情绪因素对工作记忆影响的实验研究
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摘要
情绪和记忆的研究是情绪与认知研究中的一个重要领域,情绪性的记忆对个体的成长、行为、知觉、信念、目标,甚至自我和心理健康状况都有很大相关性,因而一直是心理学家研究的热点问题。以往研究发现情绪因素的存在确实对记忆产生影响,但有的研究发现情绪阻碍记忆,而另一些研究发现情绪促进记忆,况且己有研究往往重视负性情绪记忆的研究,忽略了正性情绪记忆,研究的视野也主要置于情绪唤醒上,忽视了情绪效价的作用。面对这些情况,本文对记忆活动中存在的情绪因素进行分析,从情绪内容和情绪状态两个方面入手,操控情绪的效价和唤醒两个维度,采用记忆研究的学习-再认范式,对情绪因素对工作记忆的影响进行了系统的研究。实证部分包括两个研究:
研究一:情绪内容的研究。采取“学习-再认范式”,被试无情绪唤醒,直接对不同效价(正性、负性)、不同唤醒度(高唤醒、低唤醒)以及中性识记材料进行学习识记任务,通过对各种材料的识记成绩的统计分析来考察情绪内容的效价(正性/负性/中性)和唤醒强度(高/低)对工作记忆效果的影响。结果发现:情绪词间,唤醒度对工作记忆效果起决定作用;情绪词与中性词间,效价起决定作用。
研究二:情绪状态的研究。采取“学习-再认范式”,将被试分成三组,分别进行正性唤醒、负性唤醒、不唤醒三种方式,通过三组不同情绪状态下的识记结果,探讨情绪状态对工作记忆效果的影响。结果发现:负性的情绪状态阻碍了工作记忆的效果,而过高的情绪唤醒也会阻碍工作记忆效果,适度的情绪唤醒可有效提高记忆效果。
本论文的研究将记忆活动中的情绪因素进行具体剖析,从情绪内容和情绪状态两个角度来分别探讨情绪效价和唤醒水平对工作记忆影响的规律,为研究情绪与记忆关系开辟了一个新的思路和方法,为我们早日发现情绪记忆的规律提供了线索,具有积极的意义。
The study of Emotion and Memory is one of the key domains of emotion and cognitive research. Emotional memory related with many topics such as individual development, behavior, perception, believes, goals, self-concept, and mental health. Previous studies believe that the emotion really affect memory. However, some of them think the emotion impede the memory, another consider the emotion promote the memory. And , negative emotional memory and emotional arousal levels were emphasized but positive one and valence emotional were not. In this Paper,we manipulate emotional arousal levels and emotional valence to explore the influence of emotion on memory from emotional content and emotional state. Two studies were in our data collection part.
Experiment 1: The study of emotional content. Using the“study-recall”canonical form, the experimenters study and remember the words different in valence (positive/negative) and arousal levels (high/low) without emotional arousal. Then we statistic the memory record to find how the valence (positive/negative)and arousal levels (high/low) of emotional content affect the working memory. As result, the arousal level is determinant in emotional words; the valence is determinant between the emotional and neutral ones.
Experiment 2: The study of emotional state. Using“study-recall”canonical form, the experimenters are divided in three groups with positive arousal, negative arousal and no arousal. Through the memory records of the three groups different in emotional state, we can judge how the emotional states affect the working memory. As result, negative emotional state and emotional arousal will impede the working memory, but the moderate emotional arousal will promote the memory record.
We divide the emotional factor into emotional content and emotional state, and explore the effect on working memory in arousal level and valence separately. It has positive significance to develop a new method to study the relationship between emotion and memory, and clues to founding the rules of emotional memory. Keywords: emotional content, emotional state, valence, arousal level
研究一:情绪内容的研究。采取“学习-再认范式”,被试无情绪唤醒,直接对不同效价(正性、负性)、不同唤醒度(高唤醒、低唤醒)以及中性识记材料进行学习识记任务,通过对各种材料的识记成绩的统计分析来考察情绪内容的效价(正性/负性/中性)和唤醒强度(高/低)对工作记忆效果的影响。结果发现:情绪词间,唤醒度对工作记忆效果起决定作用;情绪词与中性词间,效价起决定作用。
研究二:情绪状态的研究。采取“学习-再认范式”,将被试分成三组,分别进行正性唤醒、负性唤醒、不唤醒三种方式,通过三组不同情绪状态下的识记结果,探讨情绪状态对工作记忆效果的影响。结果发现:负性的情绪状态阻碍了工作记忆的效果,而过高的情绪唤醒也会阻碍工作记忆效果,适度的情绪唤醒可有效提高记忆效果。
本论文的研究将记忆活动中的情绪因素进行具体剖析,从情绪内容和情绪状态两个角度来分别探讨情绪效价和唤醒水平对工作记忆影响的规律,为研究情绪与记忆关系开辟了一个新的思路和方法,为我们早日发现情绪记忆的规律提供了线索,具有积极的意义。
The study of Emotion and Memory is one of the key domains of emotion and cognitive research. Emotional memory related with many topics such as individual development, behavior, perception, believes, goals, self-concept, and mental health. Previous studies believe that the emotion really affect memory. However, some of them think the emotion impede the memory, another consider the emotion promote the memory. And , negative emotional memory and emotional arousal levels were emphasized but positive one and valence emotional were not. In this Paper,we manipulate emotional arousal levels and emotional valence to explore the influence of emotion on memory from emotional content and emotional state. Two studies were in our data collection part.
Experiment 1: The study of emotional content. Using the“study-recall”canonical form, the experimenters study and remember the words different in valence (positive/negative) and arousal levels (high/low) without emotional arousal. Then we statistic the memory record to find how the valence (positive/negative)and arousal levels (high/low) of emotional content affect the working memory. As result, the arousal level is determinant in emotional words; the valence is determinant between the emotional and neutral ones.
Experiment 2: The study of emotional state. Using“study-recall”canonical form, the experimenters are divided in three groups with positive arousal, negative arousal and no arousal. Through the memory records of the three groups different in emotional state, we can judge how the emotional states affect the working memory. As result, negative emotional state and emotional arousal will impede the working memory, but the moderate emotional arousal will promote the memory record.
We divide the emotional factor into emotional content and emotional state, and explore the effect on working memory in arousal level and valence separately. It has positive significance to develop a new method to study the relationship between emotion and memory, and clues to founding the rules of emotional memory. Keywords: emotional content, emotional state, valence, arousal level
引文
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[2] Kensinger E.A. Remembering emotional experiences: The contribution of valence and arousal. Review in the Neuroscience, 2004, 15 (4): 241-251
[3] Welford A. T. Stress and Performance. Ergonomics, 1973, 16(5): 567-580
[4]孟昭兰.情绪的组织功能一关于情绪对认知操作影响的几个实验总结.心理学报, 1988 (2): 118-126
[5] LeDoux J. E. Emotional memory systems in the brain. Behavioral Brain Research, 1993, 58 (2): 69-79
[6] LeDoux J. E. Cognitive-Emotional Interactions in the Brain. Cognition & Emotion. 1989, 3(4): 267-289
[7] Bower G. H. Mood and Memory. American Psychologist, 1981, 36 (l): 129-148
[8] Lang J. P. The three-system approach to emotion. In Birbaumer N, Ohman A(eds.). The organization of Emotion. Toronto: Hogrefe-Huber, 1993, 18-30
[9] Leventhal H, Seherer K. The relationship of emotion to cognition: a functional approach to semantic controversy. Cognition and Emotion, 1987, l (l): 3-28
[10] PhiliPPot P, Sehaerer A. Emotion and memory. In Mayne T J, Bonanne G A(Eds.). Emotions: current issues and future directions. The Guilford Press, 2001, 83-122
[11]钱国英.情绪记忆的特点研究:[博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学, 2008
[12] LeDoux J. E. Emotional memory systems in the brain. Behavioural Brain Research, 1993, 58 (2): 69-79
[13] Damasio A. R, AdolPhs R, Damasio H. Contributions of the lesion method to the functional neuroanatomy of emotion. In Davidson R J, Scherer K R, Goldsmith H.H (Eds.), Handbook of Affective Science. New York: Oxford University press, 2003, 66-89
[14] Brown R, Kulik J. Flashbulb memories. Cognition, 1977, 5 (1): 73-99
[15] Neisser U, Harsch N. Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger. In Winograd E, Neisser U( Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992, 9-31
[16] Davidson P.S.R, Glisky E.L. Is flashbulb memory a special instance of source memory?Evidence from older adults. Memory, 2002, 10 (2): 99-111
[17] Jacoby L.L, Kelley C.M. Unconscious influences of memory: Dissociations and automaticity. In Milner EAD, Rugg E M D, The Neuropsychology of Consciousness, San Diego CA: Academic Press, 1992, 201-233
[18] Tulving E. Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology. 1985, 25 (1): 1-12
[19] Gardiner J.M. Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory & Cognition. 1988, 16(4): 309-313
[20] Spruyt A, Hermans D. On the replicability of the affective priming effect in the pronunciation task. Experimental Psychology, 2004, 51 (2): 109-115
[21] Schirmer A, Kotz S A. ERP evidence for a sex-specific Stroop effect in emotional speech. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2003, 15 (8): 1135-1148
[22] Wiveka R, Philippe R.G, Lisa T.E, et al. Amygdala reactivity and mood-congruent memory in individuals at risk for depressive relapse. Biological Psychiatry, 2007, 61(2): 231-239
[23] David M, John E R. Mood congruent memory in Dysphoria: The roles of state affect and cognitive style. Behavior Research and Therapy, 2006, 44(9): 1275-1285
[24]李静,卢家楣.不同调节方式对记忆的影响.心理学报, 2007, 39(6): 1084-1092
[25] Hamm A.O, Schupp H.T, Weike A.I. Motivational organization of emotions: Autonomic changes, cortical response, and reflex modulation. In Davidson R. J, Scherer K. R, Goldsmith H. H. Handbook of affective science, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, 187-211
[26] Levenson R. W. Autonomic specificity and emotion. In Davidson R. J, Scherer K. R, Goldsmith H. H. Handbook of affective science, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. 212-224
[27]王振宏,郭德俊,游旭群等.身体攻击行为学生自主神经活动的情绪唤醒特点.心理学报, 2007, 39(2): 277-284
[28] Li W, Richard E, Stephan G, et al. Neural and behavioral evidence for affective priming from unconsciously perceived emotional facial expressions and the influence of trait anxiety. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2008, 20 (1): 95-107
[29] Miranda R, John F K. Mood congruence in childhood and recent autobiographical memory. Cognition and Emotion, 2005, 19 (7): 981-998
[30]郑希付.不同情绪模式图片的和词语刺激启动的时间效应.心理学报,2004, 36 (5): 545-549
[31] Kensinger E. A, Corkin S. Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? Memory and Cognition, 2003, 31(8):1169-1180
[32] Kensinger E. A, Garoff-Eaton R. J, Schacter D. L. Memory for specific visual details can be enhanced by negative arousing content. Journal of Memory and Language, 2006, 54 (1): 99-112
[33] Comblain C, D'Argembeau A, Van der Linden M. Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for emotional and neutral events in older and younger adults. Experimental Aging Research, 2005, 31 (2): 173-89
[34] Canli T, Desmond J E, Zhao Z, et al. Sex differences in the neural basis of emotional memories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002, 99 (16): 10789-10794
[35] Ellis H.C. & Ashbrook P.W. Resource allocation model of the effects of depressed mood states on memory. In Fiedler K. & Forgas J.P. (eds), Affect, Cognition and Social Behavior. Toronto. Hogrefe, 1988, 25-43
[36] Loftus E. X, Burns, T. E. Mental shock can produce retrograde amnesia. Memory and Cognition, 1982, 10 (4): 318-323
[37] Weingartner H, Cohen R.M, Mrphy D. L, etal. Cognitive processes in depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 1981, 38 (1): 42-47
[38] Eysenck M. W, Calvo M. G. Anxiety and performance: The processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion, 1992, 6 (6): 409-434
[39] Shestyuk A. Y, Deldin P. J, Brand J E, et al. Reduced sustained brain activity during processing of positive emotional stimuli in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 2005, 57 (10): 1089-1096
[40] Deveney C. M, Deldin P. J. Memory of faces: a slow wave ERP study of major depression. Emotion, 2004, 4 (3): 295-304
[41] Leppanen J. M. Emotional information processing in mood disorders: a review of behavioral and neuroimaging findings. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 2006, 19 (1): 34-39
[42] Shackman A. J, Sarinopoulos I, Maxwell J S, et al. Anxiety Selectively Disrupts Visuospatial Working Memory. Emotion, 2006, 6 (1): 40-61
[43] Lavric A, Rippon G, Gray J. R. Threat-evoked anxiety disrupts spatial working memory performance: an attentional account. Cognitive therapy and research, 2003, 27 (5): 498-504
[44] Li X.B, Li X.Y, Luo Y.J. Selective effect of negative emotion on spatial and verbal working memory: An ERP study. Proceedings of ICNN’05, IEEE Press, 2005. 1284-1289
[45] Weiland-Fiedler P, Erickson K, Waldeck T, et al. Evidence for continuing neuropsychological impairments in depression. Journal of Affect Disorder, 2004, 82 (2): 253-258
[46] Kensinger E. A, Corkin S. Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct processes for valence and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 2004, 101 (9): 3310-3315
[47] Hamann S. Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory. Trends in Cognitive Science, 2001, 5 (9): 394-400.
[48] Yang T. T, Menon V, Eliez S, et al. Amygdalar activation associated with positive and negative facial expressions. Neuroreport, 2002, 13 (14): 1737-1741
[49] Amaral D. G, Behniea H, Kelly J. L. Topographic organization of projections from the amygdala to the visual cortex in the macaque monkey. Neuroscience, 2003, 118 (4): 1099-1120
[50] Williams M. A, Morris A. P, McGlone F, et al. Amygdala responses to fearful and happy facial expressions under conditions of binocular suppression. Journal of Neuroscience, 2004, 24 (12): 2898-2904
[51]李雪冰,罗跃嘉.情绪和记忆的相互作用.心理科学进展. 2007, 15(1): 3-7
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