银行体系脆弱性演进研究
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摘要
20世纪70年代以来,全球银行业保持快速发展的势头,但同时,全球银行业稳定性不断下降,突出表现在银行危机爆发的频率不断升高,波及范围越来越广,成本越来越大,特别是2000以来,从全球范围看,银行危机体现出以下新的特点:一是集中爆发。仅2008年一年,全球就爆发了23次银行危机,成为1970年以来爆发银行危机次数最多的年份;二是波及范围更广,损失巨大。相对于2000年以前的银行危机,2007至今由美国次贷危机引发的银行危机,波及欧洲、北美洲、拉丁美洲、亚洲和非洲,横跨发达国家和发展中国家,波及范围之广、带来损失之巨大史无前例,并由此导致了大萧条以来最严重的全球经济衰退;三是发达国家成为银行危机集中爆发的地区。与2000年以前银行危机多发生在发展中国家、新兴市场国家不同,2000年后的银行危机发端于美国,发达国家成为银行危机的重灾区,爱尔兰不仅是这次银行危机中成本最高的国家,也是大萧条以来银行危机成本最高的国家。
     全球银行业在快速发展的同时其稳定性为何不断降低?银行业越来越快速的发展与银行危机越来越频繁的爆发之间是否存在一定关系?相对于发展中国家和新兴市场国家,发达国家的银行体系一直被认为是更成熟和更完善的,代表了银行业的发展趋势,2000年后主要发生在发达国家的严重的银行危机是否暗示银行体系在发展的同时内生出一些问题?银行体系快速发展的同时其内在的脆弱性是否经历了一个不断提高的过程?这种银行体系脆弱性的演进能否对银行危机的爆发从内生因素角度做出合理的解释?
     基于对以上问题的思考,论文构建出一个有关银行体系脆弱性演进的分析框架:首先,对于银行体系脆弱性内涵进行界定,认为银行体系脆弱性是银行体系内在的、固有的、不稳定的一种特征。这种特征在银行体系中是普遍存在的、与生俱来的,当银行体系的脆弱性不显著时,银行体系是相对稳定的。当银行体系脆弱性程度高时,银行体系是不稳定的,甚至会爆发银行危机;结合银行体系的发展过程探索银行体系脆弱性演进的历程;总结银行体系脆弱性演进的动因,分析导致银行体系脆弱性不断提高的内外部因素;通过分析银行体系脆弱性演进的效应,说明银行体系脆弱性不断提高对经济社会带来的负面影响;以银行体系脆弱性发展的极端形式—系统性银行危机为例,阐述银行体系脆弱性向系统性银行危机的转变机制。
     为研究银行体系脆弱性演进的历程,论文采用历史的方法,结合银行体系在不同发展阶段体现出的不同脆弱性特征,将银行体系脆弱性演进历程大致分为四个阶段:二战前的阶段,二战后到20世纪80年代之间的阶段,20世纪80年代到20世纪末的阶段,21世纪后的阶段。研究发现,银行体系从缺乏灵活性、低速增长,但相对稳定的体制,向具有灵活性、快速增长,但易于发生危机的体制发展,或者说,银行体系脆弱性总体上遵循着不断提高的内在发展规律。
     银行体系脆弱性演进的过程由一些内外部的动因使然,从银行体系内部看,银行经营模式由传统的“发起并持有”模式向“发起与分销”模式的转变、银行融资渠道由传统渠道向新型渠道的改变都在很大程度上提高了银行体系的脆弱性;从银行体系外部看,银行创新的快速发展提高了银行监管的难度,现有的银行监管体制存在严重缺陷(如系统重要性银行没有受到应有的监管),最终使银行监管滞后于银行发展,不能对银行体系发展提供可靠的外部约束机制。另外,金融虚拟性的不断提高推动了银行体系的脆弱性,银行支付系统越来越明显的复杂系统特征也对银行体系脆弱性的提高发挥了重要作用。
     银行体系脆弱性演进对于银行体系以及外部经济带来了诸多不利影响,表现为银行体系脆弱性演进的四个效应:提升了银行体系内的风险、强化了银行危机的影响、降低了货币政策的有效性、弱化了银行安全网的效果。论文从银行体系脆弱性发展的极端表现—系统性银行危机的角度,研究了银行体系脆弱性向系统性银行危机的转变机制,认为银行体系脆弱性是促使系统性银行危机爆发的内生因素。
     最后,针对银行体系脆弱性程度不断提高,其产生的负面效应不断显现这些现实问题,为保证银行体系的稳定性,论文从加强监管这一制度角度出发,提出降低银行体系脆弱性的相关政策建议,包括增强对银行体系稳定重要性的认识,加强对银行体系的宏观审慎监管,加强对系统重要性银行的微观审慎监管,提高银行安全网的有效性等。
Since the1970s, the global banking industry maintains a rapid development, but atthe same time, the stability of the global banking industry increasingly declines, whichhighlighted in the increasingly rising frequency of the banking crisis explosion, theincreasingly wide range and the increasing cost, especially since2000, the banking crisisreflects the following new features from a global perspective: First, it breakouts at thesame time. Only in2008,23banking crises burst out around the world, of which the yearhas the largest crisis number since1970. Second, it spreads to a wider range and resultsin huger loss. With respect to the banking crisis before2000, the banking crisis triggeredby the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis in2007has spread to Europe, North America, LatinAmerica, Asia and Africa, across the developed and developing countries, bringing ahuge unprecedented loss with a wide range, and thus has led to the most serious globaleconomic recession since the Great Depression. Third, the banking crisis bursts outintensively in the developed countries. Before2000, banking crisis occurred indeveloping countries and emerging market countries, differently, after2000bankingcrisis originated in the U.S. and developed countries became the serious region, of whichIreland is not only the country which has the highest cost in this banking crisis, but alsothe one with the highest cost since the Great Depression.
     Why the stability the global banking industry is declining since it is developingrapidly? Is there a certain relationship between the rapid development of the bankingindustry with the more and more frequent outbreak of banking crisis? Compared to thedeveloping and emerging market countries, the banking system of the developedcountries has been considered more mature and perfect which represents the developmenttrend of the banking industry. Since the banking crisis after2000mainly occurred in thedeveloped countries, does it imply that some endogenous problems in the banking systemare coming out? With the rapid development of the banking system, does its inherentfragility increasing at the same time? Can the evolution of banking system fragility makea reasonable explanation for the outbreak of the banking crisis from the perspective ofendogenous factors?
     Based on the above problems, this thesis builds an analysis framework about theevolution of the banking system fragility. First, it defines the connotation of the bankingsystem fragility, which is the internal inherent unstable feature of the banking system.This characteristic is widespread and inherent in the banking system, when the fragilityof the banking system was not significant, the banking system is relatively stable. Whenthe fragility of the banking system has a high degree, the banking system is unstable,even may result in banking crisis. It then explores the course of the evolution of thebanking system fragility combined with the development process of the banking system.It summarizes the causes of the banking system fragility evolution which are the internaland external factors resulting in the continuous increase of the banking system fragility.By analyzing the effect of the banking system fragility evolution, it explains the negativeimpact on the economic and social society coming from the evolution of the bankingsystem fragility. As an example of the extreme form of the development of the bankingsystem fragility-systemic banking crisis, it elaborates the transition mechanism of thebanking system fragility to systemic banking crisis.
     Researching on the course of the banking system fragility evolution, the thesis usesthe historical method, considering the different fragility characteristics with the bankingsystem in different stages of development, it roughly divided the course into four stages:stage before World War II, stage between the World War II to the1980s, the1980s to theend of the20th century stage, and the21st century stage. The research shows that thebanking system is changing from the phase which is lack of flexibility, growths slowlyand is relatively stable to the phase which is flexible, growths rapidly, but is prone to thecrisis. So the general law of the evolution of the banking system fragility is that it isbecoming more and more fragile.
     The evolution process of the banking system fragility results from a number ofinternal and external factors. From the internal factors of the banking system, the shift ofthe banking operating model from the traditional ‘originate-to-hold’ to the‘originate-to-distribute’, the change of the bank financing channels from the traditionalones to the new ones has greatly increased the banking system fragility. From theexternal factors of the banking system, the rapid development of the banking innovationhas increased the difficulty of the banking supervision, the existing banking supervision system is seriously flawed (eg, systemically important banks has not been properlysupervised), which result in the lags of the banking supervision behind the developmentof the bank, and it does not provide a reliable external constraint mechanism to thedevelopment of the banking system. In addition, the continuous development of thefictitious characteristic of finance increases the fragility of the banking system, and theincreasingly complexity system characteristic of the banking payment systems is alsoplaying an important role to increase the fragility of the banking system.
     The evolution of the banking system fragility is bring about a lot of adverse effectsof the banking system and the external economy which are the four effects of theevolution of the banking system fragility: it enhances the risk within the banking system,strengthens the affect of the banking crisis, reduces the effectiveness of monetary policy,and weakens the effect of bank safety net. From the perspective of the systemic bankingcrisis which is the extreme form of the development of the banking system fragility, thisthesis analyzes the transition mechanism of the banking system fragility to systemicbanking crisis. It shows that the banking system fragility is the internal factor whichcauses the outbreak of the systemic banking crisis.
     Finally, considering the practical problems of the increase of the fragility of thebanking system, the its more and more significantly negative effects, in order to ensurethe stability of the banking system, the thesis puts forward some suggestions to thedecrease the fragility of the banking system from the perspective of the supervisionsystem, which includes enhancing the awareness of the importance of stability of thebanking system, strengthening the macro-prudential supervision of the banking system,strengthening the micro-prudential supervision of the systemically important banks, andimproving the effectiveness of the bank safety net.
引文
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    ①特许权价值(franchise value of banking license)是指银行等金融机构凭借其特许地位取得的超额利润的现值。从经济学意义上,特许权价值是金融机构凭借其特许地位获得的经济租金。
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    ③金融集团是指主要从事金融业务,并至少明显地从事银行、证券、保险中的两个或两个以上的经营活动的企业集团。
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