一种新型燃油喷射技术体系FAI的研究
|
摘要
燃油喷射技术体系的核心是燃油喷射单元(喷嘴)。本文旨在基于FAI基本原理、实现一种同时适用于进气道喷射(PI)和缸内直喷(DISI)的燃油喷射技术,并对小型汽油机FAI技术产业化过程中的若干关键技术进行深入研究,以建立一种新型的燃油喷射技术体系。
研究中首先以MFUD0007(FAI燃油单元的一种)为例,介绍FAI基本原理,并建立其性能测试和评价方法;首次通过试验方法研究FAI燃油单元的喷油规律。
在解决FAI燃油单元和ECU生产一致性问题时,首次对FAI燃油单元制造散差的产生机理进行深入分析,在此基础上提出了FAI燃油单元的制造散差DOP概念,给出燃油单元的流量测试方法和非线性误差的分析方法;通过对制造散差(DOP)的统计分析结果表明,制造散差可能带来最大达10%的喷油量控制误差,并且对DOP的控制方法是有效的。
首次对FAI燃油单元和ECU进行系统地可靠性设计。在对FAI燃油单元和ECU主要失效模式进行分析的基础上,提出提高燃油单元稳定性和持久性的关键技术——柱塞/电枢分体结构,受力分析结果表明该结构相对于整体式结构而言,柱塞所受的扭矩和压力腔所受的侧向力都能减小一倍左右。接着,制定燃油单元和ECU的可靠性试验方案,根据可靠性试验中需要,开发了燃油单元综合流量测试台、燃油单元磨合测试台、BOACH长管法喷油规律测量装置等设备。对“柱塞/电枢分体结构”可靠性试验结果表明,该结构持久性能够达到设计指标。在试验中也意外发现在压力腔设计上,其轴向尺寸越大,工作寿命就越长。
针对FAI体系的开发和应用,开发了一套FAI系统开发环境。开发环境软件系统采用面向对象的编程方法,结合Windows操作系统的32位编程技术来实现。硬件系统主要包括HIL硬件、高速数据采集系统等。
首次将FAI体系应用在二轮车用FAI进气口喷射技术上,并以SFP0002型汽油机管理系统为例,研究FAI进气口喷射技术在二轮车上的应用,提出FAI进气口喷射技术控制策略。在对CG125电喷摩托车进行道路强化耐久试验前后试验数据表明,能轻松达到排放法规要求,并满足10000 km以上的排放耐久性要求。
The essential part of fuel injection system is the injector. The study is based on the theory of FAI(Finely Atomized Injection) and develops a fuel injection technology that can be fit for PI system and DISI system at the same time. Further studies are carried out on the industrialization of the FAI technology for small gasoline engine and a new fuel injection system is established.
Firstly, the fundamental working principle of MFUD0007 (which is one type of the FAI injectors) is presented as an example. The performance test method of FAI injectors is developed and the FAI injection characteristic is studied by the method of experiments for the first time.
The mechanisms of Dissipation of Production (DOP) are studied and the concept DOP of is presented during the study on the consistency of FAI injectors. Then, the fuel flux measured method and non-linear error control method are presented to ensure the consistency of the fuel injection unit. The statistical analysis results on DOP show that the deviation of the fuel flux brought out by DOP may be up to 10% and the control method to DOP is effective. A systemicly study on the reliability of the FAI fuel unit and ECU is carried out for the first time. After analyzing possible reasons for failure in the FAI fuel unit and ECU, the technology with the piston separated from armature is introduced, and the mechanical analysis of the piston shows that the force and torque of the piston acting on the pressure cavity are almost decreased by one half. An experiment is planned to test the reliability of the FAI fuel unit and ECU. Some facilities, such as fuel test complex, fuel unit grinding equipment and injection rule test apparatus, are developed. The test on the technology with the piston separated from armature show that it can be up to more stable. One conclusion is discovered; the lengthening of the axis of the pressure cavity can prolong the life of the FAI fuel unit.
The FAI Development system was developed for the developing and application of the FAI technology. During software programming, the object-oriented method and 32-bit technique of WINODWS are used. The hardware consists of HIL hardware (hardware in the loop) and the High-Speed-Acquisition Card.
The SFP0002 system of FAI is given as an example. SFP0002 is designed for two wheelers under 150cc and a control strategy is designed for it. The CG125 engine equipped with SFP0002 is tested on a strength condition. The test results show that it can easily pass emission limits, and it can also match the requirements of a 10000km road test.
研究中首先以MFUD0007(FAI燃油单元的一种)为例,介绍FAI基本原理,并建立其性能测试和评价方法;首次通过试验方法研究FAI燃油单元的喷油规律。
在解决FAI燃油单元和ECU生产一致性问题时,首次对FAI燃油单元制造散差的产生机理进行深入分析,在此基础上提出了FAI燃油单元的制造散差DOP概念,给出燃油单元的流量测试方法和非线性误差的分析方法;通过对制造散差(DOP)的统计分析结果表明,制造散差可能带来最大达10%的喷油量控制误差,并且对DOP的控制方法是有效的。
首次对FAI燃油单元和ECU进行系统地可靠性设计。在对FAI燃油单元和ECU主要失效模式进行分析的基础上,提出提高燃油单元稳定性和持久性的关键技术——柱塞/电枢分体结构,受力分析结果表明该结构相对于整体式结构而言,柱塞所受的扭矩和压力腔所受的侧向力都能减小一倍左右。接着,制定燃油单元和ECU的可靠性试验方案,根据可靠性试验中需要,开发了燃油单元综合流量测试台、燃油单元磨合测试台、BOACH长管法喷油规律测量装置等设备。对“柱塞/电枢分体结构”可靠性试验结果表明,该结构持久性能够达到设计指标。在试验中也意外发现在压力腔设计上,其轴向尺寸越大,工作寿命就越长。
针对FAI体系的开发和应用,开发了一套FAI系统开发环境。开发环境软件系统采用面向对象的编程方法,结合Windows操作系统的32位编程技术来实现。硬件系统主要包括HIL硬件、高速数据采集系统等。
首次将FAI体系应用在二轮车用FAI进气口喷射技术上,并以SFP0002型汽油机管理系统为例,研究FAI进气口喷射技术在二轮车上的应用,提出FAI进气口喷射技术控制策略。在对CG125电喷摩托车进行道路强化耐久试验前后试验数据表明,能轻松达到排放法规要求,并满足10000 km以上的排放耐久性要求。
The essential part of fuel injection system is the injector. The study is based on the theory of FAI(Finely Atomized Injection) and develops a fuel injection technology that can be fit for PI system and DISI system at the same time. Further studies are carried out on the industrialization of the FAI technology for small gasoline engine and a new fuel injection system is established.
Firstly, the fundamental working principle of MFUD0007 (which is one type of the FAI injectors) is presented as an example. The performance test method of FAI injectors is developed and the FAI injection characteristic is studied by the method of experiments for the first time.
The mechanisms of Dissipation of Production (DOP) are studied and the concept DOP of is presented during the study on the consistency of FAI injectors. Then, the fuel flux measured method and non-linear error control method are presented to ensure the consistency of the fuel injection unit. The statistical analysis results on DOP show that the deviation of the fuel flux brought out by DOP may be up to 10% and the control method to DOP is effective. A systemicly study on the reliability of the FAI fuel unit and ECU is carried out for the first time. After analyzing possible reasons for failure in the FAI fuel unit and ECU, the technology with the piston separated from armature is introduced, and the mechanical analysis of the piston shows that the force and torque of the piston acting on the pressure cavity are almost decreased by one half. An experiment is planned to test the reliability of the FAI fuel unit and ECU. Some facilities, such as fuel test complex, fuel unit grinding equipment and injection rule test apparatus, are developed. The test on the technology with the piston separated from armature show that it can be up to more stable. One conclusion is discovered; the lengthening of the axis of the pressure cavity can prolong the life of the FAI fuel unit.
The FAI Development system was developed for the developing and application of the FAI technology. During software programming, the object-oriented method and 32-bit technique of WINODWS are used. The hardware consists of HIL hardware (hardware in the loop) and the High-Speed-Acquisition Card.
The SFP0002 system of FAI is given as an example. SFP0002 is designed for two wheelers under 150cc and a control strategy is designed for it. The CG125 engine equipped with SFP0002 is tested on a strength condition. The test results show that it can easily pass emission limits, and it can also match the requirements of a 10000km road test.
引文
[1] Richard Stone,Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines (Third Edition), Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, Pa., 1998
[2] [美]Dick H.King著,星关等译,发动机计算机管理系统——汽车电喷技术,北京:电子工业出版社,1999
[3] J. B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988
[4]汪立亮等,电子控制系统对车辆发动机的重大作用,小型内燃机,No.4,1997
[5]李勤等,现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制,北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[6] Takagi, Y., Itoh, T., Muranaka, S., Iiyama, A., Iwakiri,Y., Urushihara, T., and Naitoh, K., Simultaneous Attainment of Low Fuel Consumption, High Output Power and Low Exhaust Emissions in Direct Injection SI Engines, Direct Injection SI Engine Technology, SAE 980149 (1998), pp. 195-204
[7] Kume, T., Iwamoto, Y., Iida, K., Murakami, M., Akishino, K., and Ando, H., Combustion Control Technologies for Direct Injection SI Engine, SAE Paper 960600 (1996)
[8] Mitchell E, Alperstein M, Cobb JM, Faist CH. A stratified charge multifuel military engine—a progress report, SAE Technical Paper, No. 720051, 1972
[9] Lewis JM. UPS multifuel stratified charge engine development program—field test, SAE Technical Paper, No. 860067, 1986
[10]Kim C, Foster DE. Aldehyde and unburned fuel emission measurements from a methanol-fueled Texaco stratified charge engine. SAE Technical Paper, No. 852120, 1985
[11]Baranescu GS. Some characteristics of spark assisted direct injection engine. SAE Technical Paper, No. 830589, 1983
[12]Duggal VK, Kuo TW, Lux FB. Review of multi-fuel engine concepts and numerical modeling of in-cylinder flow processes in direct injection engines. SAE Technical Paper, No. 840005, 1984
[13]Iida Y. The current status and future trend of DISC engines, Preprint of JSME Seminar (in Japanese), No. 920-48, 1992, p. 72–6
[14]Wood CD. Unthrottled open-chamber stratified charge engines. SAE Technical Paper, No.780341, 1978
[15]Alperstein M, Schafer GH, Villforth FJ, III. Texaco’s strati-fied charge engine—multifuel, efficient, clean, nd practical, SAE Technical Paper, No. 740563, 1974
[16]吴正权,摩托车电喷系统的基本结构、原理及维护,摩托车技术,2003
[17][日]丰田汽车公司,杨延相译,“车用汽油机的电控技术”,天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室,1997,45
[18][日]丰田汽车公司,杨延相译,“车用汽油机的电控技术”,天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室,1997,50
[19]Fumiaki Aoki, Shigeiku Enomoto and Yoshihiro Nakase,Spray Analysis of Port Fuel Injector, SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 2005-01-1154
[20]Yu-Yin Peng, Tien-Ho Gau and C. -P. Chien, The Investigation of New Micro Injection Pumps for Fuel Spray Atomizer Application, SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 2005-01-1157
[21]Tien-Ho Gau, Yu-Yin Peng, ?A study of the micropulsation fuel injection system for applying to a motorcycle, 14th CIROC National Conference on Combustion, Taiwan, 2004
[22]桥本省吾,电磁驱动型柱塞泵,中国专利,CN1469973A,2004-1-21
[23]Scussei AJ, Simko AO, Wade WR. The Ford PROCO engine update, SAE Technical Paper,No. 780699, 1978
[24]Alperstein M, Schafer GH, Villforth FJ, III. Texaco’s strati-fied charge engine—multifuel, efficient, clean, nd practical, SAE Technical Paper, No. 740563, 1974
[25]Date T, Yagi S. Research and development of the Honda CVCC engine, SAE Technical Paper, No. 740605, 1974
[26]Yang J et a1,Use of Split Fuel Injection to increase Full一Load Toque 0utput of a Direct—Injection Engine,SAE pager 980495
[27]王燕军,缸内直接喷射汽油机的新技术,《小型内燃机与摩托车》,2002, (2)
[28]Motoyuki Abe, Yoshio Okamoto and Yuzo Kadomukai,Fuel Spray Pattern Control Using L-Step Nozzle for Swirl-Type Injector, SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 2004-01-0540
[29]Ayumu Miyajima, Yoshio Okamoto, Yuzo Kadomukai, et al,A Study on Fuel Spray Pattern Control of Fuel Injector of Gasoline Direct Injection Engines, SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 2000-01-1045
[30]Michael M.Schecher, Eugene H Jarry and Mchael B Lenin“High Speed Fuel Injection System For Two Stroke Direct Injection Gasoline Engine”SAE Paper 91066
[31]J. B. Heiwood, E. Sher, The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine”, SAE Edition,1999
[32]Ramesh. , K. V. Gopalakrishnan and B. Nagalingam“Improvement in the Performance of the Two-Stroke S. I. Engine through Extra Reed Valves Fitted near the Transfer Port”M. Tech Thesis Report Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 1985
[33]S.Glover etc. Stratified Scavenging Applied to a Small Capacity Two-Stroke Scooter for the Reduction of Fuel Consumption Emissions. SAE 1999-01-3271
[34]Diethard Plohberger, Leo.A. Mikulic and Klaus Landfahrer“Development of a Fuel Injected Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine”SAE Paper 880170
[35]夏淑敏,王恒,唐琦等,我国摩托车发动机行业现状及展望,摩托车技术,2005.5:7~10
[36]蔡晓林,FAI二冲程缸内直喷汽油机的研究,[博士学位论文];天津,天津大学,2005
[37][日]丰田汽车公司,杨延相译,“汽车用发动机技术的发展动向”,天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室,1997,44-45
[38]杨延相等,应用于四冲程摩托车的FAI技术,摩托车技术,2003(10),25-28
[39]Keiso Takeda and Takehisa Yaegashi, Kiy onoro Sekiguchi, Kimitaka Saito, and Noburo Imatake, "Mixture Preparation and HC Emissions of a 4-Valve Engine with Port Fuel Injection During Cold Starting and Warm-up", SAE technical paper No. 950074, 1995
[40]金中国,新型脉冲式电控燃油喷射单元的静态特性的模拟计算和实验研究:[硕士学位论文],天津大学,2004
[41]中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB3187-82,可靠性基本名词术语及定义,1983
[42]P.Bardos,“Reliability in Electronics Production”, Electron,September 1979
[43][美]Mark I. Montrose著,刘元安等译,电磁兼容和印刷电路板理论、设计和布线,人民邮电出版社,2002
[44]何国伟,可靠性试验技术,北京:国防工业出版社,1995
[45]徐平,李全灿等编著,电控及自动化设备可靠性工程技术,北京:机械工业出版社,1999,45~53
[46]中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB5080.4-85,中华人民共和国国家标准,设备可靠性试验:可靠性测定试验的点估计和区间估计方法
[47]严士健,刘秀芳等,概率论与数理统计,北京:高等教育出版社,1990
[48]申理等,关于长管法测喷油规律的研究,内燃机工程,1981(2)
[49]王旭,发动机电喷单元喷油性能检测技术及方法的研究:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2003
[50]石顺超,ECU可靠性试验方法及设备的研究开发:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2005
[51]Raman, S.; Sivashankar, N.; Milam, W.; Stuart, W.; Nabi, S. Author Affiliation: Ford Research Lab, Design and implementation of HIL simulators for powertrain control system software development ,Source: Proceedings of the American Control Conference 1 Jun 2-Jun 4 1999 Sponsored by: American Automatic Control Council IEEE p 709-713 0743-1619 In English
[52]Lee, Jae-Cheon; Suh, Myung-Won, Author Affiliation: Keimyung Univ, Hardware-in-the-loop simulator for ABS/TCS ,Source: IEEE Conference on Control Application: Proceeding 1 Aug 22-Aug 27 1999 Sponsored by : IEEE CSS IEEE p 652-657 In English
[53]I.R. Kendall, R.P. Jones ,An investigation into the use of hardware-in-the-loop simulation testing for automotive electronic control systems, Electrical/Electronic Engineering Center, Jaguar Cars Ltd., Whitley, Abbey Road, Coventry, UK,Control Engineering Practice 7 (1999) 1343-1356
[54]Isermann, R.; Schaffnit, J.; Sinsel S,Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for the design and testing of engine-control systems, Author Affiliation: Technical Univ. of Darmstadt Source: Control Engineering Practice v 7 n 5 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd p 643-653 0967-0661 In English
[55]朱辉等,电控系统与汽油机的匹配技术研究,车用发动机,NO.5,1997
[56]黄海燕等,电控发动机试验台的特殊问题探讨,车用发动机,NO.(Total NO.120), Apr.1999
[57]谢辉等,车用柴油机电控开发系统的软、硬件设计及应用,汽车工程,NO.4(Vol.20), 1998
[58]周文华等,一种通用的发动机电控单元开发平台设计,汽车工程,NO.4(Vol.22), 2000
[59]何立民等,单片机高级教程——应用与设计,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1999
[60][美]Namir C.Shammas著,宋炎等译,面向对象的编程指南,北京:电子工业出版社,1996
[61]吴华等,Windows NT Win32软件开发使用详解,北京:北京电子工业出版社,1995
[62][美]Jeffery Richter著,王书洪等译,Windows高级编程指南,北京:清华大学出版社, 1999
[63][美]Brian Siler, Jeff Spotts著,康博创作室译,Visual Basic 6开发使用手册,北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[64][美]John W.Fronckowiak, David J.Helda著, Visual Basic 6数据库编程大全,北京:电子工业出版社,1999
[65][美] Beck Zaratian著、希望电脑公司希望图书创作室译,Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 Programmers‘Guide,北京: 1998
[66]黄庆生等,Microsoft C++ 6.0学习教程,北京:北京大学出版社, 1998
[67]东箭工作室著,Access 97中文版快递,北京:电子工业出版社,1997
[68]Joe Habraken著,初英等译,Access 97中文版傻瓜书,1997
[69]刘昌文等,内燃机瞬态热力参数采集系统的研究,内燃机学报,2000,18(2);191-194
[70]顾维东,电喷摩托车发动机空燃比控制的研究,[博士学位论文];天津,天津大学,2006
[2] [美]Dick H.King著,星关等译,发动机计算机管理系统——汽车电喷技术,北京:电子工业出版社,1999
[3] J. B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988
[4]汪立亮等,电子控制系统对车辆发动机的重大作用,小型内燃机,No.4,1997
[5]李勤等,现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制,北京:机械工业出版社,1998
[6] Takagi, Y., Itoh, T., Muranaka, S., Iiyama, A., Iwakiri,Y., Urushihara, T., and Naitoh, K., Simultaneous Attainment of Low Fuel Consumption, High Output Power and Low Exhaust Emissions in Direct Injection SI Engines, Direct Injection SI Engine Technology, SAE 980149 (1998), pp. 195-204
[7] Kume, T., Iwamoto, Y., Iida, K., Murakami, M., Akishino, K., and Ando, H., Combustion Control Technologies for Direct Injection SI Engine, SAE Paper 960600 (1996)
[8] Mitchell E, Alperstein M, Cobb JM, Faist CH. A stratified charge multifuel military engine—a progress report, SAE Technical Paper, No. 720051, 1972
[9] Lewis JM. UPS multifuel stratified charge engine development program—field test, SAE Technical Paper, No. 860067, 1986
[10]Kim C, Foster DE. Aldehyde and unburned fuel emission measurements from a methanol-fueled Texaco stratified charge engine. SAE Technical Paper, No. 852120, 1985
[11]Baranescu GS. Some characteristics of spark assisted direct injection engine. SAE Technical Paper, No. 830589, 1983
[12]Duggal VK, Kuo TW, Lux FB. Review of multi-fuel engine concepts and numerical modeling of in-cylinder flow processes in direct injection engines. SAE Technical Paper, No. 840005, 1984
[13]Iida Y. The current status and future trend of DISC engines, Preprint of JSME Seminar (in Japanese), No. 920-48, 1992, p. 72–6
[14]Wood CD. Unthrottled open-chamber stratified charge engines. SAE Technical Paper, No.780341, 1978
[15]Alperstein M, Schafer GH, Villforth FJ, III. Texaco’s strati-fied charge engine—multifuel, efficient, clean, nd practical, SAE Technical Paper, No. 740563, 1974
[16]吴正权,摩托车电喷系统的基本结构、原理及维护,摩托车技术,2003
[17][日]丰田汽车公司,杨延相译,“车用汽油机的电控技术”,天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室,1997,45
[18][日]丰田汽车公司,杨延相译,“车用汽油机的电控技术”,天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室,1997,50
[19]Fumiaki Aoki, Shigeiku Enomoto and Yoshihiro Nakase,Spray Analysis of Port Fuel Injector, SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 2005-01-1154
[20]Yu-Yin Peng, Tien-Ho Gau and C. -P. Chien, The Investigation of New Micro Injection Pumps for Fuel Spray Atomizer Application, SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 2005-01-1157
[21]Tien-Ho Gau, Yu-Yin Peng, ?A study of the micropulsation fuel injection system for applying to a motorcycle, 14th CIROC National Conference on Combustion, Taiwan, 2004
[22]桥本省吾,电磁驱动型柱塞泵,中国专利,CN1469973A,2004-1-21
[23]Scussei AJ, Simko AO, Wade WR. The Ford PROCO engine update, SAE Technical Paper,No. 780699, 1978
[24]Alperstein M, Schafer GH, Villforth FJ, III. Texaco’s strati-fied charge engine—multifuel, efficient, clean, nd practical, SAE Technical Paper, No. 740563, 1974
[25]Date T, Yagi S. Research and development of the Honda CVCC engine, SAE Technical Paper, No. 740605, 1974
[26]Yang J et a1,Use of Split Fuel Injection to increase Full一Load Toque 0utput of a Direct—Injection Engine,SAE pager 980495
[27]王燕军,缸内直接喷射汽油机的新技术,《小型内燃机与摩托车》,2002, (2)
[28]Motoyuki Abe, Yoshio Okamoto and Yuzo Kadomukai,Fuel Spray Pattern Control Using L-Step Nozzle for Swirl-Type Injector, SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES 2004-01-0540
[29]Ayumu Miyajima, Yoshio Okamoto, Yuzo Kadomukai, et al,A Study on Fuel Spray Pattern Control of Fuel Injector of Gasoline Direct Injection Engines, SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 2000-01-1045
[30]Michael M.Schecher, Eugene H Jarry and Mchael B Lenin“High Speed Fuel Injection System For Two Stroke Direct Injection Gasoline Engine”SAE Paper 91066
[31]J. B. Heiwood, E. Sher, The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine”, SAE Edition,1999
[32]Ramesh. , K. V. Gopalakrishnan and B. Nagalingam“Improvement in the Performance of the Two-Stroke S. I. Engine through Extra Reed Valves Fitted near the Transfer Port”M. Tech Thesis Report Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 1985
[33]S.Glover etc. Stratified Scavenging Applied to a Small Capacity Two-Stroke Scooter for the Reduction of Fuel Consumption Emissions. SAE 1999-01-3271
[34]Diethard Plohberger, Leo.A. Mikulic and Klaus Landfahrer“Development of a Fuel Injected Two-Stroke Gasoline Engine”SAE Paper 880170
[35]夏淑敏,王恒,唐琦等,我国摩托车发动机行业现状及展望,摩托车技术,2005.5:7~10
[36]蔡晓林,FAI二冲程缸内直喷汽油机的研究,[博士学位论文];天津,天津大学,2005
[37][日]丰田汽车公司,杨延相译,“汽车用发动机技术的发展动向”,天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室,1997,44-45
[38]杨延相等,应用于四冲程摩托车的FAI技术,摩托车技术,2003(10),25-28
[39]Keiso Takeda and Takehisa Yaegashi, Kiy onoro Sekiguchi, Kimitaka Saito, and Noburo Imatake, "Mixture Preparation and HC Emissions of a 4-Valve Engine with Port Fuel Injection During Cold Starting and Warm-up", SAE technical paper No. 950074, 1995
[40]金中国,新型脉冲式电控燃油喷射单元的静态特性的模拟计算和实验研究:[硕士学位论文],天津大学,2004
[41]中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB3187-82,可靠性基本名词术语及定义,1983
[42]P.Bardos,“Reliability in Electronics Production”, Electron,September 1979
[43][美]Mark I. Montrose著,刘元安等译,电磁兼容和印刷电路板理论、设计和布线,人民邮电出版社,2002
[44]何国伟,可靠性试验技术,北京:国防工业出版社,1995
[45]徐平,李全灿等编著,电控及自动化设备可靠性工程技术,北京:机械工业出版社,1999,45~53
[46]中华人民共和国国家技术监督局,GB5080.4-85,中华人民共和国国家标准,设备可靠性试验:可靠性测定试验的点估计和区间估计方法
[47]严士健,刘秀芳等,概率论与数理统计,北京:高等教育出版社,1990
[48]申理等,关于长管法测喷油规律的研究,内燃机工程,1981(2)
[49]王旭,发动机电喷单元喷油性能检测技术及方法的研究:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2003
[50]石顺超,ECU可靠性试验方法及设备的研究开发:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2005
[51]Raman, S.; Sivashankar, N.; Milam, W.; Stuart, W.; Nabi, S. Author Affiliation: Ford Research Lab, Design and implementation of HIL simulators for powertrain control system software development ,Source: Proceedings of the American Control Conference 1 Jun 2-Jun 4 1999 Sponsored by: American Automatic Control Council IEEE p 709-713 0743-1619 In English
[52]Lee, Jae-Cheon; Suh, Myung-Won, Author Affiliation: Keimyung Univ, Hardware-in-the-loop simulator for ABS/TCS ,Source: IEEE Conference on Control Application: Proceeding 1 Aug 22-Aug 27 1999 Sponsored by : IEEE CSS IEEE p 652-657 In English
[53]I.R. Kendall, R.P. Jones ,An investigation into the use of hardware-in-the-loop simulation testing for automotive electronic control systems, Electrical/Electronic Engineering Center, Jaguar Cars Ltd., Whitley, Abbey Road, Coventry, UK,Control Engineering Practice 7 (1999) 1343-1356
[54]Isermann, R.; Schaffnit, J.; Sinsel S,Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for the design and testing of engine-control systems, Author Affiliation: Technical Univ. of Darmstadt Source: Control Engineering Practice v 7 n 5 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd p 643-653 0967-0661 In English
[55]朱辉等,电控系统与汽油机的匹配技术研究,车用发动机,NO.5,1997
[56]黄海燕等,电控发动机试验台的特殊问题探讨,车用发动机,NO.(Total NO.120), Apr.1999
[57]谢辉等,车用柴油机电控开发系统的软、硬件设计及应用,汽车工程,NO.4(Vol.20), 1998
[58]周文华等,一种通用的发动机电控单元开发平台设计,汽车工程,NO.4(Vol.22), 2000
[59]何立民等,单片机高级教程——应用与设计,北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1999
[60][美]Namir C.Shammas著,宋炎等译,面向对象的编程指南,北京:电子工业出版社,1996
[61]吴华等,Windows NT Win32软件开发使用详解,北京:北京电子工业出版社,1995
[62][美]Jeffery Richter著,王书洪等译,Windows高级编程指南,北京:清华大学出版社, 1999
[63][美]Brian Siler, Jeff Spotts著,康博创作室译,Visual Basic 6开发使用手册,北京:机械工业出版社,1999
[64][美]John W.Fronckowiak, David J.Helda著, Visual Basic 6数据库编程大全,北京:电子工业出版社,1999
[65][美] Beck Zaratian著、希望电脑公司希望图书创作室译,Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 Programmers‘Guide,北京: 1998
[66]黄庆生等,Microsoft C++ 6.0学习教程,北京:北京大学出版社, 1998
[67]东箭工作室著,Access 97中文版快递,北京:电子工业出版社,1997
[68]Joe Habraken著,初英等译,Access 97中文版傻瓜书,1997
[69]刘昌文等,内燃机瞬态热力参数采集系统的研究,内燃机学报,2000,18(2);191-194
[70]顾维东,电喷摩托车发动机空燃比控制的研究,[博士学位论文];天津,天津大学,2006