喷射器在船舶冷库节能中的应用与实验研究
摘要
制冷技术不仅在陆上，而且在近代船舶上也获得了十分广泛的应用，船舶冷库虽非船舶动力装置的组成部分与船舶的航行性能无关，但却与船舶营运有着极为重要的关联，并成为船上不可缺少的重要装备之一。因此船舶冷库运行要求越来越高，特别是冷藏运输船。众所周知船舶单机多库(简称为高、低温冷库)系统中，常用背压阀(蒸发压力调节阀)来调节各高温库的蒸发温度，但忽略了系统无形损耗的能量，效率也有所下降。鉴于目前这种现状，本文提出了以喷射器为基础的船舶高、低温冷库制冷新循环，不但可调节高温库的蒸发温度，而且也可使压缩机的回气压力得到提高，压缩机排气温度降低，单位容积制冷量上升，制冷系数提高，火用效率提高。所以把这项技术综合应用于船舶冷库系统中，可以有效地降低系统运行的能耗，达到了节能的目的，取得良好的经济效益和社会效益。
在文中，作者对喷射器实施的可行性从热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律分别进行了充分的论证。本文分别叙述了本课题研究的必要性、意义及内容；船舶冷库制冷系统的型式、船舶高、低温冷库的单机多库系统，并重在理论上分析了新循环较原循环有许多优越性；制冷新循环中的喷射器的原理、参数设计理论及结构尺寸；船舶高、低温制冷系统的实验研究，包括实验装置、实验操作控制台、制冷系统原理图、微机检测情况及实验结果：研究结论与实用价值等。内容涉及到制冷原理与技术，热力学原理，火用分析原理及应用，传感器原理与应用，微型计算机检测技术，船舶辅机等诸多方面的知识。
同时，为了实现对冷库系统运行参数的全程检测，以利于系统主要设备的安全可靠运行。在系统的主要设备进出口均布置了测量点，同时利用计算机检测技术对各测量点数据进行在线检测，检测软件是基于鲁班组态软件平台而开发的，可以实时动态显示检测数据及数据的趋势图，还可以完整保存历史数据，以利于分析系统常年运行工况，进一步制定改进措施。
本论文所研究的建立在喷射器基础上的船舶高、低温冷库制冷系统是现代微机技术在船舶测试技术中的一项具体尝试和实践，有待于进一步改进和完善。
Refrigeration technology achieves quite extensive application not only on shore but also on neoteric ships. Shipping cold store is not a part of dynamic force equipment and is not relative to sailing, but it has important relationship with running expenses and becomes indispensable one among equipment on ship. So shipping cold store system is required to run with kilter, especially reefer. As we all know, the back-pressure valve (also called evaporating pressure regulator) is often used to regulate the evaporating temperature of every high-temperature refrigeratory in the system containing many different temperatures but single engine of the ship. But it is neglected that the energy of the system is lost and the efficiency of the system becomes low. Based on this, the paper puts for ward the new cycle theory in the high and low temperature refrigeratory of the ship. A ejector for is applied in this theory. It can not only regulate the evaporating temperature of each high-temperature refrigeratory but also reduce the back-pressure of the compressor when a system applies this theory. At the same time, the exhaust temperature of the compressor becomes low and the refrigerating capacity per unit of swept volume becomes high. It leads to the coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency increased. Application of this technology to shipping cold store can reduce energy consumption effectively and achieve satisfactory economic and social benefits.
The author has completed much theoretic study to prove the feasibility of the ejector with the first and second law of thermodynamics. The paper introduces the necessity the purpose and some study methods separately. It also introduces the actuality of the ship refrigerated carrying, types of the refrigeration systems of the ship the stand-alone and more storerooms system in the high and low temperature refrigeratory system of the ship, some advantages of the new cycle ,the principle of the erector, the parameter design theory and construction size of the ejector in the new refrigeration cycle, the test study in the high and low temperature refrigeratory system of the ship
which includes the test device, the operation console, the principle chart of the refrigeration system, the computer testing results and so on. This paper involves the refrigeration principle and technology, the thermodynamics principle, the exergy analyses principle and its applications, the sensor principle and its applications, the microcomputer testing technique, the auxiliary engine of the ship etc.
At the same time, to realize the measuring of cold store running parameters so that the main equipment of this system can run safely and reliably, measuring points are disposed at inlet and outlet of main devices, and computer detecting technology is used to measure the real time data at every point. Software is developed on the basis of luban configuration software, and it can display dynamic detecting data as well as trend diagram, and can save fully history data. These can help manager analyze perennial running state of cold store system and set down better measures.
The new refrigeration cycle theory with the ejector for the high and low temperature refrigeratory of the ship is a concrete tryout and efficient practice which involves the modern computer technology in the ship testing technique. It needs further study.
在文中，作者对喷射器实施的可行性从热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律分别进行了充分的论证。本文分别叙述了本课题研究的必要性、意义及内容；船舶冷库制冷系统的型式、船舶高、低温冷库的单机多库系统，并重在理论上分析了新循环较原循环有许多优越性；制冷新循环中的喷射器的原理、参数设计理论及结构尺寸；船舶高、低温制冷系统的实验研究，包括实验装置、实验操作控制台、制冷系统原理图、微机检测情况及实验结果：研究结论与实用价值等。内容涉及到制冷原理与技术，热力学原理，火用分析原理及应用，传感器原理与应用，微型计算机检测技术，船舶辅机等诸多方面的知识。
同时，为了实现对冷库系统运行参数的全程检测，以利于系统主要设备的安全可靠运行。在系统的主要设备进出口均布置了测量点，同时利用计算机检测技术对各测量点数据进行在线检测，检测软件是基于鲁班组态软件平台而开发的，可以实时动态显示检测数据及数据的趋势图，还可以完整保存历史数据，以利于分析系统常年运行工况，进一步制定改进措施。
本论文所研究的建立在喷射器基础上的船舶高、低温冷库制冷系统是现代微机技术在船舶测试技术中的一项具体尝试和实践，有待于进一步改进和完善。
Refrigeration technology achieves quite extensive application not only on shore but also on neoteric ships. Shipping cold store is not a part of dynamic force equipment and is not relative to sailing, but it has important relationship with running expenses and becomes indispensable one among equipment on ship. So shipping cold store system is required to run with kilter, especially reefer. As we all know, the back-pressure valve (also called evaporating pressure regulator) is often used to regulate the evaporating temperature of every high-temperature refrigeratory in the system containing many different temperatures but single engine of the ship. But it is neglected that the energy of the system is lost and the efficiency of the system becomes low. Based on this, the paper puts for ward the new cycle theory in the high and low temperature refrigeratory of the ship. A ejector for is applied in this theory. It can not only regulate the evaporating temperature of each high-temperature refrigeratory but also reduce the back-pressure of the compressor when a system applies this theory. At the same time, the exhaust temperature of the compressor becomes low and the refrigerating capacity per unit of swept volume becomes high. It leads to the coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency increased. Application of this technology to shipping cold store can reduce energy consumption effectively and achieve satisfactory economic and social benefits.
The author has completed much theoretic study to prove the feasibility of the ejector with the first and second law of thermodynamics. The paper introduces the necessity the purpose and some study methods separately. It also introduces the actuality of the ship refrigerated carrying, types of the refrigeration systems of the ship the stand-alone and more storerooms system in the high and low temperature refrigeratory system of the ship, some advantages of the new cycle ,the principle of the erector, the parameter design theory and construction size of the ejector in the new refrigeration cycle, the test study in the high and low temperature refrigeratory system of the ship
which includes the test device, the operation console, the principle chart of the refrigeration system, the computer testing results and so on. This paper involves the refrigeration principle and technology, the thermodynamics principle, the exergy analyses principle and its applications, the sensor principle and its applications, the microcomputer testing technique, the auxiliary engine of the ship etc.
At the same time, to realize the measuring of cold store running parameters so that the main equipment of this system can run safely and reliably, measuring points are disposed at inlet and outlet of main devices, and computer detecting technology is used to measure the real time data at every point. Software is developed on the basis of luban configuration software, and it can display dynamic detecting data as well as trend diagram, and can save fully history data. These can help manager analyze perennial running state of cold store system and set down better measures.
The new refrigeration cycle theory with the ejector for the high and low temperature refrigeratory of the ship is a concrete tryout and efficient practice which involves the modern computer technology in the ship testing technique. It needs further study.
引文
[1] 张建一，制冷装置节能技术，机械工业出版社，1999
[2] 杨磊，制冷原理与技术，科学出版社，1988
[3] 阎永阁，船舶辅机，大连海运学院出版社，1989
[4] 李松寿等，制冷原理与设备，上海科学出版社，1987
[5] [美]W·F·斯托克 J·W·琼斯著，制冷与空调，机械工业出版社，1985
[6] 岳孝方，陈汝东著，制冷技术应用，同济大学出版社，1990
[7] 金苏敏，制冷技术及其应用，机械工业出版社，1999
[8] 徐世琼，新编制冷技术问答，中国农业出版社，1999
[9] 燃烧化学工业部，蒸汽喷射制冷设计手册，中国建筑工业出版社
[10] [民主德国]H·德里斯 A·兹维克，机械工业出版社，1988
[11] 张祉（示右）、石秉三，制冷及低温技术，机械工业出版社，1979
[12] 大连海运学院辅机教研组，船舶冷藏和空气调节装置，人民交通出版社，1978
[13] Stal Co. Marine Refrigeration,1988
[14] Marine Engineer Review,1975～1985
[15] 范晓伟、阴建民、陈钟颀等，新型压缩／喷射制冷循环系统的实验研究，《西安交通大学学报》，1977．5
[16] Komhauser. Aa. The use of an ejector as refrigerant expender. In: Proc of the 1990 USNC/Ⅱ R-Purdue Refrigeration Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue due CFC Conference. West Lafeyette, VSA, 1990 10～19
[17] Silvetti B. Ejector expansion refrigeration cycle Refrig and Air-Cond Technol workshop. Ornl-6797 Osk ridge Nat lab,1993
[18] Tomasek ML, Radermacher R. Analysis of domestic refrigerator cycle with an ejector. ASHRAE Trans, 1994
[19] A. Lorenz, K. Menzner, Application of non-azeotropic two-component refrigerants in domestic refrigerators and home freezers,Proc.14th.Int.Congr.Refri 1975
[20] 霍廷祥，中国冷库发展之我见，《制冷》，1998．3
[21] 张慧，徐茂堂，从一机多库的使用要求展望我国舰船冷藏装置的发展《船舶》，1998．4
[22] 王汝斌，喷射器在蒸汽加热系统节能中的应用，《节能》，1998．4
[23] 刘代俊、王钟鸣、李军，喷射式热泵的性能分析，《节能技术》，1996．3
[24] J. WmacArthur, "Analytical Repressentation of the Transient energy interactions in Vapour Compression heat pump". ASHARE TRANS. VOL 90,1A,1984
[25] 茅以惠、余国和，吸收式与蒸汽的喷射式制冷机，机械工业出版社，1985
[26] (苏)E.Q.奈科洛夫 H.M.津格尔著，喷射器，科学出版社，1997
[27] Tan Liam Cheng, Ge Yunting: Thermoclynamic Performance analysis and test of refrigerator using R152a as refrigerant proc of the 1990 USNC/ⅡR-purdue CFC Conference 1990, U.S.A
[28]E.G.Pita:Refrigeration Principles and system,ToHo Wiley and sons Inc. 1984
[29]Desantis R,Gironif, Marrelli L. Vapor-liquid equilibrium from a hard-sphere equation of state. Ind Eng chem fundam,1976
[30]段永红、谭连城：Patel-teja方程的一种改进，《西安交通大学学校》，1990(增1)
[31]W.B.Gosney: Principles of Refrigeration,Cambridge University press, 1982
[32]R.W.Marsh: Principles of Refrigeration, Litton Education Publishing Inc, 1979
[33]American Society 21 Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineer: ASHRAE Handbook,1985
[34]C.R.Scrine etc: Long distance refrigerated transport: land and sea, int. inst. Of refrigeration, 1985
[35]朱明善，能量系统的火用分析，清华大学出版社，1988
[36]沈维道，郑佩其，蒋淡安合编，工程热力学，高等教育出版社，1983
[37]杨东华，物质系统的火用和火无的统一表达式，《工程热物理学报》，1981
[38]蒋能照，火用及其在制冷工程的应用，《制冷学校》，1981．1
[39]赵冠春，钱立伦编著，火用分析及其应用，高等教育出版社，1984
[40] H.Auracher, The Application of Exergy to Refrigeration Process Optimiiotion, Xvth International Congress of Refrigeration(Venice,1989),Proceedings Vol.Ⅱ
[41] G.M.Reistad, Available-Energy Utilization in the U.S.A.C.S.Symposium series,122,1980,93
[42] 西安协科新技术有限公司，系列压力变送器使用说明书
[43] 上海光华仪表厂，LCB-A(E)型椭圆齿轮流量变送器使用说明书
[44] 单成祥，传感器的理论与设计基础及其应用，国防工业出版社，1999．8
[45] 张国忠，赵家炎著，检测技术，中国计量出版社，1998．3
[46] 李大友、张秀琼、吴定荣，微型计算机接口技术，清华大学出版社，1999．8
[47] 香港昌晖自动化系统有限公司，智能流量计算仪和多路巡检显示控制仪控制手册
[48] Wong. A.K.H., James, R.W.: The influence of control systems on the performance of refrigeration systems, Australian Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Neating,May,1989
[49] Danfoss Catalogue: Automatic Controls for refrigeration plant and air conditioning systems, RK, OO. N1.02 c Danfoss,1990(7)
[50] Danfoss: Automatic refrigeration controls, Printed in Denmark by Danfoss Litho,1989
[2] 杨磊，制冷原理与技术，科学出版社，1988
[3] 阎永阁，船舶辅机，大连海运学院出版社，1989
[4] 李松寿等，制冷原理与设备，上海科学出版社，1987
[5] [美]W·F·斯托克 J·W·琼斯著，制冷与空调，机械工业出版社，1985
[6] 岳孝方，陈汝东著，制冷技术应用，同济大学出版社，1990
[7] 金苏敏，制冷技术及其应用，机械工业出版社，1999
[8] 徐世琼，新编制冷技术问答，中国农业出版社，1999
[9] 燃烧化学工业部，蒸汽喷射制冷设计手册，中国建筑工业出版社
[10] [民主德国]H·德里斯 A·兹维克，机械工业出版社，1988
[11] 张祉（示右）、石秉三，制冷及低温技术，机械工业出版社，1979
[12] 大连海运学院辅机教研组，船舶冷藏和空气调节装置，人民交通出版社，1978
[13] Stal Co. Marine Refrigeration,1988
[14] Marine Engineer Review,1975～1985
[15] 范晓伟、阴建民、陈钟颀等，新型压缩／喷射制冷循环系统的实验研究，《西安交通大学学报》，1977．5
[16] Komhauser. Aa. The use of an ejector as refrigerant expender. In: Proc of the 1990 USNC/Ⅱ R-Purdue Refrigeration Conference and ASHRAE-Purdue due CFC Conference. West Lafeyette, VSA, 1990 10～19
[17] Silvetti B. Ejector expansion refrigeration cycle Refrig and Air-Cond Technol workshop. Ornl-6797 Osk ridge Nat lab,1993
[18] Tomasek ML, Radermacher R. Analysis of domestic refrigerator cycle with an ejector. ASHRAE Trans, 1994
[19] A. Lorenz, K. Menzner, Application of non-azeotropic two-component refrigerants in domestic refrigerators and home freezers,Proc.14th.Int.Congr.Refri 1975
[20] 霍廷祥，中国冷库发展之我见，《制冷》，1998．3
[21] 张慧，徐茂堂，从一机多库的使用要求展望我国舰船冷藏装置的发展《船舶》，1998．4
[22] 王汝斌，喷射器在蒸汽加热系统节能中的应用，《节能》，1998．4
[23] 刘代俊、王钟鸣、李军，喷射式热泵的性能分析，《节能技术》，1996．3
[24] J. WmacArthur, "Analytical Repressentation of the Transient energy interactions in Vapour Compression heat pump". ASHARE TRANS. VOL 90,1A,1984
[25] 茅以惠、余国和，吸收式与蒸汽的喷射式制冷机，机械工业出版社，1985
[26] (苏)E.Q.奈科洛夫 H.M.津格尔著，喷射器，科学出版社，1997
[27] Tan Liam Cheng, Ge Yunting: Thermoclynamic Performance analysis and test of refrigerator using R152a as refrigerant proc of the 1990 USNC/ⅡR-purdue CFC Conference 1990, U.S.A
[28]E.G.Pita:Refrigeration Principles and system,ToHo Wiley and sons Inc. 1984
[29]Desantis R,Gironif, Marrelli L. Vapor-liquid equilibrium from a hard-sphere equation of state. Ind Eng chem fundam,1976
[30]段永红、谭连城：Patel-teja方程的一种改进，《西安交通大学学校》，1990(增1)
[31]W.B.Gosney: Principles of Refrigeration,Cambridge University press, 1982
[32]R.W.Marsh: Principles of Refrigeration, Litton Education Publishing Inc, 1979
[33]American Society 21 Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineer: ASHRAE Handbook,1985
[34]C.R.Scrine etc: Long distance refrigerated transport: land and sea, int. inst. Of refrigeration, 1985
[35]朱明善，能量系统的火用分析，清华大学出版社，1988
[36]沈维道，郑佩其，蒋淡安合编，工程热力学，高等教育出版社，1983
[37]杨东华，物质系统的火用和火无的统一表达式，《工程热物理学报》，1981
[38]蒋能照，火用及其在制冷工程的应用，《制冷学校》，1981．1
[39]赵冠春，钱立伦编著，火用分析及其应用，高等教育出版社，1984
[40] H.Auracher, The Application of Exergy to Refrigeration Process Optimiiotion, Xvth International Congress of Refrigeration(Venice,1989),Proceedings Vol.Ⅱ
[41] G.M.Reistad, Available-Energy Utilization in the U.S.A.C.S.Symposium series,122,1980,93
[42] 西安协科新技术有限公司，系列压力变送器使用说明书
[43] 上海光华仪表厂，LCB-A(E)型椭圆齿轮流量变送器使用说明书
[44] 单成祥，传感器的理论与设计基础及其应用，国防工业出版社，1999．8
[45] 张国忠，赵家炎著，检测技术，中国计量出版社，1998．3
[46] 李大友、张秀琼、吴定荣，微型计算机接口技术，清华大学出版社，1999．8
[47] 香港昌晖自动化系统有限公司，智能流量计算仪和多路巡检显示控制仪控制手册
[48] Wong. A.K.H., James, R.W.: The influence of control systems on the performance of refrigeration systems, Australian Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Neating,May,1989
[49] Danfoss Catalogue: Automatic Controls for refrigeration plant and air conditioning systems, RK, OO. N1.02 c Danfoss,1990(7)
[50] Danfoss: Automatic refrigeration controls, Printed in Denmark by Danfoss Litho,1989