上海手语非视觉概念表达研究
摘要
本文以上海聋人所打的自然手语为主要研究对象,通过调查获取了包括事物名称、事物运动、事物属性三大类的非视觉概念手势视频资料,以及聋人在各种情境下的手语演讲录像,以此为基础尝试描写上海手语中基本非视觉概念的全貌,分析上海手语表达非视觉概念的手段,并最终揭示其根本规律。
对语料的分析表明,中国手语主要通过三种方式来表达抽象概念:通过约定俗成的自源性的手势表达;借用汉语成分来表达,如仿译、书空、指拼等;通过其他方式来间接表达,如近义代替、直接解释等。其中,主要以第一种方式为主,后两种方式较为少见。
第一种方式的主要实现手段是比喻(metaphor)和借代(metonymy)。比喻和借代长期以来一直被认为是两种基本的文学修辞方式,事实上,它们不仅是修辞手段,更是主要的词义孳乳手段和思维认知方式。不同手语中的比喻和借代具有共通性,而手语和有声语言中的比喻和借代也具有共通性。
手语中的比喻从本质上来说和有声语言一样,都可以归结为以相似性为基础的、从源域到目标域的映射。但手语中的比喻从本质上来说并非单一映射,而是一种双重映射(double mapping):从具体概念域到抽象概念域的比喻性映射,以及从具体的源域到语言形式之间的象似性映射。目标域凭借对源域的象似性描述而得到呈现。手形、位置、方向、运动的相似性都可以形成比喻。手语中常见的比喻有时间比喻、方向比喻、人体比喻和实体比喻等。
借代则是与比喻平行的另一种表达非视觉概念的手段。它是以部分代整体或以相关联的事物代所指事物,从本质上说是一种心理联想。区别比喻和借代的标准主要是看其心理基础是事物之间的相似性还是相关性(邻近性)。借代也可看作是在实体(entity)和对应体(counterpart)之间建立的映射。手语一般借具体可见的事物形象或动作行为表达与之相关的非视觉概念,常见的借代有人体借代、符号标志借代、成员借代、行为借代和汉字借代等。
总之,手语表达非视觉概念的原则是:力图在事物间建立起相互联系,由近及远、由浅入深、由具体到抽象,逐步深入地认识客观世界,必要时也借用汉语。由于手语是视觉性语言,因此一切非视觉概念的表达最终都必然以视觉意象作为归宿。
This dissertation is based on the natural sign language of Shanghai Deaf People. We acquired videos of non-visual such as signs for names, action and attribute, and video clips of signed speeches in all circumstances. Based on these videos, an attempt was made to describe all non-visual signs in Shanghai Sign language(SSL), to analyze how SSL express non-visual signs, and reveal eventually the rules of signs for non-visual concepts in SSL.
SSL expressed non-visual concepts in three ways: native conventional signs; loan signs from Chinese; signs expressing non-visual concepts indirectly. native conventional signs are most pervasive.
Metaphor and metonymy are the two major forms of native conventional signs. They have been recognized as basic means of literary rhetoric for a long time. But as a matter of fact, it is more appropriate to say that they are main ways to extend the meaning of a word and are significant cognitive modes.
As in spoken languages, metaphor in sign languages can be boiled down to mappings between source domain and target domain, based on resemblance. But metaphor in sign languages is the double mappings in essence: a metaphorical mapping from concrete to abstract conceptual domains and an iconic mapping between the concrete source domain and the linguistic forms that represent it. Time metaphor, orientation metaphor, body metaphor and entity metaphor are the four major kinds of metaphor in sign language.
Besides metaphor, metonymy is another form to express non-visual concepts. In metonymy, the non-visual concept is substituted by its component or correlated association. It is a kind of mental association in essence. The key difference between metaphor and metonymy is that metaphor base on similarity and metonymy base on contiguity. We can also depict metonymy as the mapping between entity and its counterpart. Body metonymy, symbol metonymy, member metonymy, behavior metonymy and Chinese character metonymy are the five major kinds of metonymy in sign language.
In a word, the basic rule of expressing non-visual concepts in sign language is to build mutual relations between entities and to cognize the undiscovered external world by what we already know. SSL borrow from Chinese when necessary. Every non-visual concept is bound to be expressed by visual means eventually, since SSL is a visual-manual language
对语料的分析表明,中国手语主要通过三种方式来表达抽象概念:通过约定俗成的自源性的手势表达;借用汉语成分来表达,如仿译、书空、指拼等;通过其他方式来间接表达,如近义代替、直接解释等。其中,主要以第一种方式为主,后两种方式较为少见。
第一种方式的主要实现手段是比喻(metaphor)和借代(metonymy)。比喻和借代长期以来一直被认为是两种基本的文学修辞方式,事实上,它们不仅是修辞手段,更是主要的词义孳乳手段和思维认知方式。不同手语中的比喻和借代具有共通性,而手语和有声语言中的比喻和借代也具有共通性。
手语中的比喻从本质上来说和有声语言一样,都可以归结为以相似性为基础的、从源域到目标域的映射。但手语中的比喻从本质上来说并非单一映射,而是一种双重映射(double mapping):从具体概念域到抽象概念域的比喻性映射,以及从具体的源域到语言形式之间的象似性映射。目标域凭借对源域的象似性描述而得到呈现。手形、位置、方向、运动的相似性都可以形成比喻。手语中常见的比喻有时间比喻、方向比喻、人体比喻和实体比喻等。
借代则是与比喻平行的另一种表达非视觉概念的手段。它是以部分代整体或以相关联的事物代所指事物,从本质上说是一种心理联想。区别比喻和借代的标准主要是看其心理基础是事物之间的相似性还是相关性(邻近性)。借代也可看作是在实体(entity)和对应体(counterpart)之间建立的映射。手语一般借具体可见的事物形象或动作行为表达与之相关的非视觉概念,常见的借代有人体借代、符号标志借代、成员借代、行为借代和汉字借代等。
总之,手语表达非视觉概念的原则是:力图在事物间建立起相互联系,由近及远、由浅入深、由具体到抽象,逐步深入地认识客观世界,必要时也借用汉语。由于手语是视觉性语言,因此一切非视觉概念的表达最终都必然以视觉意象作为归宿。
This dissertation is based on the natural sign language of Shanghai Deaf People. We acquired videos of non-visual such as signs for names, action and attribute, and video clips of signed speeches in all circumstances. Based on these videos, an attempt was made to describe all non-visual signs in Shanghai Sign language(SSL), to analyze how SSL express non-visual signs, and reveal eventually the rules of signs for non-visual concepts in SSL.
SSL expressed non-visual concepts in three ways: native conventional signs; loan signs from Chinese; signs expressing non-visual concepts indirectly. native conventional signs are most pervasive.
Metaphor and metonymy are the two major forms of native conventional signs. They have been recognized as basic means of literary rhetoric for a long time. But as a matter of fact, it is more appropriate to say that they are main ways to extend the meaning of a word and are significant cognitive modes.
As in spoken languages, metaphor in sign languages can be boiled down to mappings between source domain and target domain, based on resemblance. But metaphor in sign languages is the double mappings in essence: a metaphorical mapping from concrete to abstract conceptual domains and an iconic mapping between the concrete source domain and the linguistic forms that represent it. Time metaphor, orientation metaphor, body metaphor and entity metaphor are the four major kinds of metaphor in sign language.
Besides metaphor, metonymy is another form to express non-visual concepts. In metonymy, the non-visual concept is substituted by its component or correlated association. It is a kind of mental association in essence. The key difference between metaphor and metonymy is that metaphor base on similarity and metonymy base on contiguity. We can also depict metonymy as the mapping between entity and its counterpart. Body metonymy, symbol metonymy, member metonymy, behavior metonymy and Chinese character metonymy are the five major kinds of metonymy in sign language.
In a word, the basic rule of expressing non-visual concepts in sign language is to build mutual relations between entities and to cognize the undiscovered external world by what we already know. SSL borrow from Chinese when necessary. Every non-visual concept is bound to be expressed by visual means eventually, since SSL is a visual-manual language
引文
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[2] Copper, David E. Metaphor[M].Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1986:131—135.
[3] Edward Klima & Ursula Bellugi. The Signs of Language[M]. Harvard University Press, 1979.
[4] Fauconnier. Mappings in Thought and Language[M]. Cambridge University Press, 1997.
[5] F. Ungerer & H. J. Schmid. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics [M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2001.
[6] George Lakoff. Women Fire and Dangerous Things[M]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987:275—283.
[7] George Lakoff & Mark Johnson. Metaphors we live by[M]. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
[8] Holtemann, Derek. 1990. Metaphor in American Sign Language.Unpublished bachelors thesis[A]. 见 Sarah F. Taub. Language from the Body-Iconicity and Metaphor in American Sign Language[M]. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
[9] Langacker, R. Concept, Image and Symbol: the Cognitive Basis of Grammar[M]. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999:199.
[10] Lakoff, G. & Turner, M. More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor[M]. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989.
[11] Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller. The Handbook of Linguistics[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. ,2001: 560.
[12] Mary Brennan. Conjoining Word and Image in British Sign Language(BSL): An Exploration of Metaphorical Signs in BSL[J].Sign Language Studies, 2005, VOL.5 NO. 3:360—381.
[13] Pamela M. Perniss. Achieving spatial coherence in German Sign Language narratives: The use of classifiers and perspective[J].Lingua. 117(2007) : 1315—1338.
[14]Rachel Sutton-Spence & Bencie Woll.The Linguistics of British Sign Language[M].Cambridge University Press,1999.
[15]Reddy,M.The Conduit Metaphor-A Case Frame Conflict in Our Language about Language[A].见Ortony,A.Metaphor and Thought[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993.
[16]Sarah F.Taub.Language from the Body-Iconicity and Metaphor in American Sign Language[M].Cambridge University Press,2001.
[17]Richards,I.A.The Philosophy of Rhetoric[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1936:92-93.
[18]Schembri,Adam.Rethinking‘Classifiers'in Signed Languages[J].Perspectives on Classifier Constructions in Sign Languages.Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,2003:3-34..
[19]Stephen Ullmann.Semantics:An Introduction to the Science of Meaning[M].New York:Barnes & Noble,1979.
[20]Sutton-Spence & Rachel.The linguistics of British Sign Language:an introduction[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998.
[21]Stokoe,William C.Sign Language Structure:An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf[M].University of Buffalo,1960:78.
[22]Ullmann,S.The Principles of Semantics[M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1957:27.
[23]Ullmann,S.Semantics:An Introduction to the Science of Meaning[M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1962,216.
[24]陈望道.修辞学发凡[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1997:22.
[25]陈曦.借喻和借代的判定规则[J].广西师范大学学报.1996年增刊:151-153.
[26]戴目.中国手语浅谈[M].内部资料,2002:30.
[27]董为光.话说“音义初始[J].语言研究.1997,1:101-108.
[28]费迪南·德·索绪尔著,裴文译.普通语言学教程[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,2001:80.
[29]冯晓虎.隐喻——思维的基础,篇章的框架[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社,2004:2-15.
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