情绪启动下注意范围对变化盲视的影响
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摘要
采用A-ISI-A-ISI-A'-ISI-A'-ISI的闪烁范式(flicker paradigm),研究在情绪启动条件下,注意范围对变化盲视的影响。实验一,被试来自大学生群体,共36人,年龄17-32岁,平均年龄22.65岁,在SOA为300ms时,利用经过评定保证信息量相同的积极和消极情绪图片作为情绪启动材料,选用黑色实心小矩形组成的矩阵图作为变化盲视材料,并加入了前置提示线索,研究被试对方向变化的敏感性。实验二,被试来自大学生群体,共18名,年龄19-23岁,平均年龄20岁,采用中心被50%灰度填充且中心直径与外周直径比为1比2的圆环作为明度变化盲视的材料,考察被试在有无提示线索的条件下对明度变化的敏感性。
实验一采用情绪(积极／消极)×注意范围(大／小)两因素重复测量实验设计。其中情绪和注意范围都是被试内变量,两种类型的情绪启动和注意范围的呈现顺序采用随机的方式平衡,最大限度的降低猜测的几率。实验二采用单因素被试内设计。因素为提示线索的类型,有三水平：大提示框、小提示框、无提示线索。明度发生变化的圆环出现的位置也采用随机的方式,减少被试的猜测因素。
在本实验条件下得出如下结论：(1)情绪启动会对方向变化探测产生影响。不同情绪状态下被试变化探测的反应时存在显著差异,被试在积极情绪状态下的平均变化探测反应时比在消极情绪状态下要快。(2)注意范围会对方向变化探测产生影响。被试在小范围的注意提示线索下的平均变化探测反应时比大范围的注意提示线索下要快。(3)情绪启动是通过扩大或缩小被试的注意范围起作用。在大提示范围下,处于积极情绪状态下的被试,思维活跃,注意的范围也被扩大,因此可以较快的发现前后呈现的图片中小矩形方向的改变,而处于消极情绪状态下的被试,注意资源被占用,完成变化探测任务所需的时间也被延长；在小注意范围下,处于消极状态下的被试的注意力比积极状态下的被试的注意力固着在矩阵中心,这样,在小范围内的方向变化也较容易被发现。(4)被试对明度的变化探测是自动加工,提示线索对其没有影响。刺激的两个基本属性分属于不同的认知加工过程,独立进行。
Using the A-ISI-A-ISI-A'-ISI-A'-ISI flicker paradigm, studied of emotional start-up conditions, the attention to the scope of change blindness. Experimental groups come from college students, the total was36, they were17-32years old, the average age was22.65years old, when the SOA was300ms, after again assessed to ensure that the amount of information the same positive and negative emotional pictures as Affective Priming materials, selection black solid small rectangular matrix as the change blindness material, and joined the pre-cues, to study the sensitivity of the test on the change in direction. Experiment II trial groups come from college students, a total of18between the ages of19-23years old, the average age is20years old, whether had or not cues,the ring that center filled with50%gray and center diameterd as lightness change blindness material, investigated the sensitivity of the change in lightness.
The first experiment used emotions (positive/negative)×attention to the range of (large/small) two-factor repeated measurement experimental design. The range of emotions and attention were within variable emotional start and pay attention to the scope of the order of the two types of random balance test may appear to control practice effects and fatigue effects, reducd the maximum chance of guessing.
The second experiment used a single factor within-subject design. Factors for the type of cues, there were three levels:large boxes, small boxes, and silent clues. Lightness of the ring to change the position that appears also used a random manner, to reduce the subjects guess factors.
The results show that:
(1) Detection of changes in the direction of the emotions start impacted. Different emotional state change detection reaction was different; in a positive emotional state change detection reaction was faster than in a negative emotional state.
(2) When the detection reaction of the average change in the small range attention cues than under a wide range of attention cues to be fast.
(3) Emotional start work was expanded or reduced attention spans. In the range of large prompt, subjects in a positive mood state, thinking, active range of attention had also been expanded faster discovery around the characterization of different subjects while in a state of negative emotions, attention resources were occupied the time required to complete the change detection task as extended; small note range, in a negative state was the pilot's attention fixed in the center of the matrix, this test of attention than be in a positive state, in small changes within the range was also more easily be found.
(4) In the present experimental conditions, the detection of changes in brightness was automatically processed, the cue had no influence. The two basic attributes of the stimuli belonging to different cognitive processes, they were independent.
实验一采用情绪(积极／消极)×注意范围(大／小)两因素重复测量实验设计。其中情绪和注意范围都是被试内变量,两种类型的情绪启动和注意范围的呈现顺序采用随机的方式平衡,最大限度的降低猜测的几率。实验二采用单因素被试内设计。因素为提示线索的类型,有三水平：大提示框、小提示框、无提示线索。明度发生变化的圆环出现的位置也采用随机的方式,减少被试的猜测因素。
在本实验条件下得出如下结论：(1)情绪启动会对方向变化探测产生影响。不同情绪状态下被试变化探测的反应时存在显著差异,被试在积极情绪状态下的平均变化探测反应时比在消极情绪状态下要快。(2)注意范围会对方向变化探测产生影响。被试在小范围的注意提示线索下的平均变化探测反应时比大范围的注意提示线索下要快。(3)情绪启动是通过扩大或缩小被试的注意范围起作用。在大提示范围下,处于积极情绪状态下的被试,思维活跃,注意的范围也被扩大,因此可以较快的发现前后呈现的图片中小矩形方向的改变,而处于消极情绪状态下的被试,注意资源被占用,完成变化探测任务所需的时间也被延长；在小注意范围下,处于消极状态下的被试的注意力比积极状态下的被试的注意力固着在矩阵中心,这样,在小范围内的方向变化也较容易被发现。(4)被试对明度的变化探测是自动加工,提示线索对其没有影响。刺激的两个基本属性分属于不同的认知加工过程,独立进行。
Using the A-ISI-A-ISI-A'-ISI-A'-ISI flicker paradigm, studied of emotional start-up conditions, the attention to the scope of change blindness. Experimental groups come from college students, the total was36, they were17-32years old, the average age was22.65years old, when the SOA was300ms, after again assessed to ensure that the amount of information the same positive and negative emotional pictures as Affective Priming materials, selection black solid small rectangular matrix as the change blindness material, and joined the pre-cues, to study the sensitivity of the test on the change in direction. Experiment II trial groups come from college students, a total of18between the ages of19-23years old, the average age is20years old, whether had or not cues,the ring that center filled with50%gray and center diameterd as lightness change blindness material, investigated the sensitivity of the change in lightness.
The first experiment used emotions (positive/negative)×attention to the range of (large/small) two-factor repeated measurement experimental design. The range of emotions and attention were within variable emotional start and pay attention to the scope of the order of the two types of random balance test may appear to control practice effects and fatigue effects, reducd the maximum chance of guessing.
The second experiment used a single factor within-subject design. Factors for the type of cues, there were three levels:large boxes, small boxes, and silent clues. Lightness of the ring to change the position that appears also used a random manner, to reduce the subjects guess factors.
The results show that:
(1) Detection of changes in the direction of the emotions start impacted. Different emotional state change detection reaction was different; in a positive emotional state change detection reaction was faster than in a negative emotional state.
(2) When the detection reaction of the average change in the small range attention cues than under a wide range of attention cues to be fast.
(3) Emotional start work was expanded or reduced attention spans. In the range of large prompt, subjects in a positive mood state, thinking, active range of attention had also been expanded faster discovery around the characterization of different subjects while in a state of negative emotions, attention resources were occupied the time required to complete the change detection task as extended; small note range, in a negative state was the pilot's attention fixed in the center of the matrix, this test of attention than be in a positive state, in small changes within the range was also more easily be found.
(4) In the present experimental conditions, the detection of changes in brightness was automatically processed, the cue had no influence. The two basic attributes of the stimuli belonging to different cognitive processes, they were independent.
引文
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[3]Rensink R A. Change detection[J]. Annual Review of Psychology,2002,53:245～77
[4]French R S. The discrimination of dot patterns as a function of number and average separation ofdots[J]. Journal of Experiment psychology,1993,46:1～9
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[6]Hollingworth A. Failures of retrieval and comparison constrain change detection in natural scenes[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human:Perception and Performance,2003, 29:388-403
[7]Simons D J & Rensink R A. Change blindness:past, present and future [J]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2005a,9:16～20
[8]Rensink R A & O'Regan J K.. On the failure to detect changes in scenes across brief interruptions[J]. Visual Cognition,2000,7:127～145
[9]Landman R, Spekreijse H & Lamme V A F. Large capacity storage of integrated objects before change blindness[J]. Vision Research,2003,43:149～164
[10]Daniel J, Simons. Current Approaches to Change Blindness[J]. Visual Cognition,2000, 7(1-3):1-15
[11]Silverman M E & Mack A. Change blindness and priming:when it does and does not occur [J]. Consciousness and Cognition,2006,15:409～422.
[12]Mitroff S R., Simons D J & Levin D T. Nothing compares 2 views:change blindness can occur despite preserved access to the changed information[J]. Perception & Psychophysics, 2004,66:1268～1281
[13]Varakin D A, Levin D T & Collins K M. Comparison and representation failures both cause real world change blindness[J]. Perception,2007,36:737-749
[14]Beck M R, Levin D T & Angelone B. Change blindness blindness:Beliefs about the roles of intention and scene complexity in change detection[J]. Consciousness and Cognition, 2007a,16:31-51
[15]Hollingworth A & Henderson J M. Sustained change blindness to incremental scene rotation: adissociation between explicit change detection and visual memory[J]. Perception and Psychophysics,2004,11:1～11
[16]Simons D J & Rensink R A. Change blindness, representations and consciousness:reply to Noe[J]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences,2005b,9:219
[17]Simons D J. Current approaches to change blindness[J]. Visual Cognition,2000,7(1):1～ 15
[18]Simons D J, Chabris C F, Schnur T & Levin D T. Evidence for preserved representations in change blindness[J]. Consciousness and Cognition,2002,11:78-97
[19]Barbara K, Herbert Bauer & Peter Walla. Change detection related to peripheral facial expression:an electroencephalography study[J]. Neural Transom.2009,116:67～70
[20]Diane M, Beck, Geraint Rees & Christopher D Frith. Neural correlates of change detection and change blindness [EB]. Nature Publishing.2001. http://neurosci.nature.com
[21]Caird J K, Edwards C J & Creaser J I. Older driver failures of attention at intersections:using change blindness methods to assess turn decision accuracy[J]. Human Factors,2005,47: 235～249
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