新疆干旱区节水灌溉工程技术发展模式与自压喷灌技术应用研究
|
摘要
本论文在查阅国内外已有研究成果的基础上，主要针对新疆内陆干旱地区特殊的自然条件和节水农业生产实际。重点对新疆节水灌溉分区和各分区适宜的节水灌溉工程技术发展模式，以及在该区发展自压喷灌技术及其相关问题进行了分析研究。其研究成果为推动新疆干旱区节水灌溉工程技术的发展和水资源的优化配置提供了科学依据。
论文以新疆生产实际为基点，采用收集资料与实地调查研究相结合、现场试验与理论分析相结合的技术路线，研究内容包含有：新疆干旱区节水灌溉工程技术发展模式研究；干旱区自压喷灌工程控制投资管网系统的经济分析与计算；自压喷灌条件下作物需水规律、灌溉制度和作物水分生产函数研究；以及自压喷灌系统施肥装置研制与应用效果的试验分析等五部分。主要研究成果如下：
1．采用经验指数和法，以气候特征(干燥度)K值、缺水程度(缺水程度系数)β值、灌区类型和地形地貌四项特征指标做为节水灌溉分区的主要评价指标。将新疆分为六个节水灌溉区，即①吐哈盆地干旱缺水引、井、蓄灌区；②昆仑山北麓干旱缺水引、蓄灌区；③天山南麓干旱微缺水引、井、提灌区；④天山北麓干旱缺水引、井、蓄灌区；⑤河谷平原干旱
西安理工大学硕士学位论文
微缺水引、蓄灌区;⑥河谷平原干旱丰水引、蓄灌区。并采用彭曼公式计
算得出各分区内的主要作物参照腾发量，同时进一步对分区进行了验证和
调整。
2.根据气候与土壤条件、地下水状况与作物种类、经济条件和生产
力发展水平等因素，提出了在新疆干旱区优先选择节水灌溉工程技术措施
的方法。并在此基础上进一步提出了各分区节水灌溉工程技术的发展模式。
3.在建立的自压喷灌工程主干管和配水管道的造价计算经验公式基
础上，通过理论分析和数学变换，推导得出了自压喷灌主干管经济水力坡
度、经济管长和最低造价计算公式。
4.根据新疆兵团农九师自压喷灌工程设计经验，对主干管设置减压
池和主干管独立输水这两种减压方式进行了投资对比分析和数学推演。提
出了自压喷灌工程主干管设置减压池的判别条件。并建立了自压喷灌工程
最佳规划面积与地面比降的经验公式。
5.通过理论分析和数学推导，得出了有关自压喷灌系统中各主要管
道布设规格与投资间的关系式。其中主要有:分干管间距与干管投资关系
式、分干管间距与分干管亩投资关系式、以及主干管、干管亩造价与系统
控制面积和地块长、宽的关系式。
6.通过三年田间试验，建立了喷灌条件下冬小麦、春小麦产量与土
壤湿度、计划湿润层深度和追肥量三因素间的数学模型。并在此基础上制
定了冬小麦、春小麦及油菜的经济喷灌制度。并分析得出了冬小麦、春小
麦全生育期内的需水规律、阶段需水量、需水临界期和田间地温变化规律、
土壤计划湿润层深度与根系分布关系。
7.通过三年田间试验，建立了喷灌条件下油菜、冬小麦全生育期水分
生产函数模型。同时，对喷灌条件下冬小麦、春小麦、油菜三种作物的试
验区与大田喷灌区、常规地面灌区，进行了产量与节水量的比较分析，得
摘要
出喷灌节水增产效果显著。
8.研制开发了自压喷灌工程施肥装置，已在生产中广泛应用。通过田
间对比试验该施肥装置较人工撒施和飞机喷施投入少，增产效果明显。
On the basis of the available research conducted inside the country, this thesis focused on zoning of the water-saving irrigation areas in Xinjiang, the appropriate development model for each zone, and the relevant issues of adopting gravity sprinkler irrigation in these zones considering the special natural conditions and the current agricultural practices in this arid region. The study results can provide scientific basis for development of water-saving irrigation technique and optimum allocation of water resources in the arid Xinjiang.
According the production practice in Xinjiang, this study approach combined data collection with on-site investigation and on-site experiment with theoretical analysis. The research contents have following 5 components: 1) development model of water-saving irrigation technique in arid Xinjiang; 2) economic analysis and calculations for gravity sprinkler irrigation projects; 3) crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and crop water production function; and 5) fertigation system development and its application experiment. The main findings are as follows:
1. Based on the evaluation indexes of climatic characteristic, water shortage, irrigation type and topography of the irrigation districts, 6 water-saving zones were divided for Xinjiang, they are: 1) pumping and storage area of the dry Tu-Ha valley with water shortage; 2) water diversion and storage area of the dry Kunlun mountain northern side with water shortage; 3) water diversion, pumping and lifting area of the dry Tianshan mountain southern side with minor water shortage; 4) water diversion, pumping and storage area of the dry Tianshan mountain northern side with water shortage; 5) diversion and storage area of the dry valley plain with minor water shortage; and 6) diversion and storage area of the dry valley plain with abundant water
source. Reference evapotranspirations of major crops in each zone were calculated using the Penman equation.
2. Based on the factors of climate and soil, groundwater and cropping, economic conditions and productivity, methods for selecting water-saving irrigation technique were proposed, and further the development model for water-saving irrigation technique in each zone.
3. Based on the empirical equations used for calculating the cost of main and distribution pipes of gravity sprinkler irrigation project, equations for calculating.
4. economical hydraulic gradient, pipe length and the minimum cost of the main pipe were derived through theoretical analysis and mathematical transformation.
5. In reference to the design experience of a gravity sprinkler irrigation project in the State Farm Division 29, economic analysis was conducted for building a pressure release pool on the main pipe and empirical equations were proposed for selecting the optimum project area and the surface gradient.
6. Through theoretical analysis and mathematical derivation, the relation between main pipe distribution and the cost was obtained.
7. Through 3-year field experiment, mathematical models were established for yields of spring and winter wheat, soil wetness, designed irrigation depth and fertilization rate.
8. Through 3-year field experiment, water production functions for rapeseeds and winter wheat were established.
9. A gravity sprinkler fertigation device was developed and has been used in practice. It has been found more economical and effective in improving yield in comparison with manual fertilization and airplane application.
论文以新疆生产实际为基点，采用收集资料与实地调查研究相结合、现场试验与理论分析相结合的技术路线，研究内容包含有：新疆干旱区节水灌溉工程技术发展模式研究；干旱区自压喷灌工程控制投资管网系统的经济分析与计算；自压喷灌条件下作物需水规律、灌溉制度和作物水分生产函数研究；以及自压喷灌系统施肥装置研制与应用效果的试验分析等五部分。主要研究成果如下：
1．采用经验指数和法，以气候特征(干燥度)K值、缺水程度(缺水程度系数)β值、灌区类型和地形地貌四项特征指标做为节水灌溉分区的主要评价指标。将新疆分为六个节水灌溉区，即①吐哈盆地干旱缺水引、井、蓄灌区；②昆仑山北麓干旱缺水引、蓄灌区；③天山南麓干旱微缺水引、井、提灌区；④天山北麓干旱缺水引、井、蓄灌区；⑤河谷平原干旱
西安理工大学硕士学位论文
微缺水引、蓄灌区;⑥河谷平原干旱丰水引、蓄灌区。并采用彭曼公式计
算得出各分区内的主要作物参照腾发量，同时进一步对分区进行了验证和
调整。
2.根据气候与土壤条件、地下水状况与作物种类、经济条件和生产
力发展水平等因素，提出了在新疆干旱区优先选择节水灌溉工程技术措施
的方法。并在此基础上进一步提出了各分区节水灌溉工程技术的发展模式。
3.在建立的自压喷灌工程主干管和配水管道的造价计算经验公式基
础上，通过理论分析和数学变换，推导得出了自压喷灌主干管经济水力坡
度、经济管长和最低造价计算公式。
4.根据新疆兵团农九师自压喷灌工程设计经验，对主干管设置减压
池和主干管独立输水这两种减压方式进行了投资对比分析和数学推演。提
出了自压喷灌工程主干管设置减压池的判别条件。并建立了自压喷灌工程
最佳规划面积与地面比降的经验公式。
5.通过理论分析和数学推导，得出了有关自压喷灌系统中各主要管
道布设规格与投资间的关系式。其中主要有:分干管间距与干管投资关系
式、分干管间距与分干管亩投资关系式、以及主干管、干管亩造价与系统
控制面积和地块长、宽的关系式。
6.通过三年田间试验，建立了喷灌条件下冬小麦、春小麦产量与土
壤湿度、计划湿润层深度和追肥量三因素间的数学模型。并在此基础上制
定了冬小麦、春小麦及油菜的经济喷灌制度。并分析得出了冬小麦、春小
麦全生育期内的需水规律、阶段需水量、需水临界期和田间地温变化规律、
土壤计划湿润层深度与根系分布关系。
7.通过三年田间试验，建立了喷灌条件下油菜、冬小麦全生育期水分
生产函数模型。同时，对喷灌条件下冬小麦、春小麦、油菜三种作物的试
验区与大田喷灌区、常规地面灌区，进行了产量与节水量的比较分析，得
摘要
出喷灌节水增产效果显著。
8.研制开发了自压喷灌工程施肥装置，已在生产中广泛应用。通过田
间对比试验该施肥装置较人工撒施和飞机喷施投入少，增产效果明显。
On the basis of the available research conducted inside the country, this thesis focused on zoning of the water-saving irrigation areas in Xinjiang, the appropriate development model for each zone, and the relevant issues of adopting gravity sprinkler irrigation in these zones considering the special natural conditions and the current agricultural practices in this arid region. The study results can provide scientific basis for development of water-saving irrigation technique and optimum allocation of water resources in the arid Xinjiang.
According the production practice in Xinjiang, this study approach combined data collection with on-site investigation and on-site experiment with theoretical analysis. The research contents have following 5 components: 1) development model of water-saving irrigation technique in arid Xinjiang; 2) economic analysis and calculations for gravity sprinkler irrigation projects; 3) crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and crop water production function; and 5) fertigation system development and its application experiment. The main findings are as follows:
1. Based on the evaluation indexes of climatic characteristic, water shortage, irrigation type and topography of the irrigation districts, 6 water-saving zones were divided for Xinjiang, they are: 1) pumping and storage area of the dry Tu-Ha valley with water shortage; 2) water diversion and storage area of the dry Kunlun mountain northern side with water shortage; 3) water diversion, pumping and lifting area of the dry Tianshan mountain southern side with minor water shortage; 4) water diversion, pumping and storage area of the dry Tianshan mountain northern side with water shortage; 5) diversion and storage area of the dry valley plain with minor water shortage; and 6) diversion and storage area of the dry valley plain with abundant water
source. Reference evapotranspirations of major crops in each zone were calculated using the Penman equation.
2. Based on the factors of climate and soil, groundwater and cropping, economic conditions and productivity, methods for selecting water-saving irrigation technique were proposed, and further the development model for water-saving irrigation technique in each zone.
3. Based on the empirical equations used for calculating the cost of main and distribution pipes of gravity sprinkler irrigation project, equations for calculating.
4. economical hydraulic gradient, pipe length and the minimum cost of the main pipe were derived through theoretical analysis and mathematical transformation.
5. In reference to the design experience of a gravity sprinkler irrigation project in the State Farm Division 29, economic analysis was conducted for building a pressure release pool on the main pipe and empirical equations were proposed for selecting the optimum project area and the surface gradient.
6. Through theoretical analysis and mathematical derivation, the relation between main pipe distribution and the cost was obtained.
7. Through 3-year field experiment, mathematical models were established for yields of spring and winter wheat, soil wetness, designed irrigation depth and fertilization rate.
8. Through 3-year field experiment, water production functions for rapeseeds and winter wheat were established.
9. A gravity sprinkler fertigation device was developed and has been used in practice. It has been found more economical and effective in improving yield in comparison with manual fertilization and airplane application.
引文
[1] 朱树人．中国农业节水灌溉问题．水利学报，199l(4)
[2] 许志方．21世纪的节水农业展望．中国农村水利水电，1997(增刊)
[3] 康绍忠，李永杰．21世纪我国节水农业发展趋势及其对策．农业工程学报，1997(4)
[4] 农田水利及农业水产资源高效利用专题研究组．农田水利及农业水资源高效利用调研报告，1999年8月
[51 康绍忠，蔡焕杰主编．农业水管理学．中国农业出版社，1996
[6] 黄荣翰．干旱半干旱地区灌溉农业发展的一些问题和发展方向．灌溉排水，1989(3)
[7] 康绍忠．新的农业科技革命与21世纪我国节水农业的发展．中国农村水利水电，1997(增刊)
[8] 钱正英主编．中国水利．水利电力出版社，1991
[9] 费良军．21世纪要大力加强地面节水灌溉技术的研究与推广．中国农村水利水电，1997(增刊)
[10] 水利电力部水利电力规划设计院．中国水资源利用．水利电力出版社，1989
[11] 西北农业大学农业水土工程研究所主编．西北地区农业节水与水资源持续利用．中国农业出版社，1999
[12] 新疆水利厅．新疆节水高效农业发展思路．1999年9月
[13] 吴普特主编．中国西北地区水资源开发战略与利用技术．中国水利水电出版社，2001
[14] 张志新，丁新利等．新疆水资源开发及合理利用对策方案研究．西北再造山川秀美战略研究报告，2000年12月
[15] 陈学敏．喷灌系统规划设计与管理．水利电力出版社，1998(10)
[16] 陈大雕，李蔼铿．微喷灌．水利电力出版社，1998
[17] 许一飞，许炳华．喷灌机械原理·设计·应用．中国农业机械出版社，1989(5)
[18] 喷灌工程设计手册编写组．喷灌工程设计手册．水利电力出版社，1989(8)
[19] 白丹．给水输配水管网系统优化设计研究．西安理工大学博士论文，2003
[20] 新疆水利厅．新疆灌溉．新疆人民出版社，1993
[21] 薄玉华，丁新利等．干旱地区自压喷灌技术及综合效益研究．国家自然基金项目鉴定报告，1996年10月
[22] 李英能．我国节水农业发展模式研究．节水灌溉，1998(2)
[23] David K.et al. Design of optimal water distribution networks. ASCE, 1968(10)
[24] Yang K. P et al. Design of canduit system with diverging branchhes, Jurnal hydr. Division. ASCE, 1975(1)
[25] Jacoby S. Design of optimal hydraulic networks. ASCE, 1968(3)
[26] Anand V, et al. Optimal design of branched water supply networks. EE, 1983(3)
[27] 白丹．低压输水管的优化．地下水，1993(4)
[28] 白丹．低压管道线性规划模型．地下水，1994(3)
[29] 王文焰等．波涌灌溉试验研究与应用．西北工业大学出版社，1994
[30] 刘钰，惠士博．畦灌水流运动的数学模型及数值计算．水利学报，1987(2)
[31] 费良军，王文焰．浑水波涌畦灌田面综合糙率系数研究．水利学报，1998(增刊)
[32] 门旗等．膜孔沟灌水力特性和基本参数的研究．节水灌溉，1997(2)
[33] 水利部科技司．节水农业发展综述．节水灌溉，1997(2)
[34] 门旗，王文焰．国内外地面灌溉理论研究进展与应用．灌溉排水，1999(增刊)
[35] 水利部农村水利司编．节水灌溉技术标准．中国水利电力出版社，1998
[36] 水利部农村水利司编．灌溉管理手册．水利电力出版社，1994
[37] 雷志栋，杨诗秀等．土壤特性空问变异性初步研究．水利学报，1985(9)
[38] 米孟恩．膜上灌节水技术．节水灌溉，1998(2)
[39] 刘旒忠．对地膜覆盖棉田增温、保墒、提墒和地面水入渗补给作用机理的探讨．灌溉排水，1989(3)
[40] 王康，黄介生．塑料薄膜覆盖时土壤内水热传输模型．灌溉排水，1999(1)
[41] 李光永等．地埋点源滴灌土壤水分运动规律的研究．农业工程学报，1996(3)
[42] 费良军等．由膜孔灌水流推进和消退资料推求点源入渗参数．灌溉排水，1999(1)
[43] 缴锡云，王文焰等．覆膜灌溉糙率特性的试验研究．21世纪农业水土工程，内蒙古教育出版社，2001
[44] 缴锡云，王文焰等．单孔膜孔入渗特性的试验研究．水利学报，1999(7)
[45] 张江辉，王新，丁新利．对新疆节水农业发展的几点认识．中国农村水利水电，2001(增刊Ⅱ)
[46] 陈大雕，林中卉．喷灌技术．科学出版社，1992
[47] 付琳，董文楚等．微灌工程技术指南．水利电力出版社，1988
[48] 全国“星火计划”丛书．灌溉管理手册．水利电力出版社，1984
[49] 许一飞，施钧亮等．我国喷灌工程规划设计的研究与发展．喷灌技术，1992(4)
[50] 陈炯新，杨刚．对喷灌发展中几个政策性问题的探讨．喷灌技术，1992(3)
[51] 中华人民共和国标准．喷灌工程技术规范(GBJ—85—85)，1985
[52] 中华人民共和国标准．喷灌工程技术管理规程(SD—85)，1985
[53] 中华人民共和国水利部．微灌工程技术规范(SL—95)，1995
[54] 新疆水利厅．新疆水利统计年鉴，2001
[55] Bralts, V. E. et al. Finite element analysis of drip irrigation subunit units. Trans. of ASAE, 1985(13)
[56] Lapez, J. R. Design of manifolds for non-rectangalar drip irrigation subunits. Procceding of the third international drip trickle irrigation congress. Fresno, u.s. A 1985
[57] Wu. Ⅰ. P. et al. Energy gradient for drip irrigation lateral. Jurnal of the Ⅰ. &. D. Dirision, ASES 1975(4)
[58] Pleban S. et al. Minimizing capital costs of multiontlet pipelines. Jurnal of the Ⅰ &. D Division ASEC. 1984(2)
[59] Hand book, polyplot. Published by Jances Hardie Irrigation Pty. Limited, U. S. A, 1984
[60] 李蔼铿．多孔出流管道水力设计的微机诺谟图原理的研究．水利学报，1994(2)
[61] 杨健康，孙学敏．微灌系统田间管网允许压力差的最优分配方法．水利学报，1990(4)
[62] 孙万弟，陈仲安．对我国喷灌发展战略的思考．喷灌技术，1991(4)
[63] Daniel Hillel(ed.),Advanies in irrigation.Academic press znc. 1983
[64] W.E.Hart,overhead irrigation pattorn parameters. Agricultural Engineering,July, 1961
[65] J.L,H.Kawano,The areal distribution of soil moisture under sprinkler irrigation.Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 32 (1), 1996
[66] G.stanlhill,the limits of water use efficiency in agriculture.Irrigation Science,Vol. 14(2), 1993
[67] 覃通．喷灌支管优化设计方法．喷灌技术，1992(4)
[68] 刘子沛．压力供水管网优化计算线性规划方法的研究．喷灌技术1988(2)
[69] 蒋定生，狄美良．中国西北地区节水灌溉分区方案探讨．《中国西北地区水资源开发战略与利用技术》．中国水利水电出版社，2001
[70] 新疆水利厅．新疆节水灌溉发展规划．1995年8月
[71] 沈振荣，陈霞芬．京津唐平原区小麦灌溉方法试验研究．水利水电技术，1987
[72] 张志新．对新疆发展喷灌的认识．节水灌溉，2000(6)
[73] Tang A, et al, Analysis of distribution network by blancing equialant pipe length. AWWA, 1961 (2)
[74] Karmeli D, Gadish Y, Meyers, Design of optimal distribution network. Journal of pipeline, ASCE, 1968:1-10
[75] Gupta Ⅰ. Linear programming analysis of a water supply system, Trans. Amer. Inst .Ind, Eng. 1969:56-61
[76] Gupta Ⅰ assam M, Cook J. Linear Programming analysis of a water supply system with multiple supply points, Trans. Amer. Inst, Eng. 1972:200-204
[77] Liang T, Design of Conduit system by dynamic programming. Journal of hydraulics. ASCE. 1973:383-393
[78] 施丽贞．自压喷灌输水管道的优化设计．喷灌技术，1984(3)
[79] 施丽贞，王云涛．自压喷灌系统配水管道最优管径计算．喷灌技术，1985(2)
[80] 李陆泗编译．作物的水分生产函数．灌溉排水，1989(3)
[81] 康绍忠，党育红．作物水分生产函数与经济用水灌溉制度的研究．西
北水利科技，1987(1)
[82] 李远华主编．节水灌溉理论与技术．武汉水利电力出版社，1998
[83] Hall, W. A. and Butcher, W. 1908. Optimal timing ot irrigation. J. Irring. Drain. Drv. ASCE, 1994(IRZ)
[84] Jensen, M. E, 1968. Water Consunmpiton by ayricultural plant. In: T. Kozlowski, water deficits and plant growth, vol. 2, Acdemic press, New York, PP1-22
[85] Minnas, B. S , Parikh, K, S. And Srinivasan, T, N, 1974. Towards the structure of a production function for wheat yields with dated inputs of irrigation water, water resour. Res, 10:383-393
[86] Rao, N.H. Sarma, P.B.S. And Chander, S, 1988. A Simple dated water-production for use in irrigated agriculture Agric. Water Manage, 13:25-32
[87] 丘宝剑等编著．农业气候区划及其方法．科学出版社，1987
[88] 中国灌溉农业节水规划编写组．中国灌溉农业节水规划．水利部，1996年7月
[89] 1990
[90] 余德源．新疆农业气候．新疆人民出版社，1981
[91] 新疆农办科技示范项目．新疆节水灌溉区划及推广应用模式研究．2000年12月
[92] 新疆水利厅．新疆节水灌溉发展规划报告．1998年10月
[93] 联合国粮农组织灌溉及排水丛书．机械化喷灌．罗马，1982
[94] 王云涛．自压喷灌．西北农学院水利系出版，1982
[95] 朱振锁．自压喷灌主干管的经济输水方式．新疆水利科技，1989(2)
[96] 朱振锁．自压喷灌主干管的经济直径．喷灌技术，1985(1)
[97] 陈仲安．降低半固定式喷灌系统投资的设计方法初探．喷灌技术，1985(3)
[98] 陈学敏，魏秀英．有风坡地喷灌试验报告．武汉水利电力学院，1990(12)
[99] Chen Xuemin , Luo Jinyao, Mensurement and estimation of sprinkler irrgation efficiency.proceedings of zeternational on Irrigation System Evaluation and water Management.Vol, Ⅱ, 1988
[100] Charless M.Burt, Robert E.Walker, Stuart W. Styles, Irrigations system evalwation manual. California Dept.of Water Resources and Dept .of Agriculture Eng, June, 1988
[101] Jhon E. Gilly and Eugene R. Kottwitz, Maximum surface storage provided by crop residue.Journal of Zrrigation and drainage Engineering.Vol. 120(2), 1994
[102] 刘维峰，吴扬俊．节水灌溉方式的选择．北京农业工程大学学报，1994(1)
[103]丁希泉．农业应用回归设计．吉林科学技术出版社，1986年6月
[104] Jack kell and Ron. D. Bliesner sprinkler and trickle irrgation published by Bannostrand, New York, 1990
[105] R. J. HADER: An Investigation of some of the Relationships Beween Copper, Irom, and Molybdenum in the Growth and Nutrition of lettuce:Ⅰ. Expperimental Design and Statisticul Methods for Characterizing the Response Surface. SSSA Proc. Vol.21.1957
[106] Kataria, R. K. Etal. 1987, Effect of Mulching on soil Moisture Conservation for Wheat Sowing under Rainfed Condition, Indion Journal of Agronomy, 32(1)
[107] Kramer PJ. 1983, Water relations of plants, Academic press, New York,342-415
[108] Russell RS. 1982, Plant root systems. Their funcation and interation with the soil. ELBS. MCGram-hill, VK. 90-112
[109] Richards IA. And Weaver IR. 1944, Moisture retention by some irrigated soil as relation to soil moisture tention. J. Arric. Res
[110] Ahuja, L, R. Et al, The extent and natural of rainfall-soil interaction in the release of soluble chemicals to runoff. J. Enviro Q ual. 1983(2)
[111] W. R. Walker and G. V Skogerboe, Irrigation Theory and practice, Pntice-Hall, ZNC, 1987
[112] Glem J. Hoffun, Terry A. Howell and Kenneth H .Solamon, Management of Farm Irrigation System, ASAE Momagraph, 1990
[113] D. Hillel, Soll and water, physical principle and processes, Academic press, INC, New York,1971
[114] walker, W.R. and Hmpheryerys, A. S., Kinetic-wave furrow iwigation model. Proc.ASCE,Vol.109, No.IR4,1983
[115] 丁新利，张玉玲．喷灌条件下春小麦水肥合与产量关系试验研究．地下水，1998(4)
[116] 丁新利，张玉玲．喷灌条件下冬小麦最佳水肥管理模式试验研究．干旱地区农业研究，1 999(1)
[117] 丁新利，张玉玲．北疆塔额盆地作物自压喷灌技术与效益研究．全国喷灌科技信息网论文汇编，1997年
[118] 文摘．在喷灌系统中用化肥注入用的二级并联泵．喷灌技术，1985(1)
[2] 许志方．21世纪的节水农业展望．中国农村水利水电，1997(增刊)
[3] 康绍忠，李永杰．21世纪我国节水农业发展趋势及其对策．农业工程学报，1997(4)
[4] 农田水利及农业水产资源高效利用专题研究组．农田水利及农业水资源高效利用调研报告，1999年8月
[51 康绍忠，蔡焕杰主编．农业水管理学．中国农业出版社，1996
[6] 黄荣翰．干旱半干旱地区灌溉农业发展的一些问题和发展方向．灌溉排水，1989(3)
[7] 康绍忠．新的农业科技革命与21世纪我国节水农业的发展．中国农村水利水电，1997(增刊)
[8] 钱正英主编．中国水利．水利电力出版社，1991
[9] 费良军．21世纪要大力加强地面节水灌溉技术的研究与推广．中国农村水利水电，1997(增刊)
[10] 水利电力部水利电力规划设计院．中国水资源利用．水利电力出版社，1989
[11] 西北农业大学农业水土工程研究所主编．西北地区农业节水与水资源持续利用．中国农业出版社，1999
[12] 新疆水利厅．新疆节水高效农业发展思路．1999年9月
[13] 吴普特主编．中国西北地区水资源开发战略与利用技术．中国水利水电出版社，2001
[14] 张志新，丁新利等．新疆水资源开发及合理利用对策方案研究．西北再造山川秀美战略研究报告，2000年12月
[15] 陈学敏．喷灌系统规划设计与管理．水利电力出版社，1998(10)
[16] 陈大雕，李蔼铿．微喷灌．水利电力出版社，1998
[17] 许一飞，许炳华．喷灌机械原理·设计·应用．中国农业机械出版社，1989(5)
[18] 喷灌工程设计手册编写组．喷灌工程设计手册．水利电力出版社，1989(8)
[19] 白丹．给水输配水管网系统优化设计研究．西安理工大学博士论文，2003
[20] 新疆水利厅．新疆灌溉．新疆人民出版社，1993
[21] 薄玉华，丁新利等．干旱地区自压喷灌技术及综合效益研究．国家自然基金项目鉴定报告，1996年10月
[22] 李英能．我国节水农业发展模式研究．节水灌溉，1998(2)
[23] David K.et al. Design of optimal water distribution networks. ASCE, 1968(10)
[24] Yang K. P et al. Design of canduit system with diverging branchhes, Jurnal hydr. Division. ASCE, 1975(1)
[25] Jacoby S. Design of optimal hydraulic networks. ASCE, 1968(3)
[26] Anand V, et al. Optimal design of branched water supply networks. EE, 1983(3)
[27] 白丹．低压输水管的优化．地下水，1993(4)
[28] 白丹．低压管道线性规划模型．地下水，1994(3)
[29] 王文焰等．波涌灌溉试验研究与应用．西北工业大学出版社，1994
[30] 刘钰，惠士博．畦灌水流运动的数学模型及数值计算．水利学报，1987(2)
[31] 费良军，王文焰．浑水波涌畦灌田面综合糙率系数研究．水利学报，1998(增刊)
[32] 门旗等．膜孔沟灌水力特性和基本参数的研究．节水灌溉，1997(2)
[33] 水利部科技司．节水农业发展综述．节水灌溉，1997(2)
[34] 门旗，王文焰．国内外地面灌溉理论研究进展与应用．灌溉排水，1999(增刊)
[35] 水利部农村水利司编．节水灌溉技术标准．中国水利电力出版社，1998
[36] 水利部农村水利司编．灌溉管理手册．水利电力出版社，1994
[37] 雷志栋，杨诗秀等．土壤特性空问变异性初步研究．水利学报，1985(9)
[38] 米孟恩．膜上灌节水技术．节水灌溉，1998(2)
[39] 刘旒忠．对地膜覆盖棉田增温、保墒、提墒和地面水入渗补给作用机理的探讨．灌溉排水，1989(3)
[40] 王康，黄介生．塑料薄膜覆盖时土壤内水热传输模型．灌溉排水，1999(1)
[41] 李光永等．地埋点源滴灌土壤水分运动规律的研究．农业工程学报，1996(3)
[42] 费良军等．由膜孔灌水流推进和消退资料推求点源入渗参数．灌溉排水，1999(1)
[43] 缴锡云，王文焰等．覆膜灌溉糙率特性的试验研究．21世纪农业水土工程，内蒙古教育出版社，2001
[44] 缴锡云，王文焰等．单孔膜孔入渗特性的试验研究．水利学报，1999(7)
[45] 张江辉，王新，丁新利．对新疆节水农业发展的几点认识．中国农村水利水电，2001(增刊Ⅱ)
[46] 陈大雕，林中卉．喷灌技术．科学出版社，1992
[47] 付琳，董文楚等．微灌工程技术指南．水利电力出版社，1988
[48] 全国“星火计划”丛书．灌溉管理手册．水利电力出版社，1984
[49] 许一飞，施钧亮等．我国喷灌工程规划设计的研究与发展．喷灌技术，1992(4)
[50] 陈炯新，杨刚．对喷灌发展中几个政策性问题的探讨．喷灌技术，1992(3)
[51] 中华人民共和国标准．喷灌工程技术规范(GBJ—85—85)，1985
[52] 中华人民共和国标准．喷灌工程技术管理规程(SD—85)，1985
[53] 中华人民共和国水利部．微灌工程技术规范(SL—95)，1995
[54] 新疆水利厅．新疆水利统计年鉴，2001
[55] Bralts, V. E. et al. Finite element analysis of drip irrigation subunit units. Trans. of ASAE, 1985(13)
[56] Lapez, J. R. Design of manifolds for non-rectangalar drip irrigation subunits. Procceding of the third international drip trickle irrigation congress. Fresno, u.s. A 1985
[57] Wu. Ⅰ. P. et al. Energy gradient for drip irrigation lateral. Jurnal of the Ⅰ. &. D. Dirision, ASES 1975(4)
[58] Pleban S. et al. Minimizing capital costs of multiontlet pipelines. Jurnal of the Ⅰ &. D Division ASEC. 1984(2)
[59] Hand book, polyplot. Published by Jances Hardie Irrigation Pty. Limited, U. S. A, 1984
[60] 李蔼铿．多孔出流管道水力设计的微机诺谟图原理的研究．水利学报，1994(2)
[61] 杨健康，孙学敏．微灌系统田间管网允许压力差的最优分配方法．水利学报，1990(4)
[62] 孙万弟，陈仲安．对我国喷灌发展战略的思考．喷灌技术，1991(4)
[63] Daniel Hillel(ed.),Advanies in irrigation.Academic press znc. 1983
[64] W.E.Hart,overhead irrigation pattorn parameters. Agricultural Engineering,July, 1961
[65] J.L,H.Kawano,The areal distribution of soil moisture under sprinkler irrigation.Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 32 (1), 1996
[66] G.stanlhill,the limits of water use efficiency in agriculture.Irrigation Science,Vol. 14(2), 1993
[67] 覃通．喷灌支管优化设计方法．喷灌技术，1992(4)
[68] 刘子沛．压力供水管网优化计算线性规划方法的研究．喷灌技术1988(2)
[69] 蒋定生，狄美良．中国西北地区节水灌溉分区方案探讨．《中国西北地区水资源开发战略与利用技术》．中国水利水电出版社，2001
[70] 新疆水利厅．新疆节水灌溉发展规划．1995年8月
[71] 沈振荣，陈霞芬．京津唐平原区小麦灌溉方法试验研究．水利水电技术，1987
[72] 张志新．对新疆发展喷灌的认识．节水灌溉，2000(6)
[73] Tang A, et al, Analysis of distribution network by blancing equialant pipe length. AWWA, 1961 (2)
[74] Karmeli D, Gadish Y, Meyers, Design of optimal distribution network. Journal of pipeline, ASCE, 1968:1-10
[75] Gupta Ⅰ. Linear programming analysis of a water supply system, Trans. Amer. Inst .Ind, Eng. 1969:56-61
[76] Gupta Ⅰ assam M, Cook J. Linear Programming analysis of a water supply system with multiple supply points, Trans. Amer. Inst, Eng. 1972:200-204
[77] Liang T, Design of Conduit system by dynamic programming. Journal of hydraulics. ASCE. 1973:383-393
[78] 施丽贞．自压喷灌输水管道的优化设计．喷灌技术，1984(3)
[79] 施丽贞，王云涛．自压喷灌系统配水管道最优管径计算．喷灌技术，1985(2)
[80] 李陆泗编译．作物的水分生产函数．灌溉排水，1989(3)
[81] 康绍忠，党育红．作物水分生产函数与经济用水灌溉制度的研究．西
北水利科技，1987(1)
[82] 李远华主编．节水灌溉理论与技术．武汉水利电力出版社，1998
[83] Hall, W. A. and Butcher, W. 1908. Optimal timing ot irrigation. J. Irring. Drain. Drv. ASCE, 1994(IRZ)
[84] Jensen, M. E, 1968. Water Consunmpiton by ayricultural plant. In: T. Kozlowski, water deficits and plant growth, vol. 2, Acdemic press, New York, PP1-22
[85] Minnas, B. S , Parikh, K, S. And Srinivasan, T, N, 1974. Towards the structure of a production function for wheat yields with dated inputs of irrigation water, water resour. Res, 10:383-393
[86] Rao, N.H. Sarma, P.B.S. And Chander, S, 1988. A Simple dated water-production for use in irrigated agriculture Agric. Water Manage, 13:25-32
[87] 丘宝剑等编著．农业气候区划及其方法．科学出版社，1987
[88] 中国灌溉农业节水规划编写组．中国灌溉农业节水规划．水利部，1996年7月
[89] 1990
[90] 余德源．新疆农业气候．新疆人民出版社，1981
[91] 新疆农办科技示范项目．新疆节水灌溉区划及推广应用模式研究．2000年12月
[92] 新疆水利厅．新疆节水灌溉发展规划报告．1998年10月
[93] 联合国粮农组织灌溉及排水丛书．机械化喷灌．罗马，1982
[94] 王云涛．自压喷灌．西北农学院水利系出版，1982
[95] 朱振锁．自压喷灌主干管的经济输水方式．新疆水利科技，1989(2)
[96] 朱振锁．自压喷灌主干管的经济直径．喷灌技术，1985(1)
[97] 陈仲安．降低半固定式喷灌系统投资的设计方法初探．喷灌技术，1985(3)
[98] 陈学敏，魏秀英．有风坡地喷灌试验报告．武汉水利电力学院，1990(12)
[99] Chen Xuemin , Luo Jinyao, Mensurement and estimation of sprinkler irrgation efficiency.proceedings of zeternational on Irrigation System Evaluation and water Management.Vol, Ⅱ, 1988
[100] Charless M.Burt, Robert E.Walker, Stuart W. Styles, Irrigations system evalwation manual. California Dept.of Water Resources and Dept .of Agriculture Eng, June, 1988
[101] Jhon E. Gilly and Eugene R. Kottwitz, Maximum surface storage provided by crop residue.Journal of Zrrigation and drainage Engineering.Vol. 120(2), 1994
[102] 刘维峰，吴扬俊．节水灌溉方式的选择．北京农业工程大学学报，1994(1)
[103]丁希泉．农业应用回归设计．吉林科学技术出版社，1986年6月
[104] Jack kell and Ron. D. Bliesner sprinkler and trickle irrgation published by Bannostrand, New York, 1990
[105] R. J. HADER: An Investigation of some of the Relationships Beween Copper, Irom, and Molybdenum in the Growth and Nutrition of lettuce:Ⅰ. Expperimental Design and Statisticul Methods for Characterizing the Response Surface. SSSA Proc. Vol.21.1957
[106] Kataria, R. K. Etal. 1987, Effect of Mulching on soil Moisture Conservation for Wheat Sowing under Rainfed Condition, Indion Journal of Agronomy, 32(1)
[107] Kramer PJ. 1983, Water relations of plants, Academic press, New York,342-415
[108] Russell RS. 1982, Plant root systems. Their funcation and interation with the soil. ELBS. MCGram-hill, VK. 90-112
[109] Richards IA. And Weaver IR. 1944, Moisture retention by some irrigated soil as relation to soil moisture tention. J. Arric. Res
[110] Ahuja, L, R. Et al, The extent and natural of rainfall-soil interaction in the release of soluble chemicals to runoff. J. Enviro Q ual. 1983(2)
[111] W. R. Walker and G. V Skogerboe, Irrigation Theory and practice, Pntice-Hall, ZNC, 1987
[112] Glem J. Hoffun, Terry A. Howell and Kenneth H .Solamon, Management of Farm Irrigation System, ASAE Momagraph, 1990
[113] D. Hillel, Soll and water, physical principle and processes, Academic press, INC, New York,1971
[114] walker, W.R. and Hmpheryerys, A. S., Kinetic-wave furrow iwigation model. Proc.ASCE,Vol.109, No.IR4,1983
[115] 丁新利，张玉玲．喷灌条件下春小麦水肥合与产量关系试验研究．地下水，1998(4)
[116] 丁新利，张玉玲．喷灌条件下冬小麦最佳水肥管理模式试验研究．干旱地区农业研究，1 999(1)
[117] 丁新利，张玉玲．北疆塔额盆地作物自压喷灌技术与效益研究．全国喷灌科技信息网论文汇编，1997年
[118] 文摘．在喷灌系统中用化肥注入用的二级并联泵．喷灌技术，1985(1)