and eked out a meager existence. In this situation, the poets became aware that the south Tang was helpless and on the verge of doom, most of them felt that their hopes were vanished and their prospects bleak, and were in a mood of dealing passively with affairs, seeking comfort and ease, not thinking about progress, and being pessimistically tired of life. The personality of loyalty to state, achieving deeds of merit and establishing careers had changed; some changed to being ones who are worldly wise and playing it safe and leading a life of befuddled pleasure, and the others shifted to pond over human life, to sign the social reality and to describe the life and mood of comfort and ease. The poets with this kind of mood and personality are named as the Bai's style poets. Some impoverished poets whose talents were not been used wrote about their feelings of melancholy and misery in their inner world, emphasized the description of cold and narrow matters and phenomena, and the style and melody of their poems inclined to gloomy and waning. They constituted the Yao Dao's style poets. Some known high officials indulged in sensuality and sentiments, described scenery and females with gorgeous and florid words and sentences, in order either to amuse their feelings or to express their distress and worry. They formed the Li's style poets. Because of poets' narrow outlooks, the themes of poems in the south Tang were narrow and limited, the objects written in the poems were only scenery and phenomena in four seasons, social remarks, remembrance of the past, poets' sentiments, and daily trifles. Among the poets in the south Tang, some preferred the flat and insipid style, some inclined to showy and gorgeous, the others pursued both lyric style and natural and exquisite style. Two schools of poets in the south Tang—after the Bai's and after the Yao-Dao's style succeeded to the poet style and the hard-reciting and scholar poets in the late Tang Dynasty, and inspired the hard-reciting and scholar poets in the early Song Dynasty. Especially, a poet, Xu Xian, lived from the south Tang to the Song and brought the scholar poets' style directly to the north Song, influencing substantively the poets in the early north Song. Thus the poems in the south Tang played a role in serving as a link between the Tang and the Song Dynasties.
     The poets in the south Tang Dynasty were divided into three schools according to their poems' theme orientation and poem style. Firstly, the Bai's style poets followed Bai Juyi's poem style of leisure and comfort, wrote about personal leisure and joyful mood: either leisurely enjoying flowers while drinking, or visiting one another to talk about friendships, or worshiping supernatural beings and yearning for accomplishment to hanker for freedom from conventions. This school of poems is popular, simple, plain, flat and fluid, such as poems of Li Jianxun, Shen Bin, Zhang Qiao and so on. Another type of the Bai's poets followed Bai Juyi's sentimental poem style, writing about their anxiousness about the state, sadness of their lives, and sorrowful feelings of their talents that had not been recognized and used. Their poems, however, were fresh, elegant, and natural, and no evidence of chisels, much like Bai's poems. Among this type of poets, were Xu Xian, Yin Wenkui and so on.
     Secondly, the school of poets was known as the Jia Dao's style. Some of they were officials, the others hermits. The reason they followed Jia Dao's style was that their lonesome lives and what they pursued in poems were much similar to Jia Dao. But the theme orientation and characters of their poems were quite different because of their different experiences in life. The typical poets were Zou Yan, Liao Ting, Cao Song, Chen Tao, Li Zhong, Meng Binyu and so on. The themes and outlooks of their poems were narrow. They followed Jia Dao in seeking rarely used words and sentences and hard-reciting purposely. And most the themes were gloomy and lyric descriptions about natural scenery and phenomena, remembrance of the past and worriment about the present. They pursued indifferent, tranquil, secluded and satiric mood and lean, stiff, rough and rarely used style.
     Thirdly, the school of reviewing Li's. The typical poets were Li Yu, Zhang Bi, Cheng Yanxiong, Li Jing, Feng Yansi and so on. Due to their different experiences in life, personal accomplishment and purposes of composition, the styles of their poems were markedly different. Some of them, such as Li Jing and Feng Yansi, with the purpose of amusement, described imposingness, splendidness and magnificence of occasions, depicted female beauty, and showed a style of false and showy gorgeousness. The others also used showy words to describe objects and phenomena, to make atmosphere, to portray deep or sad feelings, in order to express anxiousness for reunion, suffering from thinking of lover, and misery of life. And the style of their poems was widely in deep feeling, with a tranquil, cold, and miserable, or clear, tranquil and elegant conception.
     That are respectively the theme orientation and style of the Bai's, the Jia Dao's and the Li's schools of poets and their poems.
引文
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    ① 徐铉《稽神录》卷5,《丛书集成初编》本,中华书局,1985年版。
    ① 杨荫深《五代文学》39页,商务印书馆,1935年版。
    ② 钟惺《唐诗归》卷36,中华书局,1985年版。
    ① 方回《瀛奎律髓》卷16,中华书局,1985年版。
    ① 罗宗强《隋唐五代文学思想史》406页,中华书局,1999年版。
    ① 喻凫《献知己》。
    ① 胡适《白话文学史》220页,东方出版社,1996年版。
    ① 赵荣蔚《晚唐士风与诗风》141页,上海古籍出版社,2004年版。
    ① 转引自《全五代诗》772页,巴蜀书社,1991年版。
    ① 郑文宝《江南余载》10页,《丛书集成初编》本,中华书局,1985年版。
    ① 《全唐文》卷882,中华书局,1983年版。
    ① 吴任臣《十国春秋》卷29《廖凝传》,中华书局排印本,1985年版。
    ② 吴任臣《十国春秋》卷29《廖凝传》,中华书局排印本,1985年版。
    ① 罗宗强《隋唐五代文学思想史》405页,中华书局,1999年版。
    ① 王士祯《五代诗话》140页引《小草斋诗话》,人民文学出版社1998年版。
    ① 马令《南唐书》卷23《孟宾于传》,《从书集成初编》本,中华书局,1985年版。
    ① 《中国文学史》477页,中国社会科学院编,人民文学出版社,1979年版。
    ① 陶岳《五代史补》卷5,中华书局,1992年版。
    ② 郑文宝《南唐近事》15页,《从书集成初编》本,中华书局,1985年版。
    ① 王国维《人间词话》9页,(同上)。
    ② 此诗有时被视为词,而清代李调元《全五代诗》收为诗,现从李说。
    ① 章培恒《中国文学史》中册245页,复旦大学出版社,2001年版。
    ① 马令《南唐书》卷6《昭惠周后传》。(同上)。
    ① 李调元《全五代诗》510页,巴蜀书社,1991年版。
    ① 按:同时有张泌,南唐淮南人,为句容县尉,愤国事日非,上书数千言极谏,后主不纳。
    ① 徐铉《徐公文集》卷18。
    ① 《钓矶立谈》12页,《丛书集成初编》本,中华书局,1985年版。
    1、《徐公文集》徐铉撰 四部丛刊初编本。
    2、《李丞相诗集》李建勋撰 四部丛刊续编本。
    3、《碧云集》李中撰 四部丛刊初编本。
    4、《全五代诗》清李调元 巴蜀书社1988年版。
    5、《全唐诗》清彭定求编 中华书局点校本。
    6、《补五代史艺文志》中华书局。
    7、《五代诗话》清王士祯 人民文学出版社1998年版。
    8、《五代诗选》陈顺烈、许佃玺选注 上海古籍出版社。
    9、《唐才子传校笺》傅璇琮著 中华书局1990年版。
    10、《隋唐五代史》吕思勉著 上海古籍出版社。
    11、《旧五代史》宋薛居正等撰 中华书局1976年版。
    12、《新五代史》宋欧阳修撰 中华书局1974年版。
    13、《资治通鉴》宋司马光撰 岳鹿书社1990年版。
    14、《十国春秋》清吴任臣撰 中华书局1983年版。
    15、《五代会要》宋王溥撰 上海古籍出版社。
    16、《九国志》宋路振撰 《丛书集成》本。
    17、《五国故事》宋无名氏撰 《知不足斋丛书》本。
    18、《南唐书》宋陆游撰 《丛书集成》本。
    19、《南唐书》宋马令撰 《丛书集成》本。
    20、《钓矶立谈》南唐史虚白撰 《丛书集成》本。
    21、《南唐近事》宋郑文宝编 《丛书集成》本。
    22、《江南余载》宋郑文宝编 《丛书集成》本。
    23、《江南野史》宋龙衮撰 《四库全书》本。
    24、《江表志》宋郑文宝撰 《四库全书》本。
    25、《江南别录》宋陈彭年撰 《四库全书》本。
    26、《五代史补》宋陶岳撰 《四库全书》本。
    27、《南唐史》任爽著 东北师范大学出版社1995年版。
    28、《隋唐五代文学思想史》罗宗强著 中华书局1999年版。
    29、《容斋随笔》宋洪迈著 上海古籍出版社1996年版。
    30、《诗话总龟》宋阮阅编 人民文学出版社1987年版。
    31、《苕溪渔隐丛话》宋胡仔撰 人民文学出版社点校本。
    32、《诗人玉屑》宋魏庆之编 上海古籍出版社点校本。
    33、《庚溪诗话》宋陈岩、肖子像撰述《历代诗话》本。
    34、《诚斋诗话》宋杨万里撰 《历代诗话续编》本。
    35、《沧浪诗话》宋严羽撰 《历代诗话》本。
    36、《北梦琐言》宋孙光宪著 上海古籍出版社。
    37、《青箱杂记》宋吴处厚撰 中华书局点校本。
    38、《东轩笔录》宋魏泰撰 中华书局点校本。
    39、《玉壶清话》、《湘山野录》宋文莹撰 中华书局。
    40、《倦游杂录》宋张师正撰 上海古籍出版社校本。
    41、《鹤林玉露》宋罗大经撰 中华书局点校本。
    42、《东坡志林》宋苏东坡撰 中华书局点校本。
    43、《瀛奎律髓》元方回撰 中国书店1990年版。
    44、《诗法家数》元杨载著 《历代诗话》本。
    45、《钦定四库全书总目》 四库全书研究所整理 中华书局1996年版。
    46、《人间词话》王国维著 山西古籍出版社1996年版。
    47、《宋诗话辑佚》郭绍虞辑 中华书局。
    48、《五代文学》杨荫深著 商务印书馆1935年版。
    49、《中国文学发展史》刘大杰著 上海古籍出版社。
    50、《中华大典·文学典·隋唐五代分典》 江苏古籍出版社2000年版。
    51、《中国文学批评发展史》王运熙、顾易生著 上海古籍出版社1996年版。
    52、《中国文学史》中国社科院编 人民文学出版社 1979年版。
    53、《中国文学史》张培恒主编 复旦大学出版社 2002年版。
    54、《20世纪中国文学研究·隋唐五代文学研究》季羡林等著 北京出版社 2001年版。
    55、《唐五代文学编年史·五代卷》傅璇宗主编 辽海出版社2001年版。
    56、《五代作家的人格与诗格》张兴武著 人民文学出版社2000年版。
    57、《五代十国文学编年》张兴武著 人民文学出版社2001年版。
    58、《唐诗史》许总著 江苏教育出版社 1996年版。
    59、《晚唐士风与诗风》赵荣蔚著 上海古籍出版社 2004年版。

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