运用两级喷射式制冷提高客运汽车空调性能的理论与实验研究
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摘要
The current world situation of an increasing population is leading to an increase in the fuel consumption, green house gas emissions, electrical power consumption etc. These increases are becoming a serious problem which various organizations are concerned about and are trying to solve. An increase of bus air conditioning systems increases fuel consumption and therefore produces green house gas emissions as conventional bus air conditioners are vapor compression systems driven by engine power. In order to reduce the fuel consumption and gas emission of a bus, a two stage ejector cooling system is selected to study because the system requires little electrical power or engine power to drive the system. It uses exhaust gas emissions from buses to drive. The two stage ejector cooling system is used to cool condensate from the condenser of a bus air conditioner to a subcooling state in order to enhance the performance of vapor compression system.
The objective of this research is to study in theoretical and experimental performances of a two stage ejector cooling system using the waste heat of the engine (exhaust gases). To develop a combined air conditioning system with a two stage ejector cooling subsystem and a vapor compression subsystem and evaluating the applications of a two stage ejector cooling system to enhance the performance of the traditional bus air conditioning (vapor compression system). The cooling capacity obtained from the two stage ejector cooling subsystem is in turn used to cool the condensate of the vapor compression subsystem to a subcooled state to increase the COP of the vapor compression subsystem. The ejector cooling system uses water as the working fluid; the design operating conditions have a generating temperature of150℃, a condensing temperature of54℃and an evaporating temperature of13℃, In this work, variables were tested in order to understand the application of the system and the effect of varying operating conditions. In addition, the comparison of the performance between the single stage and two stage ejector cooling system has been carried out.
The results indicate that a two stage ejector cooling system can decrease the temperature of the condensate from the condenser from54℃to26.5℃under operating conditions with a generating temperature of150℃and an evaporating temperature of21.7℃, of which the COPejc is0.37. If condensate from the condenser of a vapor compression system is cooled by the two stage ejector cooling system under these conditions, the liquid becomes a subcooled state at26.5℃, the COPVCS improves from3.6to4.85(+34.86%). Furthermore, in this study, under high evaporating temperature condition, the two stage ejector system had lower performance than that of the single stage ejector system. The two stage ejector system showed better performance than the single stage ejector when used at a low evaporating temperature.
The expected advantages of the proposed system are reduced fuel consumption, reduced green house gas emissions, less demand for power from the engine, much less vibration while working and very low noise output, except that of circulating pump.
引文
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[10]N. Al-Aqeeli, P. Gandhidasan, The use of an open cycle absorption system in automobiles as an alternative to CFCs, In:Saudi Engineering the 6th Conference,5 (2002) 517-529.
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[2]HISPACOLD, General catalog air conditioning units, International HISPACOLD, S.A., Spain (1997)
[3]M. Suzuki, Application of adsorption cooling systems to automobiles, Heat Recovery System and CHP.13 (4) (1993) 335-340.
[4]G.P. Lin, X.G. Yuan, Z.G. Mei, The feasibility study of the waste heat air conditioning system for automobile, Journal of Thermal Science 3 (2) (1994) 126-129.
[5]F. Meunier, Adsorptive cooling:a clean technology, Clean Production Process 3 (2001) 8-20.
[6]D. Tcherne, A waste heat driven automotive air conditioning system, In:Proceeding of International Sorption Heat Pump Conference, Munich (1999) 65-70.
[7]J.Z. Shu, R.Z. Wang, Y.Z. Lu, Y.X. Xu,J.Y. Wu, Experimental study on locomotive driver cabin adsorption air conditioning prototype machine, Energy Conversation and Management 46(2005)1655-1665.
[8]J. Koehler, W.J. Tegethoff, D. Westphalen, M. Sonnekalb, Absorption refrigeration system for mobile applications utilizing exhaust gases, Heat and Mass Transfer 32 (1997) 333-340.
[9]P. Boatto, C. Boccaletti, G. Cerri, C. Malvicino, Internal combustion engine waste heat potential for an automotive absorption system of air conditioning, Part 2:the automotive absorption system, Proc. Instn. Mechanical Engineers, Part D, Journal of Automobile Engineering 214 (2000) 983-989.
[10]N. Al-Aqeeli, P. Gandhidasan, The use of an open cycle absorption system in automobiles as an alternative to CFCs, In:Saudi Engineering the 6th Conference,5 (2002) 517-529.
[11]Denso Corporation, Passenger vehicle air conditioning system using an ejector, Tokyo motor show (2009)
[12]Denso Corporation, Annual Report (2010) 8.
[13]Volkswagen AG, Unregulated motor vehicle exhaust gas components, Wolfsburg, Research and Development, (1989) 1-128.
[14]International energy agency (iea), Technology roadmap solar heating and cooling, Paris, France (2012).
[15]F. Assilzadeh, S.A. Kalogirou, Y. Ali, K. Sopian, Simulation and optimization of a LiBr solar absorption cooling system with evacuated tube collectors, Renewable Energy 30 (2005) 1143-1159.
[16]A. Syed, M. Izquierdo, P. Rodriguez, G. Maidment, J. Missenden, A. Lecuona, et al. A novel experimental investigation of a solar cooling system in Madrid, International Journal of Refrigeration 28 (2005) 859-871.
[17]M. Mazloumi, M. Naghashzadegan, K. Javaherdeh, Simulation of solar lithium bromide-water absorption cooling system with parabolic trough collector, Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 2820-2832.
[18]T. Jaruwongwittaya, G.M. Chen, A review:Renewable energy with absorption chillers in Thailand, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 1437-1444.
[19]W.B. Gosney, Principle of refrigeration, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press (1982).
[20]W.F. Stoecker, Steam-jet refrigeration, Boston, MA:Mc Graw-Hill (1958).
[21]J.H. Keenan, E.P. Neumann, K.F. Lustwer, An investigation of ejector design by analysis and experiment, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Transactions of the ASME 72 (1950) 299-309.
[22]X.J. Zhang, R.Z. Wang, A new combined adsorption-ejector refrigeration and heating hybrid system powered by solar energy, Applied Thermal Engineering 22 (2002) 1245-1258.
[23]E. Rusly, Lu Aye, W. W.S. Charters, A. Ooi, K. Pianthong, Ejector CFD modeling with real gas model, In:Mechanical Engineering Network of Thailand the 16th Conference, (2002) 150-155.
[24]J.H. Keenan, E.P. Neumann, A simple air ejector, ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics 64 (1942) 75-81.
[25]L.A. De Frate, A.E. Hoerl, Optimum design of ejectors using digital computers, Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series 55 (21) (1959) 43-51.
[26]H.D. Kim, T. Setoguchi, S. Yu, and S. Raghunathan, Navier-Stokes Computations of the Supersonic Ejector-Diffuser System with a Second Throat, Journal of Thermal Science 8 (2) (1999) 79-88.
[27]S.S. Murthy, R. Balasubramanian, M.V.K. Murthy, Experiments on vapor jet refrigeration system suitable for solar energy applications, Renewable Energy 1 (5/6) (1991) 757-768.
[28]N. Al-Khalidy, Experimental investigation of solar concentrating collectors in a refrigerant ejector refrigeration machine, International Journal of Energy Research 21 (12) (1997) 1123-1131.
[29]B.J. Huang, J.M. Chang, V.A. Petrenko, K.B. Zhuk, A solar ejector cooling system using refrigerant R141b, Solar Energy 64 (4-6) (1998) 223-226.
[30]W. Pridasawas, P. Lundqvist, A year-round dynamic simulation of a solar-driven ejector refrigeration system with iso-butane as a refrigerant, International Journal of Refrigeration 30 (5) (2007) 840-850.
[31]J.L. Wolpert, S.B. Riffat, S. Redshaw, Prototype for a novel solar powered ejector air conditioning system in Mazunte, Mexico, ISESSolar World Congress (2003) Solar Energy for a Sustainable Future, Goteborg, Sweden.
[32]A. Bejan, J.V.C. Vargas, M. Sokolov, Optimal allocation of a heat-exchanger inventory in heat driven refrigerators, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 38(16) (1995) 2997-3004.
[33]G.K. Alexis, E.K. Karayiannis, A solar ejector cooling system using R134a in the Athens area, Renewable Energy 30(9) (2005)1457-1469.
[34]J. Q. Deng, P.X. Jiang, T. Lu, W. Lu, Particular characteristics of transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with an ejector, Applied Thermal Engineering 27 (2007) 381-388.
[35]V.M. Nguyen, S.B. Riffat, P.S. Doherty. Development of a solar-powered passive ejector cooling system, Applied Thermal Engineering 21(2001) 157-168.
[36]A.J. Meyer, T.M. Harms, R.T. Dobson, Steam jet ejector cooling powered by waste or solar heat, Renewable Energy 34(2009)297-306.
[37]S. Disawas, S. Wongwises, Experimental investigation on the performance of the refrigeration cycle using a two-phase ejector as an expansion device, International Journal of Refrigeration 27 (2004) 587-594.
[38]Schutte and Koerting, Steam jet ejector, www.s-k.com (2007)
[39]M. Sokolov, D. Hershgal, Compression enhanced ejector refrigeration cycle for low grade heat utilization, In:Proceedings of the 24th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference 5 (1989) 2543-2548.
[40]G. Giuseppe, R. Andrea, Numerical optimization of a two stage ejector refrigeration plant, International Journal of Refrigeration 25 (2002) 621-633.
[41]G. Grazzini, A. Mariani, A simple program to design a multi-stage jet-pump for refrigeration cycles, Energy Conversion and Management,39 (16/8) (1998) 1827-1834.
[42]J.L. Yu, H. Chen, Y.F. Ren, Y.Z. Li, A new ejector refrigeration system with an additional jet pump, Applied Thermal Engineering 26 (2006) 312-319.
[43]S.Q. Shen, X.P. Qu, B. Zhang, S. Riffat, M. Gillott, Study of a gas-liquid ejector and its application to a solar-powered bi-ejector refrigeration system, Applied Thermal Engineering 25 (2005) 2891-2902.
[44]D. W. Sun, Solar powered combined ejector-vapor compression cycle for air conditioning and refrigeration, Energy Conversion and Management 38 (5) (1997) 479-791.
[45]B.J. Huang, V.A. Petrenko, J.M. Chang, C.P. Lin, S.S. Hu, A combined-cycle refrigeration system using ejector cooling cycle as the bottom cycle, International Journal of Refrigeration 24 (2001) 391-399.
[46]D. Kuhlenschmidt, Absorption refrigeration system with multiple generator stages, US patent No.3717007(1973).
[47]S. Aphornratana, I.W. Eames, Experimental investigation of a combined ejector-absorption refrigerator, International Journal of Refrigeration 22 (1998) 195-207.
[48]B.J. Huang, J.M. Chang, C.P. Wang, V.A. Petrenko, A 1-D analysis of ejector performance, International Journal of Refrigeration 22 (1999) 354-364.
[49]D.W. Sun, I.W. Eames, Performance characteristics of HCFC-123 ejector refrigeration cycles, International Journal of Energy Research 20 (1996) 871-885.
[50]R.Z. Wang, Adsorption refrigeration research in Shanghai JiaoTong University, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 5 (1)(2001) 1-37.
[51]R.Z. Wang, M. Li, Y.X. Xu, J.Y. Wu, An energy efficient hybrid system of solar powered water heater and adsorption ice-maker, Solar Energy 68 (2) (2000) 189-195.
[52]R.E. Critoph, Performance limitations of adsorption cycles for solar cooling, Solar Energy 41(1) (1988) 21-31.
[53]R.E. Critoph, Forced convection adsorption cycle with packed bed heat regeneration, International Journal of Refrigeration 22 (1999) 38-46.
[54]F. Meunier, Adsorption heat pump technology:possibilities and limits, In:Proceedings of the International Sorption Heat Pump Conference, Munich, Germany, March (1999) 25-35.
[55]M. Pons, An analysis of the adsorption cycles with thermal regeneration based on the entropic mean temperatures, Applied Thermal Engineering 17 (7) (1997) 615-627.
[56]C.H. Li, R.Z. Wang, Y.Z. Lu, Investigation of a novel combined cycle of solar powered adsorption-ejection refrigeration system, Renewable Energy 26 (2002) 611-622.
[57]M. Yari, Performance analysis and optimization of a new two-stage ejector-expansion transcritical C02 refrigeration cycle, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 48 (2009) 1997-2005.
[58]N. Al-Khalidy, Performance of solar refrigerant ejector refrigerating machine, ASHRAE Transactions 103 (1) (1997) 56-64.
[59]D. W. Sun, Comparative study of the performance of an ejector refrigeration cycle, operating with various refrigerants, Energy Conversion and Management 40 (1999) 873-884.
[60]W.C. Holton, Effect of molecular weight of entrained fluid on the performance of steam-jet ejector, ASME Transactions (1951) 905-910.
[61]S.L. Chen, J.Y. Yen, M.C. Huang, An experimental investigation of ejector performance based upon different refrigerants. Part 2, ASHRAE Transactions 104 (1998) 153-160.
[62]ASHRAE, Steam-jet refrigeration equipment, In:ASHRAE equipment handbook Chap.13 (1979)13.1-13.6.
[63]M. Sokolov, D. Hershgal, Enhanced ejector refrigeration cycles powered by low grade heat, Part 1. Systems characterization, International Journal of Refrigeration 13 (1990) 351-356.
[64]W. Pridasawas, Solar-driven refrigeration systems with focus on the ejector cycle, Doctoral Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden (2006).
[65]K. Chunnanond and S. Aphornratana, Ejector:application in refrigeration technology, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 8 (2004)129-155.
[66]ASHRAE Standard 34, Designation and safety classification of refrigerants (1997)
[67]Ingersoll-Rand, Water-Vapor Refrigeration, Steam-Jet Cooler Type, Ingersoll-Rand Company. New York (1945).
[68]I. W. Eames, S. Aphornratana, and H. Haider,. "A Theoretical and Experimental Study of a Small-Scale Steam Jet Refrigerator, International Journal of Refrigeration 18(6) (1995) 378-386.
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