基于延期支付的零售企业最优定价和库存策略研究
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摘要
延期支付作为一种短期商业信贷主要方式,广泛地存在于商业活动中,尤其在零售业中,延期支付的普遍应用可以使供应商对零售商的信用状况更好的了解;增强对零售商的控制力;降低供应商处理存货的成本且可以更有效地掩盖价格歧视行为。传统的零售商库存决策研究中往往忽略资金成本,因而建立的零售商最优定价和库存模型与现实情况有较大差距。
在此背景下,本文首先通过大量阅读延期支付领域的相关文献,提出值得进一步研究的四个问题:(1)当延期支付是临时性时,零售商是否需要并如何调整正常的定价和库存策略?(2)当延期支付是有条件才允许时,零售商如何制定最优定价和库存策略?(3)当考虑零售商对顾客也提供延期支付,即两阶段延期支付条件下,零售商如何制定最优的定价和库存策略?(4)在零售商主导的供应链中如何利用延期支付机制实现库存协调?
然后,本文通过对以上四个现实问题的数学建模或对已有模型进行改进,运用运筹学中存储论等相关理论,以及微积分、概率论等数学工具,对数学模型分析求解,最终提出这四个问题的最优决策模型及求解算法。具体包括:1)建立临时性延期支付下零售商的最优定价和库存模型,当延期支付起至时段在零售商单个订货周期内时,提出零售商选择临时订货的决策定理,并给出相应的算法求解最优订货量;当延期支付起至时段为有限计划期时,提出零售商的动态定价和库存联合决策模型,并给出求解算法;2)改进已有的有条件延期支付下零售商的订货决策模型,在两类条件下分别放宽假设,即第一类有条件延期支付的假设是供应商提供延期支付的同时有多个现金折扣点时,第二类有条件延期支付的假设是允许零售商部分延期支付,且考虑多种需求特性,分别建立零售商最优订货周期和订货量的决策模型,并给出求解算法;3)改进已有两阶段延期支付下零售商的订货决策模型。分别考虑两种更为现实的情况,一是供应商对零售商提供全单位延期支付,而零售商对顾客提供部分延期支付;二是零售商对顾客提供的延期支付期限对顾客需求有影响,分别建立零售商最优订货周期和订货量的决策模型,并给出求解算法;4)对零售商主导的这一类特殊供应链,证明了当零售商参与延期支付条件制定时,可以实现自身利益增大的同时不减少供应商的利益,最终实现供应链协调,并建立供应商和零售商的联合库存决策模型,及延期支付条件的最优决策模型,并给出求解算法。
综上所述,本文补充和改进了延期支付领域的研究,对以上四个问题建立更符合实际的决策模型,因而具有一定的理论价值和实践意义。同时,随着研究的深入,发现的问题会更多,建模过程中考虑的假设条件会更逼近现实情况,建模及求解过程会越来越复杂,也会越来越具有应用性。
Delay payment is a popular way of short-term business loan, existing broadly in the business activity, particularly in the retail trade. Widely application of delay payment can make supplier to better understanding of the reputation condition of the retailer;Strengthen to the control of the retailer;reduce the cost of the supplier processing stock and cover up the price discrimination behavior more availably.Usually neglect the funds cost in the traditional retailer inventory decision research, there is a big gap between the optimal price and inventory decision of retailer and the realistic circumstances.
Firstly, this dissertation put forward worthy of further research of four problems under this background,based on the review of a great lot related research papers:(1)When the delay payment is a temporary behavior, should the retailer need to adjust his nomal inventory decison?And how to make the optimal decision? (2)When the delay payment is conditional,how does the retailer make the optimal price and inventory decision? (3)When consider the retailer also give the delay payment to the customer, namely the two stages delay payment, how does the retailer make the optimal price and inventory decision? (4)How does the delay patment mechanism to carry out the stock coordination in the supply chain in the retailer dominated supply chain?
Secondly, this dissertation set up the models or improve the existing models for the four realistic problem with mathematics method, using the inventory theory ,calculus, and probability theory etc. mathematics tool, solving these models, and finally give the optimal decision model of these problems.1) Set up the optimal price and inventory models under temporary delay payment. When the temproray delay payement existing one order cycle of retailer,this part give the choice principle and the optimal ordering model;when existing multi-order cycle,this part give the dynamic price and inventory decision model.2)Improving the existing model of coditional delay payment models,release the hypothesis under two kinds of conditions.One is the supplier give multi-cash discount point of delay payment,the other one is the retailer can partially delay payment.This part give the optimal inventory decision models under these two conditions and give the resolve algorithm. 3) Improving the existing model of two-stage delay payment models, release the hypothesis under two kinds of conditions. One is the supplier give full unit delay payment to the retailer,but the retailer give the partially delay payment to the customer.The other one is the delay payment which the retailer give to the customer can influence the customer demand.This part give the optimal inventory decision models under these two conditions and give the resolve algorithm.4) Considering the retailer dominated suppy chain, proved that delay payment can make the coordination of suppy chain when retailer participate to the decision of delay pay.Retailer can carry out the self interest but not to reduce the benefits of the supplier at the same time, This part also give the optimal inventory decision models under these situation and give the resolve algorithm.
In a word, this dissertation replenished and improved the existing research of delay payment, set up four more effective decision models, have a certain theory and practice value. With related research continued, the hypothesises would be more close to the real world,the process of modeling and solving would be more complex,and the conclusion will be more applicable.
在此背景下,本文首先通过大量阅读延期支付领域的相关文献,提出值得进一步研究的四个问题:(1)当延期支付是临时性时,零售商是否需要并如何调整正常的定价和库存策略?(2)当延期支付是有条件才允许时,零售商如何制定最优定价和库存策略?(3)当考虑零售商对顾客也提供延期支付,即两阶段延期支付条件下,零售商如何制定最优的定价和库存策略?(4)在零售商主导的供应链中如何利用延期支付机制实现库存协调?
然后,本文通过对以上四个现实问题的数学建模或对已有模型进行改进,运用运筹学中存储论等相关理论,以及微积分、概率论等数学工具,对数学模型分析求解,最终提出这四个问题的最优决策模型及求解算法。具体包括:1)建立临时性延期支付下零售商的最优定价和库存模型,当延期支付起至时段在零售商单个订货周期内时,提出零售商选择临时订货的决策定理,并给出相应的算法求解最优订货量;当延期支付起至时段为有限计划期时,提出零售商的动态定价和库存联合决策模型,并给出求解算法;2)改进已有的有条件延期支付下零售商的订货决策模型,在两类条件下分别放宽假设,即第一类有条件延期支付的假设是供应商提供延期支付的同时有多个现金折扣点时,第二类有条件延期支付的假设是允许零售商部分延期支付,且考虑多种需求特性,分别建立零售商最优订货周期和订货量的决策模型,并给出求解算法;3)改进已有两阶段延期支付下零售商的订货决策模型。分别考虑两种更为现实的情况,一是供应商对零售商提供全单位延期支付,而零售商对顾客提供部分延期支付;二是零售商对顾客提供的延期支付期限对顾客需求有影响,分别建立零售商最优订货周期和订货量的决策模型,并给出求解算法;4)对零售商主导的这一类特殊供应链,证明了当零售商参与延期支付条件制定时,可以实现自身利益增大的同时不减少供应商的利益,最终实现供应链协调,并建立供应商和零售商的联合库存决策模型,及延期支付条件的最优决策模型,并给出求解算法。
综上所述,本文补充和改进了延期支付领域的研究,对以上四个问题建立更符合实际的决策模型,因而具有一定的理论价值和实践意义。同时,随着研究的深入,发现的问题会更多,建模过程中考虑的假设条件会更逼近现实情况,建模及求解过程会越来越复杂,也会越来越具有应用性。
Delay payment is a popular way of short-term business loan, existing broadly in the business activity, particularly in the retail trade. Widely application of delay payment can make supplier to better understanding of the reputation condition of the retailer;Strengthen to the control of the retailer;reduce the cost of the supplier processing stock and cover up the price discrimination behavior more availably.Usually neglect the funds cost in the traditional retailer inventory decision research, there is a big gap between the optimal price and inventory decision of retailer and the realistic circumstances.
Firstly, this dissertation put forward worthy of further research of four problems under this background,based on the review of a great lot related research papers:(1)When the delay payment is a temporary behavior, should the retailer need to adjust his nomal inventory decison?And how to make the optimal decision? (2)When the delay payment is conditional,how does the retailer make the optimal price and inventory decision? (3)When consider the retailer also give the delay payment to the customer, namely the two stages delay payment, how does the retailer make the optimal price and inventory decision? (4)How does the delay patment mechanism to carry out the stock coordination in the supply chain in the retailer dominated supply chain?
Secondly, this dissertation set up the models or improve the existing models for the four realistic problem with mathematics method, using the inventory theory ,calculus, and probability theory etc. mathematics tool, solving these models, and finally give the optimal decision model of these problems.1) Set up the optimal price and inventory models under temporary delay payment. When the temproray delay payement existing one order cycle of retailer,this part give the choice principle and the optimal ordering model;when existing multi-order cycle,this part give the dynamic price and inventory decision model.2)Improving the existing model of coditional delay payment models,release the hypothesis under two kinds of conditions.One is the supplier give multi-cash discount point of delay payment,the other one is the retailer can partially delay payment.This part give the optimal inventory decision models under these two conditions and give the resolve algorithm. 3) Improving the existing model of two-stage delay payment models, release the hypothesis under two kinds of conditions. One is the supplier give full unit delay payment to the retailer,but the retailer give the partially delay payment to the customer.The other one is the delay payment which the retailer give to the customer can influence the customer demand.This part give the optimal inventory decision models under these two conditions and give the resolve algorithm.4) Considering the retailer dominated suppy chain, proved that delay payment can make the coordination of suppy chain when retailer participate to the decision of delay pay.Retailer can carry out the self interest but not to reduce the benefits of the supplier at the same time, This part also give the optimal inventory decision models under these situation and give the resolve algorithm.
In a word, this dissertation replenished and improved the existing research of delay payment, set up four more effective decision models, have a certain theory and practice value. With related research continued, the hypothesises would be more close to the real world,the process of modeling and solving would be more complex,and the conclusion will be more applicable.
引文
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5 数据来源:国家信息中心中国经济信息网,CEI中国行业发展报告,2004,www.cei.gov.cn.
6 数据来源:IBM商业价值研究院,中国零售企业和快速消费品企业工商协作研究报告,2005年
7 数据来源:罗兰贝格国际管理咨询公司,2003年中国商品缺货调查报告。此次调研对13个零售商品分类中的约2,000种单品做了连续14天的跟踪调查,其调查对象涵盖北京,上海,深圳3个城市的5家零售商的12家大卖场门店,包括上海联华,华润万家等大型零售企业,总计调查了约250,000个单品扫描数据,1,000份消费者调查数据及500份门店经理人和员工访谈记录研究范围。
8 资料来源:毕博管理咨询公司,2002年美国零售行业库存管理状况调查。美国华盛顿库存控制服务(Washington Inventory Service)的协助下,毕博咨询对美国一大批属于各行业的连锁商店进行了广泛的调研,其中包括大卖场、百货商店、超市、医药连锁、家政超市、服装专卖连锁店。大约53%的被调研者是年收入超过5亿美元的企业,另外50%的被调研者是拥有超讨10个店面的企业。
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78 Chang C T.Ouyang L Y,Teng T.An EOQ model for deteriorating items under supplier credits linked to ordering quantity[J].Applied Mathematical Modelling,2003,27(12)983-996.
79 Chung K J,Liao J J.Lot-sizing decisions under trade credit depending on the ordering quantity[J].Co mputers&Operations Research,2004,31(6):909-928.
80 Chang K J,Goyai S K,et al.The optimal inventory policies under permissible delay in payments depending on the ordering quantity[J].International Journal of Production Ecomomics,2005,95(2):203-213.
81 Chung K J,Liao J J.The optimal ordering policy in an DCF analysis for deteriorating items when trade credit depend on the order quantity[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2006,100(1):126-130.
82 Liao J J.A note on an EOQ model for deteriorating items under supplier credit linked to ordering quantity[J].Applied Mathematical Modelling,2007,31(8):1690-1699.
83 Teng J T,Chang C T,Chem M S,Ya L C.Retailer s optimal ordering policies with trade credit financing[J].Journal International Journal Of Systems Science,2007,38:269-278.
84 Yung-Fu Huang.Optimal retailer's replenishment decisions in the EPQ model under two levels of trade credit policy[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2007(176):1577-1591.
85 Chung K J,Huang Y F.The optimal cycle time for EPQ inventory model under permissible delay in payments[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2003,84:307-318.
86 Liao J J.On an EPQ model for deteriorating items under permissible delay in payments[J].Applied Mathematical Modeling,4 January2 006.
87 Y.F.Huang,K.J.Chung.Optimal replenishment and payment policies in the EOQ model under cash discount and trade credit[J].Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 20(2003) 177-190.
88 Arcelus F J,Srinivasan GDelay of payments vs.price discounts for extraordinary purchases:The buyer's perspective[J].Engineering Costs and Production Economics,1990,19(1-3):273-279.Arcelus F J,Sriniasan G.Some issues onthe modelling of incentives for special sales[J].International Journal of Production Economics,1992,26(1-3):267-272.
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94 Jamal A M,Sarker B R,Wang S J.Optimal payment time for a retailer under permited delay of payment by the wholesaler[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2000,66(1 ):59-66.
95 Sarker B R,Jamal A M,Wang S J.Supply chain models for perishable products under inflation and permissibled delay in payment[J].Computer&Operations Research,2000,27(1):59-71.
96 Chang C T,Wu S J.A note on "optimal payment time under permissible delay in payment for products with deterioration"[J].Production Planning&Control,2003,14(5):478-482.
97 Liao H C,Chen Y K.Optimal payment time for retailer's inventory system[J].International Journal of Systems Science,2003,34(4):245-253.
98 Song X P,Cai X Q.On optimal payment time for a retailer under permitted delay of payment by the wholesaler[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2006,103(1):246- 251.
99邱昊,梁樑.延期付款条件下两货栈库存优化模型[J].系统工程,2007,2.
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105 Chang H J,Dye C Y.An inventory model for deteriorating items with partial backlogging and permissible delay in payments[J].International Journal of Systems Science,2001,32:345-352.
106 Hwang H,Shinn S W.Retailer's pricing and lot sizing policy for exponentially deteriorating products under the condition of permissible delay in payments[J].Computers&operations Research,1997,24(6):539-547.
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[112]Liao H C,Tsai C H,Chao T S.An inventory model with deteriorating items under inflation when a delay in payment is permissible[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2000,63(2):207-214.
[113]Chang C T.An eoq model with deteriorating items under inflation when supplier credits linked to order quantity[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2004(88):307-316.
[114]文晓巍,达庆利.一类通货膨胀下变质商品的最优补充决策[J].系统工程理论方法应用,2005.6:527-536.
[115]Liang-Ho Chen,Liang-Yuh Ouyang.Fuzzy inventory model for deteriorating items with permissible delay in payment[J].Applied mathematics and Computation,2006,186:711-726.
[116]周永务.物流系统的库存控制模型与方法研究IDI.合肥工业大学,2002
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[120]Arcelus F J,Shah N H,Srinivasan G.Retailer's pricing credit and inventory policies for deteriorating items in response to temporary price/credit incentives[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2003,81/82:153 - 162.
[121]Blatberg R C,Neslin S C.Sales Promotion.-Concepts,Methods and Strategies,Englewood Clifs,NJ :Pren tice-Hall.(1990).
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2 William H.Cunning ham,Isabella C.M.Cunning ham,Christopher M.Swift.市场营销学.管理方法:第二版,西南出版公司,1987年,P623-633.
3 G.Hadley and T.M.Whitin,Analysis of Inventory Systems.Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,N.J.1963.
4 董艳丽.零售商库存控制策略研究[D],辽宁大学,2007.
5 数据来源:国家信息中心中国经济信息网,CEI中国行业发展报告,2004,www.cei.gov.cn.
6 数据来源:IBM商业价值研究院,中国零售企业和快速消费品企业工商协作研究报告,2005年
7 数据来源:罗兰贝格国际管理咨询公司,2003年中国商品缺货调查报告。此次调研对13个零售商品分类中的约2,000种单品做了连续14天的跟踪调查,其调查对象涵盖北京,上海,深圳3个城市的5家零售商的12家大卖场门店,包括上海联华,华润万家等大型零售企业,总计调查了约250,000个单品扫描数据,1,000份消费者调查数据及500份门店经理人和员工访谈记录研究范围。
8 资料来源:毕博管理咨询公司,2002年美国零售行业库存管理状况调查。美国华盛顿库存控制服务(Washington Inventory Service)的协助下,毕博咨询对美国一大批属于各行业的连锁商店进行了广泛的调研,其中包括大卖场、百货商店、超市、医药连锁、家政超市、服装专卖连锁店。大约53%的被调研者是年收入超过5亿美元的企业,另外50%的被调研者是拥有超讨10个店面的企业。
9 Peterson M A,Rajah R G.Trade credit:theories and evidence[J].The Review ofF inancial Studies,1997,10:661-691.
10 Wilson N,SummersB.Trade credit firms offered by small firms:survey evidence and empirical analysis[J].Journal of Business Finance & Accounting,2002,29:317-351.
11 Gupta D,Wang L.The impact of trade-credit terms on inventory decisions[Z].2005.
12 数据来源:2007年中国零售行业年度报告,赛迪网,http://market.ccidnet.com/report/content/3076/200710/31030.html
13 郎咸平,孙捷.中国零售业到了最危险的时候,中国经营报,2003年4月28日.
14 数据来源:网易商业频道,http://biz.163.com/05/0913/12/1THEKN0R00020QEO.html.
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110 Sarker B R,Jamal A M,Wang S J.Supply chain models for perishable products under inflation and permissible delay in payment[J].Computers&Operations Research,2000,27(1):59-75.
111 Liao H C,Tsai C H,Chao T S.An inventory model with deteriorating items under inflation when a delay in payment is permissible[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2000,63(2):207-214.
112 Chang C T.An eoq model with deteriorating items under inflation when supplier credits linked to order quantity[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2004(88):307-316.
113 文晓巍,达庆利.一类通货膨胀下变质商品的最优补充决策[J].系统工程理论方法应用,2005,6:527-536.
114 Liang-Ho chen.Liang-Yuh Ouyang.Fuzzy inyentory model for deterioraling items with permiss-ble delay in payment[J].Applied mathematics and Computation,2006,186:711-726.
115 周永务.物流系统的库存控制模型与方法研究[D].合肥工业大学,2002
116 ThomasL J.Price and Production Decisions with Random Demand.Oper.Res.1974,22:513-418.
117 Kunreuther H C,Schrage L.Joint Pricing and Inventory Decisions for Non-seasonal Items[J].Econometrica,1973.39:173-175.
118 Rajan A,Rakesh A,Steinberg R.Dynamic Pricing and Ordering Decisions by a Monopolist[J].Management Science.1992,38(7):240-26.
119 Arcelus F J,Shah N H,Srinivasan G.Retailer's pricing credit and inventory policies for deteriorating items in response to temporary price/credit incentives[J].International Journal of Production Economics,2003,81/82:153 - 162.
120 Blatberg R C,Neslin S C.Sales Promotion.-Concepts,Methods and Strategies,Englewood Clifs,NJ:Pren tice-Hall.(1990).
122 Shinn SW,Hwang H.Optimal pricing and ordering policies for retailers under Order size.dependcnt delay in paymcnts[J].Computcrs find Opcrations Rescarch 2003;30:35-50.
123 Hwang H,Shinn SW.Retailer's pricing and lot sizing policy for exponcntially dcterorating products under the condition of permissible delay in payment[J].Computcrs and Operations Research 1997:24:539-47.
[1]肖怡.《零售学》.高等教育出版社,2003年版.
[2]William H.Cunning ham,Isabella C.M.Cunning ham,Christopher M.Swift.市场营销学-管理方法:第二版,西南出版公司,1987年,P623-633.
[3]G.Hadley and T.M.Whitin,Analysis of Inventory Systems.Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliff s,N.J.1963.
[4]董艳丽.零售商库存控制策略研究[D],辽宁大学,2007.
[5]数据来源:国家信息中心中国经济信息网,CEI中国行业发展报告,2004,www.cei.gov.cn.
[6]数据来源:IBM商业价值研究院,中国零售企业和快速消费品企业工商协作研究报告,2005年
[7]数据来源:罗兰贝格国际管理咨询公司,2003年中国商品缺货调查报告。此次调研对13个零售商品分类中的约2,000种单品做了连续14天的跟踪调查,其调查对象涵盖北京,上海,深圳3个城市的5家零售商的12家大卖场门店,包括上海联华,华润万家等大型零售企业,总计调查了约250,000个单品扫描数据,1,000份消费者调查数据及500份门店经理人和员工访谈记录研究范围。
[8]资料来源:毕博管理咨询公司,2002年美国零售行业库存管理状况调查。美国华盛顿库存控制服务(Washington Inventory Service)的协助下,毕博咨询对美国一大批属于各行业的连锁商店进行了广泛的调研,其中包括大卖场、百货商店、超市、医药连锁、家政超市、服装专卖连锁店。大约53%的被调研者是年收入超过5亿美元的企业,另外50%的被调研者是拥有超过10个店面的企业。
[9]Peterson M A,Rajan R G.Trade credit:theories and evidence[J].The Review of F inancial Studies,1997,10:661-691.
[10]Wilson N,SummersB.Trade credit firms offered by small firms:survey evidence and empirical analysis[J].Journal of Business Finance & Accounting,2002,29:317-351.
[11]Gupta D,Wang L.The impact of trade-credit terms on inventory decisions[Z].2005.
[12]数据来源:2007 年中国零售行业年度报告,赛迪网,http://market.ccidnet.com/report/content/3076/200710/31030.html.
[13]郎咸平,孙捷.中国零售业到了最危险的时候,中国经营报,2003年4月28日.
[14]数据来源:网易商业频道,http://biz.163.com/05/0913/12/1THEKN0R00020QEO.html.
[15]陈琦,孟杨.供应链协调下的契约定价策略研究[J].价格理论与实践,2008.3.
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