新型鸭肝炎病毒致病特性及感染鸭肝胰细胞凋亡的研究
|
摘要
本研究运用病理形态学、临床病理学、免疫组织化学和电镜技术等多种研究方法,以新型鸭肝炎病毒人工感染9日龄健康樱桃谷雏鸭,复制新型鸭肝炎病毒人工感染疾病模型,分别在接种后12h、24h、48h、72h、96h、168h和14d共7个时间点,首次对新型鸭肝炎病毒感染过程中感染雏鸭谷丙转氨酶等13项血清生化指标的变化、组织病理学变化、病毒抗原的动态分布、NO等细胞因子的变化进行了系统的、动态观察与研究,同时重点观察了感染雏鸭肝脏和胰脏的细胞凋亡以及凋亡相关因子Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax、p53的动态变化。结果如下:
血清生化指标测定结果表明:血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶的活性升高;血清葡萄糖、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量均表现降低;胆碱酯酶仅在接种后12h表现明显升高;血清α—淀粉酶活性无改变;碱性磷酸酶、尿酸、肌酐,钙、磷变化无明显规律;。
血液、肝和脑组织中NO的含量,TNF-α和IL-2的测定结果表明:血清中NO含量在接种后48h至接种后96h升高;肝组织中NO含量仅在接种后24h显著升高;脑组织中NO含量在整个试验期间没有变化。血清中的TNF和IL-2含量在接种后24h均表现升高,在接种后96h表现降低。
感染雏鸭的组织病理学变化结果显示:感染雏鸭的肝组织在接种后24h表现出血性坏死性肝炎,接种后48-96小时呈增生性病变;胰脏组织在接毒后24h出现胰腺细胞的局灶性坏死及嗜酸性小体,随时间推移,出现炎性细胞浸润并且逐渐增多,局灶性坏死及嗜酸性小体逐渐减少;接种后各时期脑组织病理变化呈非化脓性脑炎;脾脏表现坏死;肾小管出现坏死及异嗜性粒细胞浸润。
感染雏鸭机体内病毒抗原的动态分布结果表明:接种后不同时间,在肝脏、脾脏、胰脏、胸腺和法氏囊组织中均可检测到新型鸭肝炎病毒抗原,而肾脏、心脏、脑组织中均未检测到病毒抗原。病毒抗原均位于阳性细胞的细胞质中。
接种后48h胰脏和接种后24h肝脏的超微结构观察结果显示肝细胞和胰腺细胞出现凋亡细胞的形态特征,表现为细胞皱缩,细胞核染色质凝集边移。
TUNEL染色结果显示接种后24h至接种后96h肝脏肝细胞中有TUNEL染色阳性细胞,且在接种后24h细胞凋亡指数最高;接种后24h至接种后168h胰腺细胞中有TUNEL染色阳性细胞,在接种后24h至48h,细胞凋亡指数增加,表明肝细胞和胰腺细胞出现细胞凋亡。
感染雏鸭肝脏和胰脏组织中凋亡相关的调控因子的研究结果表明,实验感染新型鸭肝炎病毒雏鸭肝脏和胰脏组织中均可观察到caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax阳性反应细胞,并且肝脏和胰脏中细胞凋亡指数变化方向与caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax表达变化方向一致。在接种后12h-14d,实验感染新型鸭肝炎病毒雏鸭肝脏和胰脏组织中均未见p53阳性反应细胞,表明肝脏和胰脏中细胞凋亡与p53无关。
上述结果表明,新型鸭肝炎病毒侵入后,在肝、脾、胰、胸腺和法氏囊组织中分布,可造成感染雏鸭出现以肝出血坏死、胰局灶性坏死及嗜酸性小体形成的特征性组织病理损伤,并且出现转氨酶升高的临床特征。同时可诱导肝细胞和胰腺细胞凋亡,与凋亡相关的调控基因及细胞因子亦发生相应的变化。
9-day old ducklings were inoculated with New Type Duck Hepatitis Virus. Using pathological methods, electron microscope and immunohistochemistry methods, at 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 168h and 14d post inoculation(PI), 13 of serum biochemical indexes, the NO of the serum, liver and brain, the TNF, IL-2 of the serum, dynamic distribution of virus, pathological changes, apoptosis, and apoptosis factor were studied.The result of 13 of serum biochemical indexes showed that: The activities of serum AST, ALT began to increased significantly at 24hPI. The levels of serum Glu, TP, ALB, GLB were dropped significantly. The activities of CHE increased significantly at 12hPI. The concentration of CRE decreased at 12h and increased at 24hPI. There were a lot of changes but have no roles in the activities of ALP, the concentration of UA, Ca and P. There were no changes in the activities of serum a-Amylase.The result of NO in the serum, liver and brain, the TNF,IL-2 in the serum showed that the levels of serum NO were increased significantly at 48h,72h and 96h post inoculation(PI). The activities of liver NO began to increased significantly at 24hPI. There were no changes in the activities of brain NO. The concentration of serum TNF and IL-2 increased significantly at 24h after inoculation, then dropped significantly at 96hPI.Histopathological examination revealed the hemorrhagic and necrotic inflammation of the liver at 24h post inoculation. At 48h to 96h post inoculation, proliferative inflammation was observed. There was limitation coagulation necrosis and Councilman's bodies in pancreas at 24h post inoculation and it became the most extensive and serious at 48h post inoculation, between 72h to 168h post inoculation, there was heterophil infiltrating into pancreas and became more serious, the limitation coagulation necrosis and Councilman's bodies became lighten, at 14d post inoculation, only heterophil infiltration was observed. All the time, the nonsuppurative encephalitis, necrotic splenitis was observed in the brain, spleen respectively, and it was observed heterophil infiltrating into renal leaflet.The result of dynamic distribution of virus revealed the virus were present in liver, spleen between 24hPI to 96hPI, it also present in pancreas between 24hPI to 168hPI, and between 12hPI to 14dPI, the virus were present in thymus gland and bursa Fabriicii. There were no virus present in kidney, heart and brine. It was found that the virus was located in cytoplasm of positive cells.Ultrastructural study revealed the characteristic changes of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, were observed in liver at 24hPI and pancreas at 48hPI.The result of TUNEL staining revealed the positively cells present in liver between 24hPI to 96hPI, and apoptotic index increased to the top at 24hPI. The positively cell present in pancreas between 24hPI to 168hPI, and apoptotic index increased to the top at 48hPI.The result of immunohistochemical staining of apoptotic factor caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax and p53 in liver and pancreas showed that, the positively cells of caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax were observed in liver between 24hPI to 168hPI, and in pancreas from 12hPI to 14dPI, and the changes of apoptotic index
were paralleled positively with the changes of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax expression. There were no positive cells of p53 in liver and pancreas between 12hPI to 14dPI, it revealed that there was no relation between apoptosis and p53 in liver and pancreas of infected duckling with New Type Duck Hepatitis Virus.Base on the study results, it showed that New Type Duck Hepatitis Virus invaded into the body of the ducklings, distributed in organs, caused lesion of the cells. At the same time, the virus induced apoptosis of hepacytes in liver and acinar cells in pancreas, and the changes of apoptotic factor was occurred.
血清生化指标测定结果表明:血清中谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶的活性升高;血清葡萄糖、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量均表现降低;胆碱酯酶仅在接种后12h表现明显升高;血清α—淀粉酶活性无改变;碱性磷酸酶、尿酸、肌酐,钙、磷变化无明显规律;。
血液、肝和脑组织中NO的含量,TNF-α和IL-2的测定结果表明:血清中NO含量在接种后48h至接种后96h升高;肝组织中NO含量仅在接种后24h显著升高;脑组织中NO含量在整个试验期间没有变化。血清中的TNF和IL-2含量在接种后24h均表现升高,在接种后96h表现降低。
感染雏鸭的组织病理学变化结果显示:感染雏鸭的肝组织在接种后24h表现出血性坏死性肝炎,接种后48-96小时呈增生性病变;胰脏组织在接毒后24h出现胰腺细胞的局灶性坏死及嗜酸性小体,随时间推移,出现炎性细胞浸润并且逐渐增多,局灶性坏死及嗜酸性小体逐渐减少;接种后各时期脑组织病理变化呈非化脓性脑炎;脾脏表现坏死;肾小管出现坏死及异嗜性粒细胞浸润。
感染雏鸭机体内病毒抗原的动态分布结果表明:接种后不同时间,在肝脏、脾脏、胰脏、胸腺和法氏囊组织中均可检测到新型鸭肝炎病毒抗原,而肾脏、心脏、脑组织中均未检测到病毒抗原。病毒抗原均位于阳性细胞的细胞质中。
接种后48h胰脏和接种后24h肝脏的超微结构观察结果显示肝细胞和胰腺细胞出现凋亡细胞的形态特征,表现为细胞皱缩,细胞核染色质凝集边移。
TUNEL染色结果显示接种后24h至接种后96h肝脏肝细胞中有TUNEL染色阳性细胞,且在接种后24h细胞凋亡指数最高;接种后24h至接种后168h胰腺细胞中有TUNEL染色阳性细胞,在接种后24h至48h,细胞凋亡指数增加,表明肝细胞和胰腺细胞出现细胞凋亡。
感染雏鸭肝脏和胰脏组织中凋亡相关的调控因子的研究结果表明,实验感染新型鸭肝炎病毒雏鸭肝脏和胰脏组织中均可观察到caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax阳性反应细胞,并且肝脏和胰脏中细胞凋亡指数变化方向与caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax表达变化方向一致。在接种后12h-14d,实验感染新型鸭肝炎病毒雏鸭肝脏和胰脏组织中均未见p53阳性反应细胞,表明肝脏和胰脏中细胞凋亡与p53无关。
上述结果表明,新型鸭肝炎病毒侵入后,在肝、脾、胰、胸腺和法氏囊组织中分布,可造成感染雏鸭出现以肝出血坏死、胰局灶性坏死及嗜酸性小体形成的特征性组织病理损伤,并且出现转氨酶升高的临床特征。同时可诱导肝细胞和胰腺细胞凋亡,与凋亡相关的调控基因及细胞因子亦发生相应的变化。
9-day old ducklings were inoculated with New Type Duck Hepatitis Virus. Using pathological methods, electron microscope and immunohistochemistry methods, at 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 168h and 14d post inoculation(PI), 13 of serum biochemical indexes, the NO of the serum, liver and brain, the TNF, IL-2 of the serum, dynamic distribution of virus, pathological changes, apoptosis, and apoptosis factor were studied.The result of 13 of serum biochemical indexes showed that: The activities of serum AST, ALT began to increased significantly at 24hPI. The levels of serum Glu, TP, ALB, GLB were dropped significantly. The activities of CHE increased significantly at 12hPI. The concentration of CRE decreased at 12h and increased at 24hPI. There were a lot of changes but have no roles in the activities of ALP, the concentration of UA, Ca and P. There were no changes in the activities of serum a-Amylase.The result of NO in the serum, liver and brain, the TNF,IL-2 in the serum showed that the levels of serum NO were increased significantly at 48h,72h and 96h post inoculation(PI). The activities of liver NO began to increased significantly at 24hPI. There were no changes in the activities of brain NO. The concentration of serum TNF and IL-2 increased significantly at 24h after inoculation, then dropped significantly at 96hPI.Histopathological examination revealed the hemorrhagic and necrotic inflammation of the liver at 24h post inoculation. At 48h to 96h post inoculation, proliferative inflammation was observed. There was limitation coagulation necrosis and Councilman's bodies in pancreas at 24h post inoculation and it became the most extensive and serious at 48h post inoculation, between 72h to 168h post inoculation, there was heterophil infiltrating into pancreas and became more serious, the limitation coagulation necrosis and Councilman's bodies became lighten, at 14d post inoculation, only heterophil infiltration was observed. All the time, the nonsuppurative encephalitis, necrotic splenitis was observed in the brain, spleen respectively, and it was observed heterophil infiltrating into renal leaflet.The result of dynamic distribution of virus revealed the virus were present in liver, spleen between 24hPI to 96hPI, it also present in pancreas between 24hPI to 168hPI, and between 12hPI to 14dPI, the virus were present in thymus gland and bursa Fabriicii. There were no virus present in kidney, heart and brine. It was found that the virus was located in cytoplasm of positive cells.Ultrastructural study revealed the characteristic changes of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, were observed in liver at 24hPI and pancreas at 48hPI.The result of TUNEL staining revealed the positively cells present in liver between 24hPI to 96hPI, and apoptotic index increased to the top at 24hPI. The positively cell present in pancreas between 24hPI to 168hPI, and apoptotic index increased to the top at 48hPI.The result of immunohistochemical staining of apoptotic factor caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax and p53 in liver and pancreas showed that, the positively cells of caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax were observed in liver between 24hPI to 168hPI, and in pancreas from 12hPI to 14dPI, and the changes of apoptotic index
were paralleled positively with the changes of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax expression. There were no positive cells of p53 in liver and pancreas between 12hPI to 14dPI, it revealed that there was no relation between apoptosis and p53 in liver and pancreas of infected duckling with New Type Duck Hepatitis Virus.Base on the study results, it showed that New Type Duck Hepatitis Virus invaded into the body of the ducklings, distributed in organs, caused lesion of the cells. At the same time, the virus induced apoptosis of hepacytes in liver and acinar cells in pancreas, and the changes of apoptotic factor was occurred.
引文
1.边城,徐永红,李定国,等.一氧化氮对大鼠实验性肝纤维化的影响[J].中国药理学通报,2002,18(1):312-314
2.蔡逸婷,吴文俊,夏青.血、尿淀粉酶三种测定方法的参考值调查和临床应用比较[J].上海医学检验杂志,2001,16(2):106-107
3.陈弘年,吴世义,张小飞,等.鸭病毒性肝炎病毒分离和血清型鉴定[J].中国畜禽传染病,1992,1:4-6
4.陈吉刚,周继勇,张德勇.鸡白细胞介素-2研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2001,22(4):36-39
5.陈建红,梁发朝,卢玉葵,等.鸭肝炎自然病例与鸭肝炎病毒人工发病病例组织病理学观察[J].中国预防兽医学报,2001,23(3):204-205.
6.陈龙,殷定忠,庞训胜,等.感染IBDV雏鸡血液ANAE+-淋巴细胞比例和IL-2水平的动态变化的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,1999,26(2):183～187
7.陈明勇,高齐瑜,杨汉春,等.传染性法氏囊病毒变异E株感染鸡细胞凋亡的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(2):180-184
8.陈乃玲,白玲,邓涛,等.慢性肝病肝细胞凋亡Fas、FasL、Bax、Bcl-2、Bcl—XL、Bcl-2α等蛋白表达[J].中华传染病杂志,2003,21(2):122-124
9.陈佩兰,陈乃玲,刘超英,等.丙型肝炎肝细胞凋亡的电镜和免疫组化研究[J].第一军医大学学报,1999,19(1):22-24
10.陈卫昌,徐晓,温晓持,等.急性胰腺炎患者氧自由基、一氧化氮测定及临床意义[J].苏州大学学报(医学版),2002,22(4):428-429
11.陈媛,周玫主编.自由基医学基础与病理生理[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2002:307-317
12.陈志胜,王丙云,潘忠雄,等.鸭肝炎病毒诱导雏鸭细胞凋亡的研究[J].中国兽医学报,2003,23(2):136-137
13.程安春,廖德惠,谢镜怀,等.鸭病毒性肝炎的研究——病原分离、鉴定及弱毒株培育[J].中国兽医杂志,1993,19(1):3-4
14.程国富,胡薛英,周诗其,等.单克隆抗体PAP法对实验感染雏鸭体内鸭肝炎病毒的定位检测[J].华中农业大学学报,1996,15(6):568-572.
15.程国富,周诗其.鸭病毒性肝炎自然病例的病理学观察[J].华中农业大学学报,1995,14(6):568-570.
16.程勇,王卫星,余莉,等.大鼠急性胰腺炎细胞凋亡异常及Fas/FasL系统表达的研究[J].中华实验外科杂志,2004,21(6):756
17.迟宝荣,任秀宝,刘阳,等.检测血清胆碱酯酶对肝病诊断的临床意义分析[J].临床肝胆病杂志,1996,12(2):25-27
18.邓利娟,陈慎仁.细胞凋亡的调控与Ⅰ型糖尿病[J].中国病理生理杂志,2002,18(9):1165-1168
19.丁濂.肝细胞的凋亡[J].中华病理学杂志,1996,25(2):118-120
20.董惠芳,章晓鹰,周飞,等.肝硬化患者血清TNF-α和CD45RO+粒细胞检测的意义[J].上 海医学检验杂志,2001,16(4):233-234
21.段小娴,欧盛敬,李瑗,等.树鼩实验性肝癌形成过程中p53,Bcl-2蛋白表达及其与细胞凋亡之间的关系[J].中国肿瘤临床,2004,31(18):1057-1059
22.方文,胡鸿.血清胆碱酯酶活性在肝脏时的变化及其相关性[J].贵阳医学院学报,1999,24(4):362-363
23.付永锋,樊廷俊.Bcl-2家族蛋白与细胞凋亡[J].生物化学与生物物理学报,2002,34(4):389-394
24.傅小平,沈永林,陈伟华,等.一氧化氮在山羊感染肝片吸虫过程中的作用[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,2001,9(2):10-14
25.甘华山,陈友琴.细胞凋亡与病毒性肝炎[J].世界华人消化杂志,2001,9(5):579-581
26.高建芝,张建龙,王红梅,等.脓毒症大鼠Fas-L,Caspase-3和NF-k B的表达与肝细胞凋亡的关系[J].新乡医学院学报,2004,2(2):96-99
27.高世成,桂稀恩,宁宜云,等.肝细胞性肝癌患者乙肝病毒感染与p53基因变异的关系[J].中华实验和临床病毒学杂志,2000,14(2):183
28.顾炳权,刘茂贤,闻勤生,等.急性胰腺炎淀粉酶脂肪酶检测的意义[J].第四军医大学学报,1999,20(7):630-632
29.顾小红,冯爱娟,张云东,等.丁型肝炎病人肝组织HDAg与bcl-2、bax、bak表达关系[J].第三军医大学学报,2004,26(18):1677-1679
30.郭琳琅,曹长安.Bcl-2及相关蛋白Bax在慢性乙型肝炎肝组织中的表达[J].中华肝脏病杂志,1997,5(4):210-211
31.郭琳琅,郭颖,肖莎.凋亡基因bcl-2、bax及Fas在肝硬化中的表达及与乙肝病毒感染的关系[J].临床肝胆病杂志,1999,15(1):30-31
32.郭琳琅,郭颖,曹长安.肝胆管癌丙型肝炎病毒感染与p53和p21WAFD/CIP1异常表达的关系[J].临床肝胆病杂志,2000,16(1):53-54
33.郭琳琅,肖莎,胡瑞德.原发性肝癌组织中丙型肝炎病毒感染与p53和Bcl-2基因异常的关系[J].中华病理学杂志,2000,29(4):291-292
34.郭玉璞,潘文石.北京鸭病毒性肝炎血清型的初步鉴定[J].中国兽医杂志,1984,10(11):2-3
35.郭玉璞.我国鸭病毒性肝炎的研究概况[J].中国兽医杂志,1997,23(6):46-48
36.哈建利,褚启龙,王爱国,等.氟致人胎肝细胞DNA损伤及其对细胞凋亡和p53蛋白表达的影响[J].卫生研究,2004,33(4):400-402
37.何启盖.应用斑点酶联免疫吸附试验检测鸭肝炎病毒的研究[D].四川:四川农业大学,1993:10-15.
38.何生松,李淑莉,熊莉娟,等.α-干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-8水平与抗病毒应答的关系[J].中国临床药学杂志,2002,11(1):14-16
39.洪涛.生物医学超微结构与电子显微镜技术[M].北京:科学出版社,1980:521-524
40.胡薛英,程国富,周诗其,等.试验感染鸭病毒性肝炎雏鸭的组织病理学研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2000,19(1):48-50
41.胡薛英,程国富,周诗其,等.鸭病毒性肝炎发病机理的研究 Ⅲ.实验感染雏鸭血清生化指标的测定[J].华中农业大学学报,1996,15(3):254-257
42.胡薛英,苏敬良,程国富,等.新型鸭肝炎病毒试验感染雏鸭的组织病理学[J].中国兽医学报,2002,22(6):549—551.
43.胡志坚,陈华,李一伟,等.微囊藻毒素促肝癌过程中肝细胞bcl-2及bax基因表达研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,2002,36(4):239-242
44.黄建生,郭秋明,王昌才.肿瘤坏死因子与乙型肝炎[J].国外医学·流行病学传染病学分册,1995,22(5):196-199
45.黄均健.小鸭病毒性肝炎研究.上海农科院畜牧兽医研究所,单行本,1963
46.惠天朝.硒对罗非鱼慢性镉中毒肝抗氧化酶及转氨酶的影响[J].中国兽医学报,2000,20(3):264-266
47.贾因棠,王守义.肿瘤坏死因子在肝脏损伤中的作用及机理[J].中国病理生理杂志,1997,13(6):755-757
48.蒋业贵,李奇芬,王宇明,等.HDV/HBV感染树鼩肝组织中Bcl-2/Bax表达和肝细胞凋亡[J].世界华人消化杂志,2000,8(6):625-628
49.蒋业贵,李奇芬,王宇明,等.HDV/HBV感染树鼩肝组织中的肝细胞凋亡[J].免疫学杂志,2001,17(5):352-356
50.金伯泉.细胞和分子免疫学[第二版][M].北京:科学出版社,2001:175-178
51.金忱,倪泉兴,张群华,等.急性胰腺炎大鼠TNF-αmRNA、IL-10mRNA表达和胰腺细胞凋亡的研究[J].中华外科杂志,2001,39(8):626-628
52.金华,徐彦波,邹啸环,等.鸡贫血病毒实验感染雏鸡胸腺和骨髓的超微结构观察.中国兽医学报,1999,19(4):333-335
53.瞿中和.细胞生物学基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1987:190-193
54.柯小龙,李红良,陈丹丹,等.NF-κB,AP-1及Caspase-3在SC58125诱导的HepG2细胞凋亡中的作用。中国病理生理杂志,2001,17(12):1188-1192
55.科尔斯 E.H.著[美].朱坤熹,秦礼让译.兽医临床病理学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1989:138-142
56.李富荣,叶志中,戴勇,等.SLE患者淋巴细胞凋亡和p53蛋白表达的相关性研究[J].上海免疫学杂志,2003,23(4):280-282
57.李海民,孙凯,窦科峰,等.P53,p73,nm23-H1基因在肝细胞肝癌中的表达与临床病理关系[J].第四军医大学学报,2002,23(18):1718-1722
58.李海燕,陈瑞芬,刘国贞,等.实验性急性出血坏死性胰腺炎时肝脏的病理形态学观察及肝细胞的凋亡[J].电子显微学报,2004,23(1):48-54
59.李金贵,朱蓓蕾,蒋金书.柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染鸡盲肠和脾脏一氧化氮合酶的表达[J].中国兽医学报,2003,23(4):341-343
60.李金贵,朱蓓蕾,蒋金书.柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染肉鸡后盲肠粘膜iNOS活性变化[J].中国兽医杂志,2000,26(5):10-12
61.李劲松,陈溥言,吴增坚.江苏地区鸭肝炎病毒血清型的鉴定[J].畜牧与兽医,1987,2: 58-59
62.李绍强,梁力健,黄洁夫.依赖天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3的肝细胞凋亡在肝硬化大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤中的作用[J].中国病理生理杂志,2001,17(6):519-522.
63.李淑华,李晓霞,初彦辉,等.硝普钠对急性胰腺炎大鼠治疗作用初探[J].中国病理生理杂志,2000,16(9):852-853
64.李祥敏,钱平,石德时,等.哺乳仔猪中伪狂犬病病毒鄂A株对细胞凋亡的诱导或抑制[J].生物化学与生物物理学报,2003,35(4):325-330
65.李勇,乜连波,张学明,等.急性胰腺炎合并肝损伤时IL-6、氧自由基变化及IL-2、川芎嗪干预的实验研究[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2002,8(2):111-114
66.李育谷,辛朝安,李楚宣,等.鸭胸腺细胞自然凋亡的电镜观察[J].畜牧兽医学报,2000,31(6):571-575
67.林静,朱明华,祝峙,等.乙型肝炎病毒X和p53对肝癌细胞生长的影响[J].中华病理学杂志,2003,32(1):42-47
68.林世棠,黄瑜,黄纪铨,等.一种新的鸭传染病研究1.流行情况与初步诊断[J].中国畜禽传染病,1996,4:14-17
69.林曦.家畜病理学[第三版][M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999:167-170
70.凌育燊,全健,詹乐群.近年来我国禽病研究动态[J].中国兽医杂志,1993,19(9):51-55
71.刘青光,徐高峰,耿智敏,等.地塞米松对重症急性胰腺炎胰腺细胞凋亡的影响[J].西安交通大学学报(医学版),2003,24(1):56-58
72.刘胜旺,孔宪刚,卢景良.鸡细胞因子研究进展[J].中国预防兽医学报,2000,22(6):474-476
73.刘喆,陈云,杨颖,等.妊娠兔胎盘细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因Bel-2和Bax表达的动态变化[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,2002,29(1):64-65
74.卢绮萍,吴在德,李德忠,等.H2O2诱导肝细胞凋亡时p53、bcl-2mRNA的表达及其意义[J].中华实验外科杂志,2001,18(4):345-347
75.陆宏伟,黎一鸣.细胞凋亡与肝移植缺血-再灌注损伤的研究进展[J].陕西医学杂志,2003,32(2):141-143
76.吕雷,冯昊,朱依纯,等.P53与类胰岛素生长因子-1在心肌梗死后心肌细胞凋亡及心肌重构中的作用[J].复旦学报(医学科学版),2001,28(5):455-458
77.聂青和,李梦东.肝病中的肝细胞凋亡[J].中华传染病杂志,1997,15(2):122-124
78.彭开松,佘锐萍.病毒动物病毒与宿主细胞的细胞凋亡[J].中国兽医杂志,2004,40(11):42-44
79.彭黎明,王曾礼主编.细胞凋亡的基础与临床[M].北京:人民卫生出版社。2000:63-66,394-411,400-405
80.彭南秀.雏鸭病毒性肝炎的动态病理学研究[J].中国兽医科技,1998,28(8):22-23.
81.彭南秀.雏鸭病毒性肝炎血清酶和血胆红素的动态研究[J].中国兽医科技,1998,28(2):24-25
82.祁保民,黄小红,苏金为.鸡马立克氏病发病过程中肝、肾细胞凋亡的电镜观察[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版)。2003,32(1):113-116
83.祁保民,姚金水,卢惠明.鸭病毒性肝炎的病理形态学观察[J].福建农业大学学报.1999, 28(3):350-352
84.钱会南,刘孟珉,胡志远,等.TNF诱导HL-60细胞凋亡的初步观察[J].肿瘤研究与临床,1999,11(1):15-16
85.秦波,张定风,马英,等.肿瘤坏死因子受体和Fas在乙型肝炎肝细胞凋亡中的意义[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2001,9(6):337-339
86.秦茂春.一氧化氮与炎症及自身免疫反应[J].生理科学进展,1993,24(2):141-143
87.曲建慧,朱明华,林静,等.p53与HBV相互作用对7721细胞凋亡及p21启动子的影响[J].解放军医学杂志,2003,28(2):166-168
88.任红,张定凤,贾小平,等.丙型肝炎患者肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素6的水平及意义[J].中国免疫学杂志,1992,8(1):50-51
89.任晓葆,何振平,文亮.一氧化氮在急性出血坏死性胰腺炎大鼠胰肾损伤中的作用[J].第三军医大学学报,2001,23(9):1081-1083
90.尚东,关凤林,杨佩满,等.胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡在大鼠急性胰腺炎病程中的作用及凋亡调控基因的表达[J].肝胆胰外科杂志,2001,13(3):152-155
91.邵宏伟,齐清会.急性胰腺炎与胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的关系[J].中华普通外科杂志,2003,18(1):23-24
92.邵丽华,马立宪,吕卉.慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者肝组织HBVDNA定量与炎症活动度及细胞凋亡关系[J].临床检验杂志,2004,22(2):117
93.宋继谒.病理学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999:240-256
94.宋蕊,石理兰,乔光彦.病毒性肝炎患者单个核细胞中Caspase-3与凋亡[J].国外医学·流行病学传染病学分册,2003,30(5):292-293
95.宋学立,钱令嘉,李凤芝,等.Bcl-2基因转染对热应激心肌细胞的保护作用[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2001,19(3):162-165
96.苏建家,欧盛敬,李瑗,等.树晌实验性肝癌形成过程Bax,Bcl-2的动态表达与细胞凋亡[J].肿瘤,2004,24(5):433-436
97.苏敬良,黄瑜,贺荣连,等.新型鸭肝炎病毒的分离及初步鉴定[J].中国兽医科技,2002,32(1):15-16
98.孙备,姜洪池,赵金鹏,等.大鼠肝脏保存再灌注时羟自由基与细胞凋亡、Bcl-2蛋白表达的关系及丹参的保护作用[J].中华普通外科杂志,2000,15(9)540-543
99.孙为民,王慧琴.细胞因子研究方法学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社。1999:584-596
100.汤礼军,田伏洲,王雨,等.肝脏低温保存再灌注期间肝细胞凋亡及其与Bax基因蛋白相关性的研究[J].中华实验外科杂志,2001,18(2):144-146
101.汤小朋.几种免疫相关因子在兔皮肤创伤愈合过程中的动态变化研究[D].北京:中国农业大学博士论文,2003:16
102.童新,孙志贤.Caspase蛋白酶与细胞凋亡[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,1998,25(5):418-421
103.朱国萍,程阳,廖军,等.细胞凋亡中的Caspase家族[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,2000,27(2):147-150
104.汪铭书,程安春,陈孝跃.鸭病毒性肝炎研究—强毒在雏鸭和成年鸭体内的分布和排泄[J].中国兽医学报,1997,17(3):254-257
105.王艾琳,李坚.病毒与细胞凋亡[J].自然杂志,2004,26(3):125-128
106.王丙云,计慧琴,赵海全,等.自由基在鸭病毒性肝炎发病过程中的作用[J].中国兽医学报,2003,23(3):271-273
107.王丙云,赵海全,冯军,等.不同毒力鸭肝炎病毒对雏鸭肝脏抗氧化功能的影响[J].中国兽医学报,2002,22(5):450-452
108.王丙云,赵海全,冯军,等.雏鸭感染鸭肝炎病毒后血液中一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶的变化[J].中国预防兽医学报,2001,23(3):182-184
109.王丙云,朱祖康,陈龙,等.实验感染肝片吸虫山羊血浆中一氧化氮和肿瘤坏死因子的动态变化[J].中国兽医科技,2000,30(2):9-11
110.王根生,刘耕陶.一氧化氮与肝细胞损伤[J].中华医学杂志,1995,75(1):57-59
111.王华,沈玉先,魏伟,等.褪黑素对免疫性肝损伤小鼠自由基和细胞因子的影响[J].中国药理学通报,2002,18(3):331-334
112.王剑明,孙宏武,邹倩,等.阻塞性黄疸大鼠肝组织细胞凋亡及相关基因Bcl-2、Bax的表达[J].中华实验外科杂志,2000,17(1):32-33
113.王平.北京小鸭病毒性肝炎的研究(一)诊断和防治[J].北京大学学报(自然版),1980,1:55.
114.王盛兰,钟延丰,管增伟,等.电镜和荧光显微镜技术在细胞凋亡研究中的应用[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2003,35(1):91-93
115.王世若,王兴龙,韩文瑜.现代动物免疫学[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1996:172-184
116.王小龙主编.兽医临床病理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993:210-220
117.王玉梅,冯国和,黄芬,等.肿瘤坏死因子α及Caspase-3表达与暴发性肝衰竭细胞凋亡[J].中华内科杂志,2003,42(8):566-570
118.王玉梅,冯国和,石理兰,等.一氧化氮及Caspase-3表达与暴发性肝衰竭细胞凋亡[J].中国医科大学学报,2005,34(1):19-22
119.邬光惠,黄耀煊,范公忍,等.肝细胞癌p53基因的突变与表达[J].军医进修学院学报,2001,22(4):247-249
120.邬光惠,黄耀煊,李瑞平,等.原发性肝癌患者肝组织中乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白与p53蛋白的结合[J].临床肝胆杂志,1997,13(1):19-21
121.吴波,马捷,孙桂勤,等.肝细胞凋亡的超微结构观察[J].电子显微学报,2000,19(6):792-797
122.吴国栋,罗仲振,秦亚儿.鸭病毒性肝炎病原血清型鉴定[J].中国兽医杂志,1992,18(10):24-25
123.吴其夏,余应年,卢建.新编病理生理学[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,1999:387-390
124.项红军,赵佐庆,李纪鹏,等.大鼠小肠缺血再灌注后肝Bax,Bcl-2,p53的表达和超微结构改变[J].第四军医大学学报,2003,24(17):1554-1556
125.辛绍杰,赵景民,王松山,等.Bcl-2和Bax蛋白在慢性病毒性肝炎肝组织中的表达[J].中 华实验和临床病毒学杂志,1998,12(3):251-252
126.徐福南,周芳.鸭病毒性肝炎的组织病理学研究[J].中国兽医科技,1990,2:6-7
127.徐高峰,刘青光,刘学民,等.大鼠重症急性胰腺炎胰腺细胞凋亡的研究[J].第四军医大学学报,2003,24(10):908-910
128.许利剑,苗毅,张平.银杏叶提取物对重症胰腺炎胰腺细胞凋亡作用机制的探讨[J].江苏医药杂志,2003,29(7)205-207
129.薛锋杰,王中卫,王亚利,等.γ射线诱导胰腺癌细胞凋亡中caspase-3的调控[J].第四军医大学学报,2003,24(23):2185-2188
130.阎水忠,赵晓航,吴曼.细胞凋亡与癌基因[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,1994,21(3):222-225
131.扬全明,吴庆鹉,余振华.环境温度对肉用仔鸡尿酸排泄及氮代谢影响的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1994,25(2):109-115
132.杨爱莲.免疫雏鸭发生鸭病毒性肝炎[J].养禽与禽病防治,1993,5:40
133.杨景山.医学细胞化学与细胞生物技术[M].北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1990:108
134.杨雁,路景涛,周爱武,等.肝细胞凋亡模型的建立[J].中国药理学通报,2000,16(4):473-477
135.杨英魁,朱文玉.胰岛素对胰腺外分泌功能的影响[J].生理学报,1995,47(3):238-244
136.杨镇,刘能银,李大鹏,等.四氯化碳、血吸虫病和肝炎病毒所致的肝细胞死亡的模式[J].同济医科大学学报,1999,28(4):313-315
137.杨植,刘东坡,王晓杰,等.地塞米松治疗急性坏死性胰腺炎的实验研究[J].中国普外基础与临床杂志,2002,9(1):26-27
138.杨植,杨志英,唐伟松,等.肿瘤坏死因子在猴急性胰腺炎中的作用及生长抑素的治疗效果[J].普外基础与临床,1996,3(1):4-6
139.杨志伟,杨镇,彭林,等.一氧化氮与血吸虫病肝损伤发病机制的关系研究[J].同济医科大学学报,1999,28(2):126-127
140.姚金水,吴宝成,陈文列,等.禽(番鸭)呼肠孤病毒诱导脾脏单核-巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞凋亡的超微观察[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2004,33(4):501-504
141.于嘉屏,金家文,许绍辉,等.小鼠急性胰腺炎血清淀粉酶及其同工酶的变化[J].第二军医大学学报,1999,20(7):474-476
142.鱼永涛,贺福初.细胞程序死亡与Bcl-2基因[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,1994,21(2):495-497
143.禹旺盛,赵振华,佟程浩.鸭病毒性肝炎的发生和病理形态学观察[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1991,12(1):133-136
144.袁爱力,罗元辉,刘思德,等.慢性肝病肿瘤坏死因子α水平及其与发病机制的关系[J].中华内科杂志,1994,33(10):672-674
145.曾颖玲,叶晓光.乙肝患者血清TNF的含量与肝损伤程度及病毒复制的关系[J].广州医学院学报,2002,30(3):40-42
146.詹海勇,邱杰文,刘卫东.肝病患者血清胆碱酯酶活性检定及其临床价值[J].实用医学杂志,1999,15(1):25
147.张春玲,吴立军,左海军,等。冬凌草甲素通过改变Bax/Bcl-xl表达激活caspase-3诱导A375S2细胞凋亡[J].中国药理学通报,2004,20(6):669-672
148.张定风,任红,郭树华.肿瘤坏死因子在病毒性肝炎肝坏死中的作用及其防护[J].中华医学杂志,1990,70:438
149.张光伟,范玉颖,包延军,等.一氧化氮与肝损伤的研究[J].解剖科学进展,2002,8(1):75-77
150.张浩,钱建民,王学浩.大鼠肝脏移植再灌注细胞凋亡与凋亡调控的研究[J].中华实验外科杂志2002,19(4):352-353
151.张立伐,彭文伟,唐永煌.Ras、p53基因表达与丙型肝炎病毒感染相关性的免疫组化研究[J].临床内科杂志,2003,20(5):270-272
152.张平平,张瑞玲,杜金朗,等.肿瘤坏死因子与内毒素在重症急性胰腺炎中的作用[J].内蒙古医学杂志,2002,34(5):394-396
153.张群华,蔡端,吴树强,等.一氧化氮等炎性介质与急性坏死性胰腺炎的关系[J].中华实验外科杂志,1997,14(4):197-198
154.张书霞,鲍恩东.鸡免疫器官中半胱天冬酶.3,Bcl-2的表达与细胞凋亡的关系[J].畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(6):619-622
155.张书霞,陈万芳,于勇,等.bcl-2基因在成年和胚胎鸡免疫器官中的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系[J].南京农业大学学报,1999,22(4):65-68
156.张书霞,陈万芳.Bcl-2在鸡马立克氏病肿瘤中的表达[J].畜牧兽医学报,2001,32(1):58-63
157.张书霞,华荣虹,鲍恩东.热应激对鸡脾脏和法氏囊细胞凋亡的影响及其调节[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(1):176-180
158.张晓东,王文亮.人肝癌细胞凋亡小体超微结构观察[J].第四军医大学学报,1995,16(3):163
159.张艳玲,陈康宁,邵淑琴,等.脑出血后细胞凋亡和Caspase-3的关系[J].第四军医大学学报,2004,25(1):23-26
160.张艳玲,梁后杰,肖文华,等.细胞凋亡、PCNA、p53和Fas与肝细胞癌临床病理特征关系的研究[J].第三军医大学学报,2004,26(24):2191-2193
161.张召辉,李玺,夏安周,等.胰腺移植后细胞凋亡及Bax/Bcl-2表达的实验研究[J].山东医药,2004,44(32):50-51
162.章仕坚,朱宁,林智强,等.乙型肝炎患者一氧化氮、内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子的测定及意义[J].实用医学杂志,2002,18(6):601-602
163.赵彩彦,冯忠军,张素环,等.慢性肝炎患者IL-2及其受体与IL-6、T细胞亚群的关系[J].河北医科大学学报,21(5):260-262
164.甄真,裴琇,王麟士,等.慢性肝病患者血清肿瘤坏死因子的水平及其临床意义[J].临床肝胆病杂志,1996,12(1):29-31
165.周晓东,张定风,任红.肿瘤坏死因子单克隆抗体及肝细胞生长多肽对实验性肝坏死的保护[J].中华传染病杂志,1996,15(3):137-140
166.周一鸣,陈林芬,李爱月.病毒感染与Fas/Apo-1和TNF介导的肝细胞凋亡[J].国外医学病毒学分册,1998,5(1):1-3
167.周志俊,晏晓容,施玮,等.微囊藻粗毒素染毒大鼠肝脏细胞的凋亡及相关基因的表达[J].中华预防医学杂志,2001,35(4):234-236
168.朱锡光,韩本立.一氧化氮与感染后肝细胞损害[J].中华创伤杂志,1997,13(4):260-262
169.祝峙,朱明华,倪灿荣.原发性肝细胞癌癌组织中p33ING1b与p53基因的表达[J].中华医学杂志,2002,82(19):1332-1336
170. Abe T, Shimosegawa J, Satoh A, et al. Nitric oxide regulates pancreatitis edema formation in rat cearulein-induced pancreatitis[J]. Gastroentemlogy,1995,30(3):636-642
171. Adams JM, Cory S. The Bcl-2 protein family arbiters of cell survival[J]. Science, 1998,281:1322-1306
172. Ahmed AA, El-Abdin YZ, Hamza S, Saad FE. Effect of experimental duck virus hepatitis infection on some biochemical constituents and enzymes in the serum of white Pekin ducklings[J].Avian Dis. 1975, 19(2):305-10
173. Alam M K, Davison S, Norton J D, et al. Fas-induced apoptosis of human B cells can be inhibited by over-expression of Bcl-2[J]. Regulation of Apoptosis, 1997,23:74
174. Alnemri ES, Livingston DJ, Nicholson DW, et al. Human ICE/CED-3 protease nomenclature[J]. Cell,1996,87(2):171
175. Barth CF, Ewert DL, Olson WC, et al. Reticulcendotheliosis virus REV-T(REV-A)-induced neoplasia: development of tumors within the T-lymphoid and myeloid lineages[J]. J Virol, 1990,64:6054-6062
176. Bateman AC, Turner SM, Thomas KSA, et al. Apoptosis and proliferation of acinar and islet cells in chronic pancreatitis: Evidence for differential cell loss mediating preservation of islet function[J]. Gut, 2002, 50 (4):542-548
177. Bendfeldt S, Grummer B, Greiser-Wilke I. No caspase activation but overexpression of Bcl-2 in bovine cells infected with noncytopathic bovine virus diarrhea virus[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2003, 96:313-326
178. Bhatia M, Wallig MA, Hofbauer B, et al. Induction of apoptosis in pancreatic acinar cells reduces the severity of acute pancreatitis[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commu, 1998,246:476-483
179. Bhatia M. Apoptosis versus necrosis in acute pancreatitis[J]. Am J Physiol, 2004, 286 (2 Part 1):G189-G196
180. Cao Yongheng, Hamada T, Matsui T, et al. Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with p53-binding protein, 53BP2/Bbp/ASPP2, and inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis[J]. Bioch Biophy Res Com, 2004, 315 (4):788-795
181. Chen BP, Lane TE. Lack of nitric oxide synthase type 2 (NOS2) results in reduced neuronal apoptosis and mortality following mouse hepatitis virus infection of the central nervous system. [J]. J Neurovirology, 2002, 8 (1): 58-63
182. Choi C, Chae C. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha is associated with apoptosis in lungs of pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus[J]. Res Vet Sci, 2002, 72: 45-49
183. Ciriolo MR, De Martino A, Lafvia E, et al. Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase-dependent apoptosis induced by nitric oxide in neuronal cells[J]. J Biol Chem, 2000, Feb 19: 275(7):50-65
184. Coben GM. Caspases: the enecutioners ofapoptosis[J]. Biochem J. 1997, 326: 1-11
185. Craig R W. The Bcl-2 gene family[J]. Cancer Biology, 1995, 6: 35-43
186. David R, Nelson MD, Herbert L, et al. Activation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α system in chronic Hepatitic C Virus Infection[J]. Digestive Disease and Sciences, 1997, 42(12): 2487-2489
187. Derert ALV, Yan L, Madara PJ, et al. Nitric oxide regulates endotoxin-induced TNF-α production by human neutrophils[J]. J Immunol, 1994, 152: 4102-4109
188. Enari M, Talanian RV, Wong WW. Saquential activation of ICE like and CPP32 like proteases during Fas mediated apoptosis[J]. Nature, 1996, 380(6567): 723-726
189. Exleg A R, Leese T, Hollidag MP, et al. Endotoxaemia and serum tumor necrosis factor as prognosis markers in sever acute pancreatitis[J]. Gut, 1992, 33(8): 1126-1138
190. Farmer H, W S K Chalmers, P R Woolcock. The Duck Fatty Kidney Syndrome-An aspect of DVH[J]. Avian Pathol. 1987, 16: 227-236
191. Frossard Jean-Louis, Rubbia-Brandt L, Wallig M A, et al. Severe acute pancreatitis and reduced acinar cell apoptosis in the exocrine pancreas of mice deficient for the Cx32 gene[J]. Gastroenterology, 2003, 124 (2): 481-493
192. Fukaisu K, Saito H, Han I, et al. Nitric oxide donor decreasesneutrophic adhesion in both lung and peritoneum during pereitonitis[J]. J Surg Res, 1998, 74: 119
193. Gapany C, Zhao M, Zimmermann A. The apoptosis protector, bcl-2protein, is downregulated in bile duct epithelial cells of human liver allografts[J]. J Hepatology, 1997, 26: 535-542
194. Gardner CR, Heck DE, Yang CS, et al. Role of nitric oxide in aceta minophen—induced—hepatotoxicity in the rat[J]. Hepatology, 1998, 27: 748-756
195. Ghiara P, Boraschi L, Nencioni P, et al. Enhancement of in vitro immune response by tumor necrosis factor[J]. J Immunol, 1987, 139: 3676-3679
196. Gomez, Lee HM, He Q, et al. Acute pancreatitis signals activation of apoptosis-associated and survival genes in mice[J]. Exp Biol Med, 2001, 226(7): 692-700
197. Gosslau A, Chen K Y. Nutraceutieals, Apoptosis, and Disease Prevention[J]. Nutrition, 2004, 20(1): 95-102
198. Green DR, Reed JC. Mitochondria and apoptosis[J]. Science, 1998, 281 (5381): 1309-1311
199. Guang Shah Xuan, Sang Wook Oh, Eui Yul Choi. Development of an electrochemical immunosensor for alanine aminotransferase[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2003, 19:365- 371
200. Guidotti LG, McClary H, Loudis JM, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in the livers of transgenic mice[J]. J Exp Med, 2000, 191: 1247-1252
201. Hahm KB, Kim JH, You BM, et al. Induction of apoptosis with an extract Artemisia asiatica attenuates the severity of caeruleirr-induced pancreatitis in rats[J]. Pancreas, 1998, 17: 153-157
202. Hanon E, Lambot M, Hoorneart S, et al. Bovine herpes virus l-induced apoptosis: phenotypic characterization of susceptible peripheral blood mononuclear cells[J]. Arch Virol, 1998, 143: 441-452
203. Harbrecht BG, Silvio MD, Demetris AJ, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α regulates in vivo nitric oxide synthesis and induces liver injury during endotoxmia[J]. Hepatology, 1994, 20: 1055-1060
204. Harbrecht BG, Wu B, Watkins SC, et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide sythesis during sever shock but not after resuscitation increases hepatic injury and neutriphil accumulation in hemorrhaged rat[J]. Shock, 1997, 8: 415-423
205. Heermeier K, Benedict M, Li M, et al. Bax and Bcl-Xs are induced at the onset of apoptosis in involuting mammary epithelial cells[J]. Mechanisms of Development, 1996, 56: 197-207
206. Helge Opdahl, Torbjom Haugen, Inger Anne Hagberg, et al. Effects of Short-Term Nitrogen Monoxide Inhalation on Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules, Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, and Cytokine Release in Human Blood[J]. NITRIC OXIDE: Biology and Chemistry, 2000, 4(2): 112-122
207. Helyar L, Bundschuh DS, Lasbin JD, et al. Induction of hepatic to cell nitric oxide production after acute endotoxemia[J]. Hepatology, 1994, 20(6): 1509-1515
208. Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis[J]. Nature, 2000, 407(6805): 770-776
209. Hinson JA, Pike SL, Pumford NR, et al. Nitrotyrosine-protein adducts in hepatic centrilobular areas following toxic does of acetaminophen in mice[J]. Chem Res Toxicol, 1998, 11: 604 -611
210. Hughes CB, Gaber L W, Kotb M, et al. Induction of acutepancreatitis in grem-free rats: evidence of a primary role for tumor necrosis factor-α[J]. Surgery, 1995, 117(2): 201-205
211. Hwang J, Dougherty E. Distribution and concertion of Duck Hepatitis Virus in inoculated ducklings and chicken embryos[J]. Avian Dis, 1964, 8: 263-268
212. Ishido M. Overexpression of Bcl-2 inhibits nuclear localization of annexin I during tumor-necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis in porcine renal LLC-PKl cells[J]. Regulatory Peptides, 2005, 124: 45-51
213. Jaworek J, Jachimczak B, Tomaszewska R, et al. Protective action of lipopolysaccharides in rat caerulein-induced pancreatitis: role of nitric oxide[J]. Digestion, 2000, 62: 1-13
214. Jesus Rodenas, Teresa Carbonell, Maria T Mitjavila. Different roles for nitrogen monoxide and peroxynitrite in lipid peroxidation induced by activated neutrophils[J]. Free Radical & Medicine, 2000, 28(3): 374-380
215. Jsujimoto Y, Cossman J, Jaffe E, et al. Involvement of Bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma[J]. Science, 1985, 228: 1440-1443
216. Jungas T, Verbeke P, Darille T, et al. Cell death, Bax activation, and HMGBl release during infection with Chlamydia[J]. Microbes and Infection, 2004, 6: 1145-1155
217. Kaiser AM, Saluja AK, Lu L, et al. Effects of cyclohemide on pancreatitis endonuclease activity, apoptosis, and severity of acute pancreatitis[J]. Am J Physiol, 1996, 271 (cell physiol 40): c982-993
218. Kaiser AM, Saluja AK, Sengupta A, et al. Relationship between severity, necrosis,and apoptosis in five models of experimental acute pancreatitis[J]. Am J Physiol, 1995, 269(cell physiol 38): c 1295-1304
219. Kaiser AM. Apoptosis versus necrotic cell death in acute pancreatitis[J]. Gastroenterology, 1996, 110: 1781-1783
220. Kaihan SC, Mahajan S, Burkett EE, et al. Glyceroneogenesis and the source for glycerol for hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis in human[J]. J Biol Chem, 2001, 276: 12928-12931
221. Kane J M, Shears LL, Hierholzer C, et al. Chronie hepatitis C virus infection in human:induction of hepatic nitric oxide synthase and proposed mechanisms for carcinogenesis[J]. J Surg Res, 1997, 1912: 321-324
222. Karck V, Peters T, Decker K. The release of tumor necrosis factor from endotoxin-stimulated rat Kuffer cells is regulated by prostaglandin E2 and ethasone[J]. J Hepatol, 1998, 7: 352-361
223. Kerr JRF, Wllie A H, Currie A R, et al. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide ranging implications in tissue kinetics[J]. Br J Cancer, 1972, 24: 239-257
224. Koyama A H, Arakawa T, Adachi A. Characterization of apoptosis induced by sorbitol: a unique system for the detection of antiapoptotic activities of viruses[J]. Microbes and infection, 2000, 2: 599-606
225. Kusske A M, Rongione A J, Reber H A, etal. Cytokines and acute pancreatitis[J]. Gastroenterology, 1997, 4(part 2)A: 286-297
226. Kyoko Miyasaka, Atsuo Jimi, Setsuko kanai, et al. Incidence of apoptosis in the pancreas of young and old rats[J]. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 1998, 26: 235-245
227. Lam K M, M B Kabbur, J P Eisedch. New Castle disease virus-induced functional impairments and biochemical changes in chicken heterophils[J]. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1996, 53: 313-327
228. Lam K M. Alteration of chicken heterophil and macrophage function by the infectious bursal disease virus[J]. Microbial Pathogensis, 1998, 25: 147-155
229. Lam K M. Apoptosis in chicken embryo fibroblasts caused by New Castle disease virus[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 1995, 47: 357-363
230. Lee D N, Shen T F, Yen H T, et al. Effects of Chromium Supplementation and Lipopolysaccharide Injection on the Immune Responses of weanling pigs[J]. Asian-Aus J Anita Sci, 2000, 13(10): 1414-1421
231. Lehoux M, Jacques A, Lusignan S, etal. Murine viral hepatitis involves NK cell depletion associated with virus-induced apoptosis[J]. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 2004, 137(1): 41-51
232. Leist M, Gantner F, Bohlinger I, et al. Tumor necrosis factor induced hepatocyte apoptosis procedes liver failure in experimental murine shock models[J]. Am J Pathol, 1995, 146:1220-1234
233. Leist M, Wendel A, Voik HD, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis during poisoning of mice with hepatoxins[J]. Gastronterology, 1997, 112(3): 923-931
234. Lena M, Trulsson, Joar Svanvik, et al. Cholecystokinin Octapeptide induces both proliferation and apoptosis in the rat pancreas[J]. Regulatory Peptides, 2001, 98: 41-48
235. Li S, Fan SX, McKenna TM. Vascular smooth muscle cells on Matrigle as a model for LPS-induced hypocontractility and NO formation[J]. Am J Physiol, 1997, 272: H576-H584
236. Liu R H, Baldwin B, Tennant BC, et al. Elevated formation of nitrate and N-nitrosodimethylamine in woodchucks(Marmota monax) associated with chronic woodchucks hepatitis virus infeetion[J]. Cancer Res, 1991, 51: 3925-3929
237. Liu X, Drognitz O, Neeff H, et al. Apoptosis is caused by Prolonged Organ Preservation and Blocked by apoptosis inhibitor in Experimental Rat Pancreatic Grafts[J]. Transplantation Proceedings, 2004, 36: 1209-1210
238. Liu XH, Nakano I R, Yamaguchi HY, et al. Protective effect of nitric oxide on development of acute pancreatitis in rats[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 1995, 40(10): 2162-2169
239. Liu Y, Rabinovitch A, Suarez PW, et al. Expression of the bcl-2 gene from a defective HSV-1 amplicon vector protects pancreatic beta-cells from apoptosis[J]. Hum Gene Ther, 1996, 7(14): 1719-1726
240. MacMicking J, Xie QW, Nathan C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function[J]. Annu Rev Immunol, 1997, 15: 323-350
241. Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Alnidi G, et al. Efficacy of glutathione for treatment of fasciolosis an investigation in the experimentally infected rat[J]. Arytimitt Forchung/Drug Res, 1993, 43: 445-458
242. Maiboroda A D. Formation of duck hepatitis virus in culture cells[J]. Vetednariya, 1972, 8: 50-52.
243. Malie TT, Sudha B, Paulose CS. Kinetic parameters of thymidine Kinase and DNA synthesis during liver regeneration role of thyroid hormones[J]. Life Sci, 1997, 60 (21): 1867-1894
244. Mayer AD, Airey M. Hodgson. J et al. Enzyme fransfer from pancrease to plasma during acute pancreatitis[J]. Cut. 1985, 26(9): 876
245. McConkey D J, Pierluigi N, Sten O. Signaling and chromatin fragmentation in thymocytes apoptosis[J], Immunol Rev, 1994, 142: 343-351
246. Mennella G R, Mandella G. Glutamie-oxaloacetic(GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic(GPT) transaminases in the blood serum in experimental viral hepatitis of ducklings[J]. Arch Vet Ital, 1977, 28: 187-190
247. Miller L C, Fox J M. Apoptosis and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus[J]. Veterinary immunology and Immunopathoiogy, 2004, 102: 131-142
248. Mojena M, Hortelano S, Castrillo A, et al. Protection by nitric oxide against liver inflammatory injury in animals carrying a nitric oxide synthase—2 transgene[J]. FASEB J, 2001, 15:583-585
249. Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway[J]. Eng J Med, 1993, 329: 2002-2012
250. Moncade S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Nitric Oxide: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology[J]. Pharmacol Rev, 1991, 43(2): 109-118
251. Mori L, Kamatsu T, Takeuchi K, et ai. In vivo induction of apoptosis by influenza virus[J]. J Gen Virol, 1995, 76: 2869-2873
252. Morio LA, Chiu H, Sproules KA, et al. Distinct roles of tumor necrosis factor—alpha and nitric oxide in acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachlodde in mice[J]. Toxicol Appi Pharmacol, 2001, 172: 44-51
253. Murota M, Watanabe S, Fujita J, et al. Aberrant cytokeratin expression and high susceptibility to apoptosis in autoimmune hepatitis[J]. Hepatology Research, 2003, 25 (3): 271-280
254. Muto Y, Nauri-Arir KT, Meager A, et al. Enhanced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-l in fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Lancet, 1988, 2: 72
255. Nakamoto Y, Kaneko S, Kobayashi K. Increased susceptibility to apoptosis and attenuated Bcl-2 expression in T lymphocytes and monocytes from patients with advanced chronic hepatitis C[J]. J Leukocyte Biol, 2002, 72 (1): 49-55
256. Natori S, Rust C, Stadheim LM, et al. Hepatocyte apoptosis is a pathologic feature of human alcoholic hepatitis[J]. J Hepatol, 2001, 34(2): 348-353
257. Ni G, Liu Z, Chen H L, et al. The Relation between apoptosis of acinar cells and nitric oxide during acute rejection of pancreas transplantation in rats[J]. Transplant Immunology, 2003, 11: 15-21
258. Nicholson DW, Ali A, Thomberry NA, et al. Indentification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis[J]. Nature, 1995, 376: 37-43
259. Nigro J M, Baker S J, Preisinger A C, et al. Mutation in the p53 gene occur in diverse human tumor[J]. Nature, 1989, 342: 705
260. Nishi T, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Togashi K, et al. Involvement of apoptosis in syncytial cell death induced by canine distemper virus[J]. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2004, 27: 445-455
261. Norman J. The role of cytokines in the pathogensis of acute pancreatitis[J]. Am J Stag, 1998, 175: 76-83
262. Noteborn M H M. Chicken anemia virus induced apoptosis: underlying molecular mechanisms[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2004, 98: 89-94
263. Pagnini U, Montagnaro S, Sanfelice di Monteforte E, et al. Caprine herpesvirus-l(CapHV-l) induces apoptosis in goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells[J]. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 2005, 103: 283-293
264. Pamaswamy M, Thangavel P, Selvam NP, et al. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamice pyruvic transaminase(GPT) enzyme activities in different tissues of sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) exposed to a carbamate pesticide, carbaryl[J]. Pestic Sci, 1999, 55: 1217-1221
265. Petrides AS, Vogte, Schulze-Berge D. Pathogenesis of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in eirrhosis[J]. Hepatology, 1994, 19: 616
266. Pomar F J R, Teerds K J, Kidson A, et al. Differences in the incidence of apoptosis between in vivo and in vitro produced blastocysts of farm animal species: a comparative study[J]. Theriogenology, 2005, 63: 2254-2268
267. Pretet JL, Pelletier L, Bernard B, et al. Apoptosis participates to liver damage in HSV-induced fulminant hepatitis[J]. Apoptosis, 2003, 8 (6): 655-663
268. Ramanathan B, Wu H, Ross C R, et al. PR-39, a porcine antimicrobial prptide, inhibits apoptosis: involvement of caspase-3 [J]. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2004, 28: 163-169
269. Ray R B, Steele R, Mayer K, et al. Transcriptional repression of p53 promoter by hepatitis C virus core potein[J]. J Biol Chem, 1997, 272: 10983-10986
270. Resendes A R, Majo N, Segales J, et al. Apoptosis in normal lymphoid organs from healthy normal, conventional pigs at different ages detected by TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissues[J]. Veterinary immunology and Immunopathology, 2004, 99: 203-213
271. Richard J, Bold MD, Kenneth R, et al. Prognostic Factors in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: p53 and Bcl-2[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 1999, 3: 263-277
272. Richardson DR, Neumannova V, Ponka P. Nitrogen monoxide decreases iron uptake from transferring but does not mobilise iron from prelabelled neoplastic cells[J]. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1995, 1266: 250-260
273. Saif YM. Diseases of Poultry [M]. 11THEdition. Iowa State Press, America. 2003: 339-351
274. Saluja AK, Hofbauar B, Yamaguch Y, et al. Induction of apoptosis reduce the severity of caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1996, 220(3): 875-883
275. Salvesen GB, Dixit VM. Caspases: intracellular signaling by proteolysis[J]. Cell, 1997, 97(4): 443-446
276. Sandhu T S, B W Calnek, L Zeman. Pathologic and serologic characterization of a variant of duck hepatitis type 1 virus[J]. Avian Dis, 1992, 36: 932-936
277. Sato M, Mikami O, Kobayashi M, et al. Apoptosis in the lymphatic organs of piglets inoculates with classical swine fever virus[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2000, 75: 1-9
278. Schini VB, Busse R, and Vanhoutte PM. Inflammatory mediators induce the production of nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle[J]. Exp Nephrol, 1994, 2: 139-144
279. Schwartz L M, Ashwell J D. Methods in cell Biology, VOLUME 66 Apoptosis[M]. Academic Press, USA. 1995: 394-396
280. Schwartz L M, Smith S W, Jones M E, et al. Do all programmed cell death occur via apoptosis[J]? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1993, 90: 980-984
281. Seki S, Kitada T, Iwai S, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of Fas and apoptosis in type-l autoimmune hepatitis[J]. Hepato-Gastroenterology, 2003, 50 (53): 1274-1277
282. Seuer MB, Morgan et al. Down-regulation of the expression of three major rat liver cytochrome P450S by endotoxin in vivo occurs independently of nitric oxide production[J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1998, 28(7): 352
283. Shmusli E, Record CO, Alberti KGMM. Liver disease carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes mellitusbailiers[J]. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992, 6: 719
284. Silke Rautenschlein, Anurdha Subramanian, Jagdev M Sharma. Bioactivities of a tumor necrosis-like factor released by chicken macrophages[J]. Developmental and comparative immunology, 1999, 23: 629-240
285. Sirinarumitr T, Zhang Y, Kluge T, et al. A pneumo-virulent United States isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces apoptosis in bystander cells both in vitro and in vivo[J]. J Gen Virol, 1998, 79: 2989-2995
286. Snell JC, Chernyshev O, Gilbert Dl, et al. Polyribonucleotides induce nitric oxide production by human monocyte-dedved macrophages[J]. J Leukocyte Biol, 1997, 62: 369-373
287. Sonin NV, Garcia-Pagan JC, Nakanishi K, et al. Patterns of vasoregulatory gene expression in the liver response to ischemia/reperfusion and endotoxemia[J]. Shock, 1999, 11: 175
288. Stadibauer V, Schaffellner S, Iberer F, et al. Occurance of apoptosis during ischemia in porcine pancreas islet cells[J]. International Journal of Artificial Organs, 2003, 26 (3): 205-210
289. Stuehr D J, Nathan CE Nitric oxide-A macrophage product responsible for cytosis and respiratory inhibition in tumor target cells[J]. J Exp Med, 1989, 169: 1543-1555
290. Su H L, Lin Y L, Yu H P, et al. The Effect of Human bcl-2 and bcl-x Genes on Dengue Virus-Induced Apoptosis in Cultured cells[J]. Virology, 2001, 282: 141-153
291. Suematsu M, Wakabayasi Y, Ishimura Y. Gaseous monoxides: A new class of microvascular regulator in the liver[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 1996, 32: 679-686
292. Takahashi M, Tajima S, Okada K, et al. Involvement of bovine leukemia virus in induction and inhibition of apoptosis[J]. Microbes and infection, 2005, 7: 19-28
293. Terradillos O, De La Coste A, Pollicino T, et al. The hepatitis B virus X protein abrogates Bcl-2-mediated protection against Fas apoptosis in the liver [J]. Oncogene, 2002, 21 (3):377-386
294. Thiemerann C, Ruetten H, Wu CC, et al. The multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by endotoxin in the rat: attenuation of liver dysfunction by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase[J]. Br J Pharacol, 1995, 116: 2845-2854
295. Thomae KR, Joshi PC, Davies P, et al. Nitric oxide produced by cytokine-activated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells is cytotoxic to cocultured endothelium[J]. Surgery, 1996, 119: 61-66
296. Thomassen MJ, Buhrow LT, Connors MJ, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits inflammatory cytokine production by human alveolar macrophages[J]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 1997, 17: 279-283
297. Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y. Caspases: enemies within. Science, 1998, 281 (5381): 1312-1316
298. Toshihiro Ito, Yoshiyasu Kobayushi, Takehito Morita, et al. Virulent Influenza A viruses induce apoptosis in chickens[J]. Virus Research, 2002, 84: 27-35
299. Toubi E, Kessel A, Goldstein L, et al. Enhanced peripheral T-cell apoptosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Association with liver disease severity[J]. Journal of Hepatology, 2001, 35 (6): 774-780
300. Tracey KJ, Cerami A. Tumor necrosis factor, other cytokines and disease[J]. Annu Rev Cell Biol, 1993, 9: 317-343
301. Tracey KM. Anticachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteruemia[J]. Nature, 1987, 330: 662
302. Van Dervort Al, Yan L, Madara PJ, Cobb JP, et al. Nitric oxide regulates endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production by human neutrophils[J]. J Immunol, 1994, 152: 4102-4109
303. Vasconcelos C A, Lain K M. Apoptosis induced by bursal disease Virus[J]. J Gen Virol, 1994, 75: 1803-1806
304. Vertinskii K I, B F Bessarabov, A N Kurilenko, et al. Pathogensis and diagnosis of duck viral hepatitis[J]. Veterinariya, 1968, 7: 27-30
305. Walsh Meagan J, Vanags Daina M, Clouston Andrew D, et al. Steatosis and liver cell apoptosis in chronic hepatitis C: A mechanism for increased liver injury[J]. Hepatology, 2004, 39(5): 1230-1238
306. Wareski P, Motyl T, Ryniewicz Z, et al. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in mammary gland of goat[J]. Small Ruminant Research, 2001, 40: 279-289
307. Werner J, Rivera JA, Femandez-del Castillo C, et al. Differing roles of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of acute edematous versus necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Surgery, 1997, 121: 23-30
308. Wolf BB, Green DR. Suicidal tendencies: apoptotic cell death by caspase family proteinases[J]. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274: 20049-20052
309. Yamazaki J, Nami H, Nagafuchi S, et al. Expression of apoptosis-related gene mRNAs in feline T-cells infected with feline immunodeficiency virus(FIV) [J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2004, 101: 1-8
310. Yang M Y, Rajamahendran R. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in relation to quality of bovine oocytes and embryos produced in vitro[J]. Animal Reproduction Science, 2002, 70: 159-169
311. Yasuda H, Kataoka K, Ichimura H, et al. Cytokine expression and induction of acinar cell apoptosis after pancreatic ductligation in mice[J]. J Interferon Cytokine Res, 1999, 19(6): 637-644
312. Yeong-Hsiang Cheng, Tian-Fuh Shen, Victor Fei Pang, et al. Effects of aflatoxin and immune response in mule duckling[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 2001, 128: 19-26
313. Yoshioka K, Kakumu S, Arao M, et al. Immunohistochemical studies of intrahepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha in chronic liver disease[J]. J Clin Pathol, 1990, 43: 298
314. Zhang S, Lillehoj HS, Ruff MD. In vivo role of tumor necrosis-like factor in Eimeria tenella infection[J]. Avian Dis, 1995, 39(4): 859-866
2.蔡逸婷,吴文俊,夏青.血、尿淀粉酶三种测定方法的参考值调查和临床应用比较[J].上海医学检验杂志,2001,16(2):106-107
3.陈弘年,吴世义,张小飞,等.鸭病毒性肝炎病毒分离和血清型鉴定[J].中国畜禽传染病,1992,1:4-6
4.陈吉刚,周继勇,张德勇.鸡白细胞介素-2研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2001,22(4):36-39
5.陈建红,梁发朝,卢玉葵,等.鸭肝炎自然病例与鸭肝炎病毒人工发病病例组织病理学观察[J].中国预防兽医学报,2001,23(3):204-205.
6.陈龙,殷定忠,庞训胜,等.感染IBDV雏鸡血液ANAE+-淋巴细胞比例和IL-2水平的动态变化的研究[J].安徽农业大学学报,1999,26(2):183～187
7.陈明勇,高齐瑜,杨汉春,等.传染性法氏囊病毒变异E株感染鸡细胞凋亡的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(2):180-184
8.陈乃玲,白玲,邓涛,等.慢性肝病肝细胞凋亡Fas、FasL、Bax、Bcl-2、Bcl—XL、Bcl-2α等蛋白表达[J].中华传染病杂志,2003,21(2):122-124
9.陈佩兰,陈乃玲,刘超英,等.丙型肝炎肝细胞凋亡的电镜和免疫组化研究[J].第一军医大学学报,1999,19(1):22-24
10.陈卫昌,徐晓,温晓持,等.急性胰腺炎患者氧自由基、一氧化氮测定及临床意义[J].苏州大学学报(医学版),2002,22(4):428-429
11.陈媛,周玫主编.自由基医学基础与病理生理[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2002:307-317
12.陈志胜,王丙云,潘忠雄,等.鸭肝炎病毒诱导雏鸭细胞凋亡的研究[J].中国兽医学报,2003,23(2):136-137
13.程安春,廖德惠,谢镜怀,等.鸭病毒性肝炎的研究——病原分离、鉴定及弱毒株培育[J].中国兽医杂志,1993,19(1):3-4
14.程国富,胡薛英,周诗其,等.单克隆抗体PAP法对实验感染雏鸭体内鸭肝炎病毒的定位检测[J].华中农业大学学报,1996,15(6):568-572.
15.程国富,周诗其.鸭病毒性肝炎自然病例的病理学观察[J].华中农业大学学报,1995,14(6):568-570.
16.程勇,王卫星,余莉,等.大鼠急性胰腺炎细胞凋亡异常及Fas/FasL系统表达的研究[J].中华实验外科杂志,2004,21(6):756
17.迟宝荣,任秀宝,刘阳,等.检测血清胆碱酯酶对肝病诊断的临床意义分析[J].临床肝胆病杂志,1996,12(2):25-27
18.邓利娟,陈慎仁.细胞凋亡的调控与Ⅰ型糖尿病[J].中国病理生理杂志,2002,18(9):1165-1168
19.丁濂.肝细胞的凋亡[J].中华病理学杂志,1996,25(2):118-120
20.董惠芳,章晓鹰,周飞,等.肝硬化患者血清TNF-α和CD45RO+粒细胞检测的意义[J].上 海医学检验杂志,2001,16(4):233-234
21.段小娴,欧盛敬,李瑗,等.树鼩实验性肝癌形成过程中p53,Bcl-2蛋白表达及其与细胞凋亡之间的关系[J].中国肿瘤临床,2004,31(18):1057-1059
22.方文,胡鸿.血清胆碱酯酶活性在肝脏时的变化及其相关性[J].贵阳医学院学报,1999,24(4):362-363
23.付永锋,樊廷俊.Bcl-2家族蛋白与细胞凋亡[J].生物化学与生物物理学报,2002,34(4):389-394
24.傅小平,沈永林,陈伟华,等.一氧化氮在山羊感染肝片吸虫过程中的作用[J].中国兽医寄生虫病,2001,9(2):10-14
25.甘华山,陈友琴.细胞凋亡与病毒性肝炎[J].世界华人消化杂志,2001,9(5):579-581
26.高建芝,张建龙,王红梅,等.脓毒症大鼠Fas-L,Caspase-3和NF-k B的表达与肝细胞凋亡的关系[J].新乡医学院学报,2004,2(2):96-99
27.高世成,桂稀恩,宁宜云,等.肝细胞性肝癌患者乙肝病毒感染与p53基因变异的关系[J].中华实验和临床病毒学杂志,2000,14(2):183
28.顾炳权,刘茂贤,闻勤生,等.急性胰腺炎淀粉酶脂肪酶检测的意义[J].第四军医大学学报,1999,20(7):630-632
29.顾小红,冯爱娟,张云东,等.丁型肝炎病人肝组织HDAg与bcl-2、bax、bak表达关系[J].第三军医大学学报,2004,26(18):1677-1679
30.郭琳琅,曹长安.Bcl-2及相关蛋白Bax在慢性乙型肝炎肝组织中的表达[J].中华肝脏病杂志,1997,5(4):210-211
31.郭琳琅,郭颖,肖莎.凋亡基因bcl-2、bax及Fas在肝硬化中的表达及与乙肝病毒感染的关系[J].临床肝胆病杂志,1999,15(1):30-31
32.郭琳琅,郭颖,曹长安.肝胆管癌丙型肝炎病毒感染与p53和p21WAFD/CIP1异常表达的关系[J].临床肝胆病杂志,2000,16(1):53-54
33.郭琳琅,肖莎,胡瑞德.原发性肝癌组织中丙型肝炎病毒感染与p53和Bcl-2基因异常的关系[J].中华病理学杂志,2000,29(4):291-292
34.郭玉璞,潘文石.北京鸭病毒性肝炎血清型的初步鉴定[J].中国兽医杂志,1984,10(11):2-3
35.郭玉璞.我国鸭病毒性肝炎的研究概况[J].中国兽医杂志,1997,23(6):46-48
36.哈建利,褚启龙,王爱国,等.氟致人胎肝细胞DNA损伤及其对细胞凋亡和p53蛋白表达的影响[J].卫生研究,2004,33(4):400-402
37.何启盖.应用斑点酶联免疫吸附试验检测鸭肝炎病毒的研究[D].四川:四川农业大学,1993:10-15.
38.何生松,李淑莉,熊莉娟,等.α-干扰素治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者血清肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-8水平与抗病毒应答的关系[J].中国临床药学杂志,2002,11(1):14-16
39.洪涛.生物医学超微结构与电子显微镜技术[M].北京:科学出版社,1980:521-524
40.胡薛英,程国富,周诗其,等.试验感染鸭病毒性肝炎雏鸭的组织病理学研究[J].华中农业大学学报,2000,19(1):48-50
41.胡薛英,程国富,周诗其,等.鸭病毒性肝炎发病机理的研究 Ⅲ.实验感染雏鸭血清生化指标的测定[J].华中农业大学学报,1996,15(3):254-257
42.胡薛英,苏敬良,程国富,等.新型鸭肝炎病毒试验感染雏鸭的组织病理学[J].中国兽医学报,2002,22(6):549—551.
43.胡志坚,陈华,李一伟,等.微囊藻毒素促肝癌过程中肝细胞bcl-2及bax基因表达研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,2002,36(4):239-242
44.黄建生,郭秋明,王昌才.肿瘤坏死因子与乙型肝炎[J].国外医学·流行病学传染病学分册,1995,22(5):196-199
45.黄均健.小鸭病毒性肝炎研究.上海农科院畜牧兽医研究所,单行本,1963
46.惠天朝.硒对罗非鱼慢性镉中毒肝抗氧化酶及转氨酶的影响[J].中国兽医学报,2000,20(3):264-266
47.贾因棠,王守义.肿瘤坏死因子在肝脏损伤中的作用及机理[J].中国病理生理杂志,1997,13(6):755-757
48.蒋业贵,李奇芬,王宇明,等.HDV/HBV感染树鼩肝组织中Bcl-2/Bax表达和肝细胞凋亡[J].世界华人消化杂志,2000,8(6):625-628
49.蒋业贵,李奇芬,王宇明,等.HDV/HBV感染树鼩肝组织中的肝细胞凋亡[J].免疫学杂志,2001,17(5):352-356
50.金伯泉.细胞和分子免疫学[第二版][M].北京:科学出版社,2001:175-178
51.金忱,倪泉兴,张群华,等.急性胰腺炎大鼠TNF-αmRNA、IL-10mRNA表达和胰腺细胞凋亡的研究[J].中华外科杂志,2001,39(8):626-628
52.金华,徐彦波,邹啸环,等.鸡贫血病毒实验感染雏鸡胸腺和骨髓的超微结构观察.中国兽医学报,1999,19(4):333-335
53.瞿中和.细胞生物学基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1987:190-193
54.柯小龙,李红良,陈丹丹,等.NF-κB,AP-1及Caspase-3在SC58125诱导的HepG2细胞凋亡中的作用。中国病理生理杂志,2001,17(12):1188-1192
55.科尔斯 E.H.著[美].朱坤熹,秦礼让译.兽医临床病理学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1989:138-142
56.李富荣,叶志中,戴勇,等.SLE患者淋巴细胞凋亡和p53蛋白表达的相关性研究[J].上海免疫学杂志,2003,23(4):280-282
57.李海民,孙凯,窦科峰,等.P53,p73,nm23-H1基因在肝细胞肝癌中的表达与临床病理关系[J].第四军医大学学报,2002,23(18):1718-1722
58.李海燕,陈瑞芬,刘国贞,等.实验性急性出血坏死性胰腺炎时肝脏的病理形态学观察及肝细胞的凋亡[J].电子显微学报,2004,23(1):48-54
59.李金贵,朱蓓蕾,蒋金书.柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染鸡盲肠和脾脏一氧化氮合酶的表达[J].中国兽医学报,2003,23(4):341-343
60.李金贵,朱蓓蕾,蒋金书.柔嫩艾美耳球虫感染肉鸡后盲肠粘膜iNOS活性变化[J].中国兽医杂志,2000,26(5):10-12
61.李劲松,陈溥言,吴增坚.江苏地区鸭肝炎病毒血清型的鉴定[J].畜牧与兽医,1987,2: 58-59
62.李绍强,梁力健,黄洁夫.依赖天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3的肝细胞凋亡在肝硬化大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤中的作用[J].中国病理生理杂志,2001,17(6):519-522.
63.李淑华,李晓霞,初彦辉,等.硝普钠对急性胰腺炎大鼠治疗作用初探[J].中国病理生理杂志,2000,16(9):852-853
64.李祥敏,钱平,石德时,等.哺乳仔猪中伪狂犬病病毒鄂A株对细胞凋亡的诱导或抑制[J].生物化学与生物物理学报,2003,35(4):325-330
65.李勇,乜连波,张学明,等.急性胰腺炎合并肝损伤时IL-6、氧自由基变化及IL-2、川芎嗪干预的实验研究[J].中国中西医结合外科杂志,2002,8(2):111-114
66.李育谷,辛朝安,李楚宣,等.鸭胸腺细胞自然凋亡的电镜观察[J].畜牧兽医学报,2000,31(6):571-575
67.林静,朱明华,祝峙,等.乙型肝炎病毒X和p53对肝癌细胞生长的影响[J].中华病理学杂志,2003,32(1):42-47
68.林世棠,黄瑜,黄纪铨,等.一种新的鸭传染病研究1.流行情况与初步诊断[J].中国畜禽传染病,1996,4:14-17
69.林曦.家畜病理学[第三版][M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999:167-170
70.凌育燊,全健,詹乐群.近年来我国禽病研究动态[J].中国兽医杂志,1993,19(9):51-55
71.刘青光,徐高峰,耿智敏,等.地塞米松对重症急性胰腺炎胰腺细胞凋亡的影响[J].西安交通大学学报(医学版),2003,24(1):56-58
72.刘胜旺,孔宪刚,卢景良.鸡细胞因子研究进展[J].中国预防兽医学报,2000,22(6):474-476
73.刘喆,陈云,杨颖,等.妊娠兔胎盘细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因Bel-2和Bax表达的动态变化[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,2002,29(1):64-65
74.卢绮萍,吴在德,李德忠,等.H2O2诱导肝细胞凋亡时p53、bcl-2mRNA的表达及其意义[J].中华实验外科杂志,2001,18(4):345-347
75.陆宏伟,黎一鸣.细胞凋亡与肝移植缺血-再灌注损伤的研究进展[J].陕西医学杂志,2003,32(2):141-143
76.吕雷,冯昊,朱依纯,等.P53与类胰岛素生长因子-1在心肌梗死后心肌细胞凋亡及心肌重构中的作用[J].复旦学报(医学科学版),2001,28(5):455-458
77.聂青和,李梦东.肝病中的肝细胞凋亡[J].中华传染病杂志,1997,15(2):122-124
78.彭开松,佘锐萍.病毒动物病毒与宿主细胞的细胞凋亡[J].中国兽医杂志,2004,40(11):42-44
79.彭黎明,王曾礼主编.细胞凋亡的基础与临床[M].北京:人民卫生出版社。2000:63-66,394-411,400-405
80.彭南秀.雏鸭病毒性肝炎的动态病理学研究[J].中国兽医科技,1998,28(8):22-23.
81.彭南秀.雏鸭病毒性肝炎血清酶和血胆红素的动态研究[J].中国兽医科技,1998,28(2):24-25
82.祁保民,黄小红,苏金为.鸡马立克氏病发病过程中肝、肾细胞凋亡的电镜观察[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版)。2003,32(1):113-116
83.祁保民,姚金水,卢惠明.鸭病毒性肝炎的病理形态学观察[J].福建农业大学学报.1999, 28(3):350-352
84.钱会南,刘孟珉,胡志远,等.TNF诱导HL-60细胞凋亡的初步观察[J].肿瘤研究与临床,1999,11(1):15-16
85.秦波,张定风,马英,等.肿瘤坏死因子受体和Fas在乙型肝炎肝细胞凋亡中的意义[J].中华肝脏病杂志,2001,9(6):337-339
86.秦茂春.一氧化氮与炎症及自身免疫反应[J].生理科学进展,1993,24(2):141-143
87.曲建慧,朱明华,林静,等.p53与HBV相互作用对7721细胞凋亡及p21启动子的影响[J].解放军医学杂志,2003,28(2):166-168
88.任红,张定凤,贾小平,等.丙型肝炎患者肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素6的水平及意义[J].中国免疫学杂志,1992,8(1):50-51
89.任晓葆,何振平,文亮.一氧化氮在急性出血坏死性胰腺炎大鼠胰肾损伤中的作用[J].第三军医大学学报,2001,23(9):1081-1083
90.尚东,关凤林,杨佩满,等.胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡在大鼠急性胰腺炎病程中的作用及凋亡调控基因的表达[J].肝胆胰外科杂志,2001,13(3):152-155
91.邵宏伟,齐清会.急性胰腺炎与胰腺腺泡细胞凋亡的关系[J].中华普通外科杂志,2003,18(1):23-24
92.邵丽华,马立宪,吕卉.慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者肝组织HBVDNA定量与炎症活动度及细胞凋亡关系[J].临床检验杂志,2004,22(2):117
93.宋继谒.病理学[M].北京:科学出版社,1999:240-256
94.宋蕊,石理兰,乔光彦.病毒性肝炎患者单个核细胞中Caspase-3与凋亡[J].国外医学·流行病学传染病学分册,2003,30(5):292-293
95.宋学立,钱令嘉,李凤芝,等.Bcl-2基因转染对热应激心肌细胞的保护作用[J].中华劳动卫生职业病杂志,2001,19(3):162-165
96.苏建家,欧盛敬,李瑗,等.树晌实验性肝癌形成过程Bax,Bcl-2的动态表达与细胞凋亡[J].肿瘤,2004,24(5):433-436
97.苏敬良,黄瑜,贺荣连,等.新型鸭肝炎病毒的分离及初步鉴定[J].中国兽医科技,2002,32(1):15-16
98.孙备,姜洪池,赵金鹏,等.大鼠肝脏保存再灌注时羟自由基与细胞凋亡、Bcl-2蛋白表达的关系及丹参的保护作用[J].中华普通外科杂志,2000,15(9)540-543
99.孙为民,王慧琴.细胞因子研究方法学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社。1999:584-596
100.汤礼军,田伏洲,王雨,等.肝脏低温保存再灌注期间肝细胞凋亡及其与Bax基因蛋白相关性的研究[J].中华实验外科杂志,2001,18(2):144-146
101.汤小朋.几种免疫相关因子在兔皮肤创伤愈合过程中的动态变化研究[D].北京:中国农业大学博士论文,2003:16
102.童新,孙志贤.Caspase蛋白酶与细胞凋亡[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,1998,25(5):418-421
103.朱国萍,程阳,廖军,等.细胞凋亡中的Caspase家族[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,2000,27(2):147-150
104.汪铭书,程安春,陈孝跃.鸭病毒性肝炎研究—强毒在雏鸭和成年鸭体内的分布和排泄[J].中国兽医学报,1997,17(3):254-257
105.王艾琳,李坚.病毒与细胞凋亡[J].自然杂志,2004,26(3):125-128
106.王丙云,计慧琴,赵海全,等.自由基在鸭病毒性肝炎发病过程中的作用[J].中国兽医学报,2003,23(3):271-273
107.王丙云,赵海全,冯军,等.不同毒力鸭肝炎病毒对雏鸭肝脏抗氧化功能的影响[J].中国兽医学报,2002,22(5):450-452
108.王丙云,赵海全,冯军,等.雏鸭感染鸭肝炎病毒后血液中一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶的变化[J].中国预防兽医学报,2001,23(3):182-184
109.王丙云,朱祖康,陈龙,等.实验感染肝片吸虫山羊血浆中一氧化氮和肿瘤坏死因子的动态变化[J].中国兽医科技,2000,30(2):9-11
110.王根生,刘耕陶.一氧化氮与肝细胞损伤[J].中华医学杂志,1995,75(1):57-59
111.王华,沈玉先,魏伟,等.褪黑素对免疫性肝损伤小鼠自由基和细胞因子的影响[J].中国药理学通报,2002,18(3):331-334
112.王剑明,孙宏武,邹倩,等.阻塞性黄疸大鼠肝组织细胞凋亡及相关基因Bcl-2、Bax的表达[J].中华实验外科杂志,2000,17(1):32-33
113.王平.北京小鸭病毒性肝炎的研究(一)诊断和防治[J].北京大学学报(自然版),1980,1:55.
114.王盛兰,钟延丰,管增伟,等.电镜和荧光显微镜技术在细胞凋亡研究中的应用[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2003,35(1):91-93
115.王世若,王兴龙,韩文瑜.现代动物免疫学[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,1996:172-184
116.王小龙主编.兽医临床病理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993:210-220
117.王玉梅,冯国和,黄芬,等.肿瘤坏死因子α及Caspase-3表达与暴发性肝衰竭细胞凋亡[J].中华内科杂志,2003,42(8):566-570
118.王玉梅,冯国和,石理兰,等.一氧化氮及Caspase-3表达与暴发性肝衰竭细胞凋亡[J].中国医科大学学报,2005,34(1):19-22
119.邬光惠,黄耀煊,范公忍,等.肝细胞癌p53基因的突变与表达[J].军医进修学院学报,2001,22(4):247-249
120.邬光惠,黄耀煊,李瑞平,等.原发性肝癌患者肝组织中乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白与p53蛋白的结合[J].临床肝胆杂志,1997,13(1):19-21
121.吴波,马捷,孙桂勤,等.肝细胞凋亡的超微结构观察[J].电子显微学报,2000,19(6):792-797
122.吴国栋,罗仲振,秦亚儿.鸭病毒性肝炎病原血清型鉴定[J].中国兽医杂志,1992,18(10):24-25
123.吴其夏,余应年,卢建.新编病理生理学[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,1999:387-390
124.项红军,赵佐庆,李纪鹏,等.大鼠小肠缺血再灌注后肝Bax,Bcl-2,p53的表达和超微结构改变[J].第四军医大学学报,2003,24(17):1554-1556
125.辛绍杰,赵景民,王松山,等.Bcl-2和Bax蛋白在慢性病毒性肝炎肝组织中的表达[J].中 华实验和临床病毒学杂志,1998,12(3):251-252
126.徐福南,周芳.鸭病毒性肝炎的组织病理学研究[J].中国兽医科技,1990,2:6-7
127.徐高峰,刘青光,刘学民,等.大鼠重症急性胰腺炎胰腺细胞凋亡的研究[J].第四军医大学学报,2003,24(10):908-910
128.许利剑,苗毅,张平.银杏叶提取物对重症胰腺炎胰腺细胞凋亡作用机制的探讨[J].江苏医药杂志,2003,29(7)205-207
129.薛锋杰,王中卫,王亚利,等.γ射线诱导胰腺癌细胞凋亡中caspase-3的调控[J].第四军医大学学报,2003,24(23):2185-2188
130.阎水忠,赵晓航,吴曼.细胞凋亡与癌基因[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,1994,21(3):222-225
131.扬全明,吴庆鹉,余振华.环境温度对肉用仔鸡尿酸排泄及氮代谢影响的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1994,25(2):109-115
132.杨爱莲.免疫雏鸭发生鸭病毒性肝炎[J].养禽与禽病防治,1993,5:40
133.杨景山.医学细胞化学与细胞生物技术[M].北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,1990:108
134.杨雁,路景涛,周爱武,等.肝细胞凋亡模型的建立[J].中国药理学通报,2000,16(4):473-477
135.杨英魁,朱文玉.胰岛素对胰腺外分泌功能的影响[J].生理学报,1995,47(3):238-244
136.杨镇,刘能银,李大鹏,等.四氯化碳、血吸虫病和肝炎病毒所致的肝细胞死亡的模式[J].同济医科大学学报,1999,28(4):313-315
137.杨植,刘东坡,王晓杰,等.地塞米松治疗急性坏死性胰腺炎的实验研究[J].中国普外基础与临床杂志,2002,9(1):26-27
138.杨植,杨志英,唐伟松,等.肿瘤坏死因子在猴急性胰腺炎中的作用及生长抑素的治疗效果[J].普外基础与临床,1996,3(1):4-6
139.杨志伟,杨镇,彭林,等.一氧化氮与血吸虫病肝损伤发病机制的关系研究[J].同济医科大学学报,1999,28(2):126-127
140.姚金水,吴宝成,陈文列,等.禽(番鸭)呼肠孤病毒诱导脾脏单核-巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞凋亡的超微观察[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2004,33(4):501-504
141.于嘉屏,金家文,许绍辉,等.小鼠急性胰腺炎血清淀粉酶及其同工酶的变化[J].第二军医大学学报,1999,20(7):474-476
142.鱼永涛,贺福初.细胞程序死亡与Bcl-2基因[J].生物化学与生物物理进展,1994,21(2):495-497
143.禹旺盛,赵振华,佟程浩.鸭病毒性肝炎的发生和病理形态学观察[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1991,12(1):133-136
144.袁爱力,罗元辉,刘思德,等.慢性肝病肿瘤坏死因子α水平及其与发病机制的关系[J].中华内科杂志,1994,33(10):672-674
145.曾颖玲,叶晓光.乙肝患者血清TNF的含量与肝损伤程度及病毒复制的关系[J].广州医学院学报,2002,30(3):40-42
146.詹海勇,邱杰文,刘卫东.肝病患者血清胆碱酯酶活性检定及其临床价值[J].实用医学杂志,1999,15(1):25
147.张春玲,吴立军,左海军,等。冬凌草甲素通过改变Bax/Bcl-xl表达激活caspase-3诱导A375S2细胞凋亡[J].中国药理学通报,2004,20(6):669-672
148.张定风,任红,郭树华.肿瘤坏死因子在病毒性肝炎肝坏死中的作用及其防护[J].中华医学杂志,1990,70:438
149.张光伟,范玉颖,包延军,等.一氧化氮与肝损伤的研究[J].解剖科学进展,2002,8(1):75-77
150.张浩,钱建民,王学浩.大鼠肝脏移植再灌注细胞凋亡与凋亡调控的研究[J].中华实验外科杂志2002,19(4):352-353
151.张立伐,彭文伟,唐永煌.Ras、p53基因表达与丙型肝炎病毒感染相关性的免疫组化研究[J].临床内科杂志,2003,20(5):270-272
152.张平平,张瑞玲,杜金朗,等.肿瘤坏死因子与内毒素在重症急性胰腺炎中的作用[J].内蒙古医学杂志,2002,34(5):394-396
153.张群华,蔡端,吴树强,等.一氧化氮等炎性介质与急性坏死性胰腺炎的关系[J].中华实验外科杂志,1997,14(4):197-198
154.张书霞,鲍恩东.鸡免疫器官中半胱天冬酶.3,Bcl-2的表达与细胞凋亡的关系[J].畜牧兽医学报,2002,33(6):619-622
155.张书霞,陈万芳,于勇,等.bcl-2基因在成年和胚胎鸡免疫器官中的表达及其与细胞凋亡的关系[J].南京农业大学学报,1999,22(4):65-68
156.张书霞,陈万芳.Bcl-2在鸡马立克氏病肿瘤中的表达[J].畜牧兽医学报,2001,32(1):58-63
157.张书霞,华荣虹,鲍恩东.热应激对鸡脾脏和法氏囊细胞凋亡的影响及其调节[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(1):176-180
158.张晓东,王文亮.人肝癌细胞凋亡小体超微结构观察[J].第四军医大学学报,1995,16(3):163
159.张艳玲,陈康宁,邵淑琴,等.脑出血后细胞凋亡和Caspase-3的关系[J].第四军医大学学报,2004,25(1):23-26
160.张艳玲,梁后杰,肖文华,等.细胞凋亡、PCNA、p53和Fas与肝细胞癌临床病理特征关系的研究[J].第三军医大学学报,2004,26(24):2191-2193
161.张召辉,李玺,夏安周,等.胰腺移植后细胞凋亡及Bax/Bcl-2表达的实验研究[J].山东医药,2004,44(32):50-51
162.章仕坚,朱宁,林智强,等.乙型肝炎患者一氧化氮、内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子的测定及意义[J].实用医学杂志,2002,18(6):601-602
163.赵彩彦,冯忠军,张素环,等.慢性肝炎患者IL-2及其受体与IL-6、T细胞亚群的关系[J].河北医科大学学报,21(5):260-262
164.甄真,裴琇,王麟士,等.慢性肝病患者血清肿瘤坏死因子的水平及其临床意义[J].临床肝胆病杂志,1996,12(1):29-31
165.周晓东,张定风,任红.肿瘤坏死因子单克隆抗体及肝细胞生长多肽对实验性肝坏死的保护[J].中华传染病杂志,1996,15(3):137-140
166.周一鸣,陈林芬,李爱月.病毒感染与Fas/Apo-1和TNF介导的肝细胞凋亡[J].国外医学病毒学分册,1998,5(1):1-3
167.周志俊,晏晓容,施玮,等.微囊藻粗毒素染毒大鼠肝脏细胞的凋亡及相关基因的表达[J].中华预防医学杂志,2001,35(4):234-236
168.朱锡光,韩本立.一氧化氮与感染后肝细胞损害[J].中华创伤杂志,1997,13(4):260-262
169.祝峙,朱明华,倪灿荣.原发性肝细胞癌癌组织中p33ING1b与p53基因的表达[J].中华医学杂志,2002,82(19):1332-1336
170. Abe T, Shimosegawa J, Satoh A, et al. Nitric oxide regulates pancreatitis edema formation in rat cearulein-induced pancreatitis[J]. Gastroentemlogy,1995,30(3):636-642
171. Adams JM, Cory S. The Bcl-2 protein family arbiters of cell survival[J]. Science, 1998,281:1322-1306
172. Ahmed AA, El-Abdin YZ, Hamza S, Saad FE. Effect of experimental duck virus hepatitis infection on some biochemical constituents and enzymes in the serum of white Pekin ducklings[J].Avian Dis. 1975, 19(2):305-10
173. Alam M K, Davison S, Norton J D, et al. Fas-induced apoptosis of human B cells can be inhibited by over-expression of Bcl-2[J]. Regulation of Apoptosis, 1997,23:74
174. Alnemri ES, Livingston DJ, Nicholson DW, et al. Human ICE/CED-3 protease nomenclature[J]. Cell,1996,87(2):171
175. Barth CF, Ewert DL, Olson WC, et al. Reticulcendotheliosis virus REV-T(REV-A)-induced neoplasia: development of tumors within the T-lymphoid and myeloid lineages[J]. J Virol, 1990,64:6054-6062
176. Bateman AC, Turner SM, Thomas KSA, et al. Apoptosis and proliferation of acinar and islet cells in chronic pancreatitis: Evidence for differential cell loss mediating preservation of islet function[J]. Gut, 2002, 50 (4):542-548
177. Bendfeldt S, Grummer B, Greiser-Wilke I. No caspase activation but overexpression of Bcl-2 in bovine cells infected with noncytopathic bovine virus diarrhea virus[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2003, 96:313-326
178. Bhatia M, Wallig MA, Hofbauer B, et al. Induction of apoptosis in pancreatic acinar cells reduces the severity of acute pancreatitis[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commu, 1998,246:476-483
179. Bhatia M. Apoptosis versus necrosis in acute pancreatitis[J]. Am J Physiol, 2004, 286 (2 Part 1):G189-G196
180. Cao Yongheng, Hamada T, Matsui T, et al. Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with p53-binding protein, 53BP2/Bbp/ASPP2, and inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis[J]. Bioch Biophy Res Com, 2004, 315 (4):788-795
181. Chen BP, Lane TE. Lack of nitric oxide synthase type 2 (NOS2) results in reduced neuronal apoptosis and mortality following mouse hepatitis virus infection of the central nervous system. [J]. J Neurovirology, 2002, 8 (1): 58-63
182. Choi C, Chae C. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha is associated with apoptosis in lungs of pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus[J]. Res Vet Sci, 2002, 72: 45-49
183. Ciriolo MR, De Martino A, Lafvia E, et al. Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase-dependent apoptosis induced by nitric oxide in neuronal cells[J]. J Biol Chem, 2000, Feb 19: 275(7):50-65
184. Coben GM. Caspases: the enecutioners ofapoptosis[J]. Biochem J. 1997, 326: 1-11
185. Craig R W. The Bcl-2 gene family[J]. Cancer Biology, 1995, 6: 35-43
186. David R, Nelson MD, Herbert L, et al. Activation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α system in chronic Hepatitic C Virus Infection[J]. Digestive Disease and Sciences, 1997, 42(12): 2487-2489
187. Derert ALV, Yan L, Madara PJ, et al. Nitric oxide regulates endotoxin-induced TNF-α production by human neutrophils[J]. J Immunol, 1994, 152: 4102-4109
188. Enari M, Talanian RV, Wong WW. Saquential activation of ICE like and CPP32 like proteases during Fas mediated apoptosis[J]. Nature, 1996, 380(6567): 723-726
189. Exleg A R, Leese T, Hollidag MP, et al. Endotoxaemia and serum tumor necrosis factor as prognosis markers in sever acute pancreatitis[J]. Gut, 1992, 33(8): 1126-1138
190. Farmer H, W S K Chalmers, P R Woolcock. The Duck Fatty Kidney Syndrome-An aspect of DVH[J]. Avian Pathol. 1987, 16: 227-236
191. Frossard Jean-Louis, Rubbia-Brandt L, Wallig M A, et al. Severe acute pancreatitis and reduced acinar cell apoptosis in the exocrine pancreas of mice deficient for the Cx32 gene[J]. Gastroenterology, 2003, 124 (2): 481-493
192. Fukaisu K, Saito H, Han I, et al. Nitric oxide donor decreasesneutrophic adhesion in both lung and peritoneum during pereitonitis[J]. J Surg Res, 1998, 74: 119
193. Gapany C, Zhao M, Zimmermann A. The apoptosis protector, bcl-2protein, is downregulated in bile duct epithelial cells of human liver allografts[J]. J Hepatology, 1997, 26: 535-542
194. Gardner CR, Heck DE, Yang CS, et al. Role of nitric oxide in aceta minophen—induced—hepatotoxicity in the rat[J]. Hepatology, 1998, 27: 748-756
195. Ghiara P, Boraschi L, Nencioni P, et al. Enhancement of in vitro immune response by tumor necrosis factor[J]. J Immunol, 1987, 139: 3676-3679
196. Gomez, Lee HM, He Q, et al. Acute pancreatitis signals activation of apoptosis-associated and survival genes in mice[J]. Exp Biol Med, 2001, 226(7): 692-700
197. Gosslau A, Chen K Y. Nutraceutieals, Apoptosis, and Disease Prevention[J]. Nutrition, 2004, 20(1): 95-102
198. Green DR, Reed JC. Mitochondria and apoptosis[J]. Science, 1998, 281 (5381): 1309-1311
199. Guang Shah Xuan, Sang Wook Oh, Eui Yul Choi. Development of an electrochemical immunosensor for alanine aminotransferase[J]. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2003, 19:365- 371
200. Guidotti LG, McClary H, Loudis JM, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in the livers of transgenic mice[J]. J Exp Med, 2000, 191: 1247-1252
201. Hahm KB, Kim JH, You BM, et al. Induction of apoptosis with an extract Artemisia asiatica attenuates the severity of caeruleirr-induced pancreatitis in rats[J]. Pancreas, 1998, 17: 153-157
202. Hanon E, Lambot M, Hoorneart S, et al. Bovine herpes virus l-induced apoptosis: phenotypic characterization of susceptible peripheral blood mononuclear cells[J]. Arch Virol, 1998, 143: 441-452
203. Harbrecht BG, Silvio MD, Demetris AJ, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α regulates in vivo nitric oxide synthesis and induces liver injury during endotoxmia[J]. Hepatology, 1994, 20: 1055-1060
204. Harbrecht BG, Wu B, Watkins SC, et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide sythesis during sever shock but not after resuscitation increases hepatic injury and neutriphil accumulation in hemorrhaged rat[J]. Shock, 1997, 8: 415-423
205. Heermeier K, Benedict M, Li M, et al. Bax and Bcl-Xs are induced at the onset of apoptosis in involuting mammary epithelial cells[J]. Mechanisms of Development, 1996, 56: 197-207
206. Helge Opdahl, Torbjom Haugen, Inger Anne Hagberg, et al. Effects of Short-Term Nitrogen Monoxide Inhalation on Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules, Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, and Cytokine Release in Human Blood[J]. NITRIC OXIDE: Biology and Chemistry, 2000, 4(2): 112-122
207. Helyar L, Bundschuh DS, Lasbin JD, et al. Induction of hepatic to cell nitric oxide production after acute endotoxemia[J]. Hepatology, 1994, 20(6): 1509-1515
208. Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis[J]. Nature, 2000, 407(6805): 770-776
209. Hinson JA, Pike SL, Pumford NR, et al. Nitrotyrosine-protein adducts in hepatic centrilobular areas following toxic does of acetaminophen in mice[J]. Chem Res Toxicol, 1998, 11: 604 -611
210. Hughes CB, Gaber L W, Kotb M, et al. Induction of acutepancreatitis in grem-free rats: evidence of a primary role for tumor necrosis factor-α[J]. Surgery, 1995, 117(2): 201-205
211. Hwang J, Dougherty E. Distribution and concertion of Duck Hepatitis Virus in inoculated ducklings and chicken embryos[J]. Avian Dis, 1964, 8: 263-268
212. Ishido M. Overexpression of Bcl-2 inhibits nuclear localization of annexin I during tumor-necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis in porcine renal LLC-PKl cells[J]. Regulatory Peptides, 2005, 124: 45-51
213. Jaworek J, Jachimczak B, Tomaszewska R, et al. Protective action of lipopolysaccharides in rat caerulein-induced pancreatitis: role of nitric oxide[J]. Digestion, 2000, 62: 1-13
214. Jesus Rodenas, Teresa Carbonell, Maria T Mitjavila. Different roles for nitrogen monoxide and peroxynitrite in lipid peroxidation induced by activated neutrophils[J]. Free Radical & Medicine, 2000, 28(3): 374-380
215. Jsujimoto Y, Cossman J, Jaffe E, et al. Involvement of Bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma[J]. Science, 1985, 228: 1440-1443
216. Jungas T, Verbeke P, Darille T, et al. Cell death, Bax activation, and HMGBl release during infection with Chlamydia[J]. Microbes and Infection, 2004, 6: 1145-1155
217. Kaiser AM, Saluja AK, Lu L, et al. Effects of cyclohemide on pancreatitis endonuclease activity, apoptosis, and severity of acute pancreatitis[J]. Am J Physiol, 1996, 271 (cell physiol 40): c982-993
218. Kaiser AM, Saluja AK, Sengupta A, et al. Relationship between severity, necrosis,and apoptosis in five models of experimental acute pancreatitis[J]. Am J Physiol, 1995, 269(cell physiol 38): c 1295-1304
219. Kaiser AM. Apoptosis versus necrotic cell death in acute pancreatitis[J]. Gastroenterology, 1996, 110: 1781-1783
220. Kaihan SC, Mahajan S, Burkett EE, et al. Glyceroneogenesis and the source for glycerol for hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis in human[J]. J Biol Chem, 2001, 276: 12928-12931
221. Kane J M, Shears LL, Hierholzer C, et al. Chronie hepatitis C virus infection in human:induction of hepatic nitric oxide synthase and proposed mechanisms for carcinogenesis[J]. J Surg Res, 1997, 1912: 321-324
222. Karck V, Peters T, Decker K. The release of tumor necrosis factor from endotoxin-stimulated rat Kuffer cells is regulated by prostaglandin E2 and ethasone[J]. J Hepatol, 1998, 7: 352-361
223. Kerr JRF, Wllie A H, Currie A R, et al. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide ranging implications in tissue kinetics[J]. Br J Cancer, 1972, 24: 239-257
224. Koyama A H, Arakawa T, Adachi A. Characterization of apoptosis induced by sorbitol: a unique system for the detection of antiapoptotic activities of viruses[J]. Microbes and infection, 2000, 2: 599-606
225. Kusske A M, Rongione A J, Reber H A, etal. Cytokines and acute pancreatitis[J]. Gastroenterology, 1997, 4(part 2)A: 286-297
226. Kyoko Miyasaka, Atsuo Jimi, Setsuko kanai, et al. Incidence of apoptosis in the pancreas of young and old rats[J]. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 1998, 26: 235-245
227. Lam K M, M B Kabbur, J P Eisedch. New Castle disease virus-induced functional impairments and biochemical changes in chicken heterophils[J]. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 1996, 53: 313-327
228. Lam K M. Alteration of chicken heterophil and macrophage function by the infectious bursal disease virus[J]. Microbial Pathogensis, 1998, 25: 147-155
229. Lam K M. Apoptosis in chicken embryo fibroblasts caused by New Castle disease virus[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 1995, 47: 357-363
230. Lee D N, Shen T F, Yen H T, et al. Effects of Chromium Supplementation and Lipopolysaccharide Injection on the Immune Responses of weanling pigs[J]. Asian-Aus J Anita Sci, 2000, 13(10): 1414-1421
231. Lehoux M, Jacques A, Lusignan S, etal. Murine viral hepatitis involves NK cell depletion associated with virus-induced apoptosis[J]. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 2004, 137(1): 41-51
232. Leist M, Gantner F, Bohlinger I, et al. Tumor necrosis factor induced hepatocyte apoptosis procedes liver failure in experimental murine shock models[J]. Am J Pathol, 1995, 146:1220-1234
233. Leist M, Wendel A, Voik HD, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis during poisoning of mice with hepatoxins[J]. Gastronterology, 1997, 112(3): 923-931
234. Lena M, Trulsson, Joar Svanvik, et al. Cholecystokinin Octapeptide induces both proliferation and apoptosis in the rat pancreas[J]. Regulatory Peptides, 2001, 98: 41-48
235. Li S, Fan SX, McKenna TM. Vascular smooth muscle cells on Matrigle as a model for LPS-induced hypocontractility and NO formation[J]. Am J Physiol, 1997, 272: H576-H584
236. Liu R H, Baldwin B, Tennant BC, et al. Elevated formation of nitrate and N-nitrosodimethylamine in woodchucks(Marmota monax) associated with chronic woodchucks hepatitis virus infeetion[J]. Cancer Res, 1991, 51: 3925-3929
237. Liu X, Drognitz O, Neeff H, et al. Apoptosis is caused by Prolonged Organ Preservation and Blocked by apoptosis inhibitor in Experimental Rat Pancreatic Grafts[J]. Transplantation Proceedings, 2004, 36: 1209-1210
238. Liu XH, Nakano I R, Yamaguchi HY, et al. Protective effect of nitric oxide on development of acute pancreatitis in rats[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 1995, 40(10): 2162-2169
239. Liu Y, Rabinovitch A, Suarez PW, et al. Expression of the bcl-2 gene from a defective HSV-1 amplicon vector protects pancreatic beta-cells from apoptosis[J]. Hum Gene Ther, 1996, 7(14): 1719-1726
240. MacMicking J, Xie QW, Nathan C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function[J]. Annu Rev Immunol, 1997, 15: 323-350
241. Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Alnidi G, et al. Efficacy of glutathione for treatment of fasciolosis an investigation in the experimentally infected rat[J]. Arytimitt Forchung/Drug Res, 1993, 43: 445-458
242. Maiboroda A D. Formation of duck hepatitis virus in culture cells[J]. Vetednariya, 1972, 8: 50-52.
243. Malie TT, Sudha B, Paulose CS. Kinetic parameters of thymidine Kinase and DNA synthesis during liver regeneration role of thyroid hormones[J]. Life Sci, 1997, 60 (21): 1867-1894
244. Mayer AD, Airey M. Hodgson. J et al. Enzyme fransfer from pancrease to plasma during acute pancreatitis[J]. Cut. 1985, 26(9): 876
245. McConkey D J, Pierluigi N, Sten O. Signaling and chromatin fragmentation in thymocytes apoptosis[J], Immunol Rev, 1994, 142: 343-351
246. Mennella G R, Mandella G. Glutamie-oxaloacetic(GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic(GPT) transaminases in the blood serum in experimental viral hepatitis of ducklings[J]. Arch Vet Ital, 1977, 28: 187-190
247. Miller L C, Fox J M. Apoptosis and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus[J]. Veterinary immunology and Immunopathoiogy, 2004, 102: 131-142
248. Mojena M, Hortelano S, Castrillo A, et al. Protection by nitric oxide against liver inflammatory injury in animals carrying a nitric oxide synthase—2 transgene[J]. FASEB J, 2001, 15:583-585
249. Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway[J]. Eng J Med, 1993, 329: 2002-2012
250. Moncade S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Nitric Oxide: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology[J]. Pharmacol Rev, 1991, 43(2): 109-118
251. Mori L, Kamatsu T, Takeuchi K, et ai. In vivo induction of apoptosis by influenza virus[J]. J Gen Virol, 1995, 76: 2869-2873
252. Morio LA, Chiu H, Sproules KA, et al. Distinct roles of tumor necrosis factor—alpha and nitric oxide in acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachlodde in mice[J]. Toxicol Appi Pharmacol, 2001, 172: 44-51
253. Murota M, Watanabe S, Fujita J, et al. Aberrant cytokeratin expression and high susceptibility to apoptosis in autoimmune hepatitis[J]. Hepatology Research, 2003, 25 (3): 271-280
254. Muto Y, Nauri-Arir KT, Meager A, et al. Enhanced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-l in fulminant hepatic failure[J]. Lancet, 1988, 2: 72
255. Nakamoto Y, Kaneko S, Kobayashi K. Increased susceptibility to apoptosis and attenuated Bcl-2 expression in T lymphocytes and monocytes from patients with advanced chronic hepatitis C[J]. J Leukocyte Biol, 2002, 72 (1): 49-55
256. Natori S, Rust C, Stadheim LM, et al. Hepatocyte apoptosis is a pathologic feature of human alcoholic hepatitis[J]. J Hepatol, 2001, 34(2): 348-353
257. Ni G, Liu Z, Chen H L, et al. The Relation between apoptosis of acinar cells and nitric oxide during acute rejection of pancreas transplantation in rats[J]. Transplant Immunology, 2003, 11: 15-21
258. Nicholson DW, Ali A, Thomberry NA, et al. Indentification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis[J]. Nature, 1995, 376: 37-43
259. Nigro J M, Baker S J, Preisinger A C, et al. Mutation in the p53 gene occur in diverse human tumor[J]. Nature, 1989, 342: 705
260. Nishi T, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Togashi K, et al. Involvement of apoptosis in syncytial cell death induced by canine distemper virus[J]. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2004, 27: 445-455
261. Norman J. The role of cytokines in the pathogensis of acute pancreatitis[J]. Am J Stag, 1998, 175: 76-83
262. Noteborn M H M. Chicken anemia virus induced apoptosis: underlying molecular mechanisms[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2004, 98: 89-94
263. Pagnini U, Montagnaro S, Sanfelice di Monteforte E, et al. Caprine herpesvirus-l(CapHV-l) induces apoptosis in goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells[J]. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 2005, 103: 283-293
264. Pamaswamy M, Thangavel P, Selvam NP, et al. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamice pyruvic transaminase(GPT) enzyme activities in different tissues of sarotherodon mossambicus (Peters) exposed to a carbamate pesticide, carbaryl[J]. Pestic Sci, 1999, 55: 1217-1221
265. Petrides AS, Vogte, Schulze-Berge D. Pathogenesis of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in eirrhosis[J]. Hepatology, 1994, 19: 616
266. Pomar F J R, Teerds K J, Kidson A, et al. Differences in the incidence of apoptosis between in vivo and in vitro produced blastocysts of farm animal species: a comparative study[J]. Theriogenology, 2005, 63: 2254-2268
267. Pretet JL, Pelletier L, Bernard B, et al. Apoptosis participates to liver damage in HSV-induced fulminant hepatitis[J]. Apoptosis, 2003, 8 (6): 655-663
268. Ramanathan B, Wu H, Ross C R, et al. PR-39, a porcine antimicrobial prptide, inhibits apoptosis: involvement of caspase-3 [J]. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 2004, 28: 163-169
269. Ray R B, Steele R, Mayer K, et al. Transcriptional repression of p53 promoter by hepatitis C virus core potein[J]. J Biol Chem, 1997, 272: 10983-10986
270. Resendes A R, Majo N, Segales J, et al. Apoptosis in normal lymphoid organs from healthy normal, conventional pigs at different ages detected by TUNEL and cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissues[J]. Veterinary immunology and Immunopathology, 2004, 99: 203-213
271. Richard J, Bold MD, Kenneth R, et al. Prognostic Factors in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: p53 and Bcl-2[J]. J Gastrointest Surg, 1999, 3: 263-277
272. Richardson DR, Neumannova V, Ponka P. Nitrogen monoxide decreases iron uptake from transferring but does not mobilise iron from prelabelled neoplastic cells[J]. Biochimica Biophysica Acta, 1995, 1266: 250-260
273. Saif YM. Diseases of Poultry [M]. 11THEdition. Iowa State Press, America. 2003: 339-351
274. Saluja AK, Hofbauar B, Yamaguch Y, et al. Induction of apoptosis reduce the severity of caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1996, 220(3): 875-883
275. Salvesen GB, Dixit VM. Caspases: intracellular signaling by proteolysis[J]. Cell, 1997, 97(4): 443-446
276. Sandhu T S, B W Calnek, L Zeman. Pathologic and serologic characterization of a variant of duck hepatitis type 1 virus[J]. Avian Dis, 1992, 36: 932-936
277. Sato M, Mikami O, Kobayashi M, et al. Apoptosis in the lymphatic organs of piglets inoculates with classical swine fever virus[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2000, 75: 1-9
278. Schini VB, Busse R, and Vanhoutte PM. Inflammatory mediators induce the production of nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle[J]. Exp Nephrol, 1994, 2: 139-144
279. Schwartz L M, Ashwell J D. Methods in cell Biology, VOLUME 66 Apoptosis[M]. Academic Press, USA. 1995: 394-396
280. Schwartz L M, Smith S W, Jones M E, et al. Do all programmed cell death occur via apoptosis[J]? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1993, 90: 980-984
281. Seki S, Kitada T, Iwai S, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of Fas and apoptosis in type-l autoimmune hepatitis[J]. Hepato-Gastroenterology, 2003, 50 (53): 1274-1277
282. Seuer MB, Morgan et al. Down-regulation of the expression of three major rat liver cytochrome P450S by endotoxin in vivo occurs independently of nitric oxide production[J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1998, 28(7): 352
283. Shmusli E, Record CO, Alberti KGMM. Liver disease carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes mellitusbailiers[J]. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1992, 6: 719
284. Silke Rautenschlein, Anurdha Subramanian, Jagdev M Sharma. Bioactivities of a tumor necrosis-like factor released by chicken macrophages[J]. Developmental and comparative immunology, 1999, 23: 629-240
285. Sirinarumitr T, Zhang Y, Kluge T, et al. A pneumo-virulent United States isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces apoptosis in bystander cells both in vitro and in vivo[J]. J Gen Virol, 1998, 79: 2989-2995
286. Snell JC, Chernyshev O, Gilbert Dl, et al. Polyribonucleotides induce nitric oxide production by human monocyte-dedved macrophages[J]. J Leukocyte Biol, 1997, 62: 369-373
287. Sonin NV, Garcia-Pagan JC, Nakanishi K, et al. Patterns of vasoregulatory gene expression in the liver response to ischemia/reperfusion and endotoxemia[J]. Shock, 1999, 11: 175
288. Stadibauer V, Schaffellner S, Iberer F, et al. Occurance of apoptosis during ischemia in porcine pancreas islet cells[J]. International Journal of Artificial Organs, 2003, 26 (3): 205-210
289. Stuehr D J, Nathan CE Nitric oxide-A macrophage product responsible for cytosis and respiratory inhibition in tumor target cells[J]. J Exp Med, 1989, 169: 1543-1555
290. Su H L, Lin Y L, Yu H P, et al. The Effect of Human bcl-2 and bcl-x Genes on Dengue Virus-Induced Apoptosis in Cultured cells[J]. Virology, 2001, 282: 141-153
291. Suematsu M, Wakabayasi Y, Ishimura Y. Gaseous monoxides: A new class of microvascular regulator in the liver[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 1996, 32: 679-686
292. Takahashi M, Tajima S, Okada K, et al. Involvement of bovine leukemia virus in induction and inhibition of apoptosis[J]. Microbes and infection, 2005, 7: 19-28
293. Terradillos O, De La Coste A, Pollicino T, et al. The hepatitis B virus X protein abrogates Bcl-2-mediated protection against Fas apoptosis in the liver [J]. Oncogene, 2002, 21 (3):377-386
294. Thiemerann C, Ruetten H, Wu CC, et al. The multiple organ dysfunction syndrome caused by endotoxin in the rat: attenuation of liver dysfunction by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase[J]. Br J Pharacol, 1995, 116: 2845-2854
295. Thomae KR, Joshi PC, Davies P, et al. Nitric oxide produced by cytokine-activated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells is cytotoxic to cocultured endothelium[J]. Surgery, 1996, 119: 61-66
296. Thomassen MJ, Buhrow LT, Connors MJ, et al. Nitric oxide inhibits inflammatory cytokine production by human alveolar macrophages[J]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 1997, 17: 279-283
297. Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y. Caspases: enemies within. Science, 1998, 281 (5381): 1312-1316
298. Toshihiro Ito, Yoshiyasu Kobayushi, Takehito Morita, et al. Virulent Influenza A viruses induce apoptosis in chickens[J]. Virus Research, 2002, 84: 27-35
299. Toubi E, Kessel A, Goldstein L, et al. Enhanced peripheral T-cell apoptosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Association with liver disease severity[J]. Journal of Hepatology, 2001, 35 (6): 774-780
300. Tracey KJ, Cerami A. Tumor necrosis factor, other cytokines and disease[J]. Annu Rev Cell Biol, 1993, 9: 317-343
301. Tracey KM. Anticachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteruemia[J]. Nature, 1987, 330: 662
302. Van Dervort Al, Yan L, Madara PJ, Cobb JP, et al. Nitric oxide regulates endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha production by human neutrophils[J]. J Immunol, 1994, 152: 4102-4109
303. Vasconcelos C A, Lain K M. Apoptosis induced by bursal disease Virus[J]. J Gen Virol, 1994, 75: 1803-1806
304. Vertinskii K I, B F Bessarabov, A N Kurilenko, et al. Pathogensis and diagnosis of duck viral hepatitis[J]. Veterinariya, 1968, 7: 27-30
305. Walsh Meagan J, Vanags Daina M, Clouston Andrew D, et al. Steatosis and liver cell apoptosis in chronic hepatitis C: A mechanism for increased liver injury[J]. Hepatology, 2004, 39(5): 1230-1238
306. Wareski P, Motyl T, Ryniewicz Z, et al. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins in mammary gland of goat[J]. Small Ruminant Research, 2001, 40: 279-289
307. Werner J, Rivera JA, Femandez-del Castillo C, et al. Differing roles of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of acute edematous versus necrotizing pancreatitis[J]. Surgery, 1997, 121: 23-30
308. Wolf BB, Green DR. Suicidal tendencies: apoptotic cell death by caspase family proteinases[J]. J Biol Chem, 1999, 274: 20049-20052
309. Yamazaki J, Nami H, Nagafuchi S, et al. Expression of apoptosis-related gene mRNAs in feline T-cells infected with feline immunodeficiency virus(FIV) [J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2004, 101: 1-8
310. Yang M Y, Rajamahendran R. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in relation to quality of bovine oocytes and embryos produced in vitro[J]. Animal Reproduction Science, 2002, 70: 159-169
311. Yasuda H, Kataoka K, Ichimura H, et al. Cytokine expression and induction of acinar cell apoptosis after pancreatic ductligation in mice[J]. J Interferon Cytokine Res, 1999, 19(6): 637-644
312. Yeong-Hsiang Cheng, Tian-Fuh Shen, Victor Fei Pang, et al. Effects of aflatoxin and immune response in mule duckling[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 2001, 128: 19-26
313. Yoshioka K, Kakumu S, Arao M, et al. Immunohistochemical studies of intrahepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha in chronic liver disease[J]. J Clin Pathol, 1990, 43: 298
314. Zhang S, Lillehoj HS, Ruff MD. In vivo role of tumor necrosis-like factor in Eimeria tenella infection[J]. Avian Dis, 1995, 39(4): 859-866