刀具磨损区域的三维重构技术研究
|
摘要
刀具磨损区域形貌的重构对刀具磨损区域的观察和测量,以及磨损机理的研究有着重要的意义。长期以来,由于三维成像设备性能和成本的限制,刀具磨损的分析一直局限在磨损图像的观察和二维参数的分析上。本文在深入研究聚焦合成理论、方法及关键技术的基础上,设计出了基于聚焦合成的刀具磨损区域三维重构的方法,并开发了三维刀具磨损区域可视化软件。具体研究内容如下:
1.提出了一种运用聚焦合成原理来重构刀具磨损区域的方法。将磨损区域从显微镜采集得到不同聚焦深度的图像序列,通过数字图像处理的方法,提取其高度信息,重构出刀具磨损表面的三维形貌。
2.将双阈值选取技术引入到聚焦评价函数的使用中,保证了噪声点和背景点的有效剔除,大大提高了算子的适应性。
3.优化了三维重构的过程,设计了快速三维重构的方法。并运用此算法进行了刀具磨损区域的三维重构试验,试验证明该算法在一定程度上提高了重构的速度。
4.建立了光栅刻度尺标定的数学模型,并进行了标定的试验,试验说明该标定方法的精度较高。达到了标定的自动化,减少了人工标定带来的误差。在此基础上,提出了基于像素点对磨损区域进行测量的三维评价指标,并进行了刀具耐用度对比的测量试验。
5.使用VC++ 6.0和OpenGL设计了刀具磨损区域形貌的三维显示软件。并应用本文所述的方法将得到的三维数据进行显示,绘制出刀具磨损区域的三维图像。
The 3D reconstruction of tool wear area is very important for the observation and the study of wear mechanism. For a long time, because of the limited method and its capability, as well as large cost of the 3D imaging machine, tool wear analysis has been largely limited to 2D parameters. Based on the study of the theories and key points of the Depth from Focus (DFF), a 3D reconstruction method of tool wear area has been designed. And a 3D visualization software of tool wear area was developed. The major research works are listed as follows:
1. A 3D reconstruction method of tool wear area based on DFF was developed. Different focused pictures of tool wear area were taken from microscope. By using digital image processing, the depth information of the tool wear was taken and the tool wear’s 3D topography was reconstructed.
2. Double-threshold method has been introduced into the focus evaluate function. It is largely improved the correct rate of deleting noise points and background points, and improved the adaptation of operator.
3. The 3D reconstruction’s process has been analyzed, and a faster 3D reconstruction method was designed. Finally the 3D reconstruct test using this method proved it is faster than the previous method.
4. In order to reach the automatic calibration, and to reduce the artificial error, a model of grating calibration was given. Calibration test result showed that the precision of the system was high enough. On this basis, some practicable 3D evaluation indexes of tool wear based on pixel was also given. After that, a tool wear measuring experiment was made.
5. By using VC++ 6.0 and OpenGL, a tool wear area’s 3D visualization software was developed. 3D data can be read into this software and then a 3D image of the tool wear data can be shown in the software’s system.
1.提出了一种运用聚焦合成原理来重构刀具磨损区域的方法。将磨损区域从显微镜采集得到不同聚焦深度的图像序列,通过数字图像处理的方法,提取其高度信息,重构出刀具磨损表面的三维形貌。
2.将双阈值选取技术引入到聚焦评价函数的使用中,保证了噪声点和背景点的有效剔除,大大提高了算子的适应性。
3.优化了三维重构的过程,设计了快速三维重构的方法。并运用此算法进行了刀具磨损区域的三维重构试验,试验证明该算法在一定程度上提高了重构的速度。
4.建立了光栅刻度尺标定的数学模型,并进行了标定的试验,试验说明该标定方法的精度较高。达到了标定的自动化,减少了人工标定带来的误差。在此基础上,提出了基于像素点对磨损区域进行测量的三维评价指标,并进行了刀具耐用度对比的测量试验。
5.使用VC++ 6.0和OpenGL设计了刀具磨损区域形貌的三维显示软件。并应用本文所述的方法将得到的三维数据进行显示,绘制出刀具磨损区域的三维图像。
The 3D reconstruction of tool wear area is very important for the observation and the study of wear mechanism. For a long time, because of the limited method and its capability, as well as large cost of the 3D imaging machine, tool wear analysis has been largely limited to 2D parameters. Based on the study of the theories and key points of the Depth from Focus (DFF), a 3D reconstruction method of tool wear area has been designed. And a 3D visualization software of tool wear area was developed. The major research works are listed as follows:
1. A 3D reconstruction method of tool wear area based on DFF was developed. Different focused pictures of tool wear area were taken from microscope. By using digital image processing, the depth information of the tool wear was taken and the tool wear’s 3D topography was reconstructed.
2. Double-threshold method has been introduced into the focus evaluate function. It is largely improved the correct rate of deleting noise points and background points, and improved the adaptation of operator.
3. The 3D reconstruction’s process has been analyzed, and a faster 3D reconstruction method was designed. Finally the 3D reconstruct test using this method proved it is faster than the previous method.
4. In order to reach the automatic calibration, and to reduce the artificial error, a model of grating calibration was given. Calibration test result showed that the precision of the system was high enough. On this basis, some practicable 3D evaluation indexes of tool wear based on pixel was also given. After that, a tool wear measuring experiment was made.
5. By using VC++ 6.0 and OpenGL, a tool wear area’s 3D visualization software was developed. 3D data can be read into this software and then a 3D image of the tool wear data can be shown in the software’s system.
引文
[1] S.N.Huang,K.K.Tan,Y.S.Wong,C.W.de Silva,et al,Tool Wear Detection and Fault Diagnosis based on Cutting Force Monitoring,International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 2007,47:444~451.
[2]林颖,刘亚俊,陈忠,基于分形理论和神经网络的刀具磨损监测[J],中国机械工程,2004,15(16):1426~1427。
[3] M.Sortino,Application of statistical filtering for optical detection of tool wear,International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,2003,43:493~497.
[4]张幼桢,金属切削原理及刀具,南京,南京航空航天大学,1990:110~112。
[5] K.B.Pedersen,Wear Measurement of Cutting Tools By Computer Vision,International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,1990,30(1):131~139.
[6] Li Dan and J.Mathew,Tool wear and failure monitoring techniques for turning-A review,Int.J.Mash,Tool Manufact,1990,30(4):579~598.
[7] M.Shiraishi,Scope of in-process measurement,monitoring and control techniques for tools,Precision Engineering,1988,10(4):179~189.
[8]胡乾斌,李光斌,刘建新,加工中心到库管理系统,华中理工大学学报,1998(12):16~18。
[9]刘劲松,铣削过程刀具磨损监控技术研究[D],北京,北京航空航天大学,1998,3:37~41。
[10]缪红松,基于工件表面纹理的刀具磨损状态检测技术的研究[D],杭州,浙江工业大学,2003,5:42~47。
[11]周祖德,陈幼平等,现代机械制造系统的监控与故障诊断[M],武汉,华中理工大学出版社,1999,6:36~39。
[12] Dimla E.et al,Sensor signals for tool-wear monitoring in metal cutting iperations—a review of methods,Int.J.of Machine Tools and Manufacture,2000(40):1037~1098.
[13] G.Byqq,etc,Tool condition monitoring(TCM)—the status of research a and industrial application,Annals of CIRP 1995,44(2):541~567.
[14]郑南宁,计算机视觉与模式识别,国防工业出版社,1998,3:128~131。
[15] Marr,Vision-A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information,San Francesco,CA,W,H.Freeman,1982:76~78.
[16] S.Kurada,C.Bradley,A vision system for in-cycle tool wear monitoring,Proceeding of the Eighth International Congress on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management,1995:139~142.
[17] Jin Won Gu,Joon Hee Han,3D reconstruction in a constrained camera system,PatternRecognition Letters,2002:1337~1347.
[18] Guanghui Wang,Hung-Tat Tsui,Zhanyi Hu,Reconstruction of structured scenes from two uncalibrated image,Pattern Recognition Letters,2005:207~220.
[19] Soon-Yong Park,Stereo vision and range image techniques for generation 3D computer models of real objects[Doctor Thesis],State university of New York,2003:142~145.
[20]吴焕明,方漪,基于计算机立体视觉的图像测量技术,工程图学学报,2002,4:60~67。
[21] Gerhard Krieger,Josef Mittermayer,Stefan Buckreuss,et al,Sector imaging radar for enhanced vision,Aerospace Science and Technology,2003,7(2);147~158.
[22] Guo Huadong , Liao Jingjuan , Wang Changlin , et al .,Use of multifrequency,multipolarization shuttle imaging radar for volcano mapping in the Kunlun Mountains of Western China,Remote Sensing of Environment,1997,59(2):364~374.
[23]黄燕群,田爱玲,光栅投影三角形法测量物体的三维轮廓,西安工业学院学报,2004,24(2):103~106。
[24] Keferstein C P,Marxer M,Testing bench for laser triangulation sensors,Sens Rev,1998,18(3):183~187.
[25]孙晨光,数字相移相位测量技术及其应用[硕士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2003:43~46。
[26] Saito K,Miyoshi T,Development of non-contact 3-D digitizing and machining system for free-form surface,Annals of CIRP,1991,40:483~486.
[27] Guanghui Wang,Zhanyi Hu,Fuchao Wu,et al.Implementation and experimental study on fast object modeling based on multiple structured stripes,Optics and lasers in Engineering,2004,42:627~638.
[28] Liang-Chen,Chui-Chen Liao,Ming-Jun Lai,Full-field micro surface profilometry using digital fringe projection with spatial encoding principle,Journal of Physics,2005,13:147~150.
[29] Giovanna Sansoni,Franco Docchio,Three-dimensional optical measurements and reverse engineering for automotive applications,Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,2004,20:359~367.
[30] Giovanna Sansoni and Elisa Redaelli,A 3D vision system based on one-shot projection and phase demodulation for fast profilometry,Measurement Science and Technology,2005,16:1009~1118.
[31] R.J.Valkenburg,A.M.McIvor,Accurate 3D measurement using a structured light system,Imaging and Vision Computing,1998,16:99~110.
[32]左洪福,于辉,刘昕,磨粒三维测量的立体视觉方法,仪器仪表学报,2005(2):184~186。
[33]姜治国,韩冬兵,谢凤英等,基于全自动显微镜的图像新技术研究,中国体式学与图像分析,2004.9(1):31~36。
[34] Shree K,Nayar,Nakagawa,Shape from Focus,IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Interlligence,1994,16(8):813~824.
[35]祝世平,房建成,一种新的能量谱-熵图像聚焦评价函数,北京航空航天大学学报,1999.25(6):720~723。
[36]韩东兵,基于Depth from Focus的序列图像融合与三维测量技术研究[D],北京,北京航空航天大学,2004:33~36。
[37] Shree K.Nayar,Shape from Focus System,IEEE,1992,3(6):122~126.
[38]盛骤,谢式才,潘承毅,《概率论与数理统计》,高等教育出版社,2001.3:225~227。
[39]吴信才,《地理信息系统原理与方法》,电子工业出版社,2002.3:65~66。
[40]王家耀,《空间信息系统原理》,科学出版社,2001:21~123。
[41]张俊霞,三维地形可视化及其实时显示方法概述,计算机辅助工程,2001,6:45~47。
[42]张汇军等,三维地形可视化研究,解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),2001,12,Vol.2,No.6:36~39。
[43]许家帅,三维地形表面的可视化实现,水道港口,2003,3,Vol.24,No.1:16~17。
[44]薛安等,基于OpenGL实现真实感地形表现的研究,中国图像图形学报,2001,8,Vol.6,No.8:31~33。
[45]辛海霞等,《基于OpenGL的三维地形可视化技术与实现》,水道港口,2004,6:34~36。
[46]徐云和等,DEM数据的可视化,测绘工程,2003,6,Vol.12,No.2:23~26。
[47]赵耀红等,DEM在OpenGL中的三维显示,现代情报,2003,11,No.11:24~26。
[48]常苫燕,GIS中地形三维显示技术初探,GIS软件开发技术:47~48。
[49]和平鸽工作室,《OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发》(系统开发篇),中国水利水电出版社,2002:134~136。
[50]和平鸽工作室,《OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发》(高级编程篇),中国水利水电出版社,2002:107~109。
[51]和平鸽工作室,《OpenGL三维图形系统开发与是用技术》(实用技术篇),清华大学出版社,重庆大学出版社,2003,8:154~156。
[52]李颖等,《OpenGL技术应用实例精粹》,国防工业出版社,2001.1:75~78。
[53] Mason Woo、Jackie Neider等著,OpenGL编程权威指南,中国电力出版社,2001:193~201。
[54] Dave Shreiner,OpenGL参考手册,机械工业出版社,2001.1:58~59。
[55]谭浩强,张基温,唐永炎,C语言程序设计教程,高等教育出版社,1998:121~130。
[56]李久进,MFC深入浅出——从MFC设计倒MFC编程,华中理工大学出版社,1999.9:151~56。
[57]吕秋灵、沈丽宁,一种改进的离散数据网格化方法,计算机辅助工程,1996.3,Vol.5,No.1:24~26。
[58]张克岐,三维地面模型的可视化研究,东北测绘,2002,Vol.25,No.2:33~37。
[59]李权国等,OpenGL在三维地形模型中的应用,太原理工大学学报,2004,1,Vol.35,No.1:27~28。
[60]杜金莲等,一个三维地形仿真系统的设计与实现,系统仿真学报,2003,7,Vol.15,No.7:34~37。
[61]李辰等,一个三维地形飞行浏览系统,计算机工程,2002,2,Vol.28,No.3:31~33。
[62]陈小武,一种大规模虚拟环境中动态多层次光照表示和处理方法,计算机研究与发展,2001,3,Vol.38,No.3:21~24。
[63]韩祥,基于OpenGL的三维地形可视化方法研究,车辆与动力技术,2003,2:17~18。
[64] Earnshaw.R.A.,Wiseman.N.,An Introductory Guide to Scientific Visualization,Apringe-Verlag:Berlin,1992:36~37.
[65] Crawfis,R.and M.Allison(1991),A Scientific Viaualization Synthesizer,Visualization’91,Los Alamitos,CA,IEEE Computer Society Press:226~229.
[66] Michael Bailey,The Use of Color in Scientific Visualization,Circuit Celler INK:The Computer Applications Journal,July 1995:23~26.
[67]郭文普等,视景生成中几个关键技术,系统仿真学报,2001,11(13):2~3。
[2]林颖,刘亚俊,陈忠,基于分形理论和神经网络的刀具磨损监测[J],中国机械工程,2004,15(16):1426~1427。
[3] M.Sortino,Application of statistical filtering for optical detection of tool wear,International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,2003,43:493~497.
[4]张幼桢,金属切削原理及刀具,南京,南京航空航天大学,1990:110~112。
[5] K.B.Pedersen,Wear Measurement of Cutting Tools By Computer Vision,International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,1990,30(1):131~139.
[6] Li Dan and J.Mathew,Tool wear and failure monitoring techniques for turning-A review,Int.J.Mash,Tool Manufact,1990,30(4):579~598.
[7] M.Shiraishi,Scope of in-process measurement,monitoring and control techniques for tools,Precision Engineering,1988,10(4):179~189.
[8]胡乾斌,李光斌,刘建新,加工中心到库管理系统,华中理工大学学报,1998(12):16~18。
[9]刘劲松,铣削过程刀具磨损监控技术研究[D],北京,北京航空航天大学,1998,3:37~41。
[10]缪红松,基于工件表面纹理的刀具磨损状态检测技术的研究[D],杭州,浙江工业大学,2003,5:42~47。
[11]周祖德,陈幼平等,现代机械制造系统的监控与故障诊断[M],武汉,华中理工大学出版社,1999,6:36~39。
[12] Dimla E.et al,Sensor signals for tool-wear monitoring in metal cutting iperations—a review of methods,Int.J.of Machine Tools and Manufacture,2000(40):1037~1098.
[13] G.Byqq,etc,Tool condition monitoring(TCM)—the status of research a and industrial application,Annals of CIRP 1995,44(2):541~567.
[14]郑南宁,计算机视觉与模式识别,国防工业出版社,1998,3:128~131。
[15] Marr,Vision-A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information,San Francesco,CA,W,H.Freeman,1982:76~78.
[16] S.Kurada,C.Bradley,A vision system for in-cycle tool wear monitoring,Proceeding of the Eighth International Congress on Condition Monitoring and Diagnostic Engineering Management,1995:139~142.
[17] Jin Won Gu,Joon Hee Han,3D reconstruction in a constrained camera system,PatternRecognition Letters,2002:1337~1347.
[18] Guanghui Wang,Hung-Tat Tsui,Zhanyi Hu,Reconstruction of structured scenes from two uncalibrated image,Pattern Recognition Letters,2005:207~220.
[19] Soon-Yong Park,Stereo vision and range image techniques for generation 3D computer models of real objects[Doctor Thesis],State university of New York,2003:142~145.
[20]吴焕明,方漪,基于计算机立体视觉的图像测量技术,工程图学学报,2002,4:60~67。
[21] Gerhard Krieger,Josef Mittermayer,Stefan Buckreuss,et al,Sector imaging radar for enhanced vision,Aerospace Science and Technology,2003,7(2);147~158.
[22] Guo Huadong , Liao Jingjuan , Wang Changlin , et al .,Use of multifrequency,multipolarization shuttle imaging radar for volcano mapping in the Kunlun Mountains of Western China,Remote Sensing of Environment,1997,59(2):364~374.
[23]黄燕群,田爱玲,光栅投影三角形法测量物体的三维轮廓,西安工业学院学报,2004,24(2):103~106。
[24] Keferstein C P,Marxer M,Testing bench for laser triangulation sensors,Sens Rev,1998,18(3):183~187.
[25]孙晨光,数字相移相位测量技术及其应用[硕士学位论文],天津,天津大学,2003:43~46。
[26] Saito K,Miyoshi T,Development of non-contact 3-D digitizing and machining system for free-form surface,Annals of CIRP,1991,40:483~486.
[27] Guanghui Wang,Zhanyi Hu,Fuchao Wu,et al.Implementation and experimental study on fast object modeling based on multiple structured stripes,Optics and lasers in Engineering,2004,42:627~638.
[28] Liang-Chen,Chui-Chen Liao,Ming-Jun Lai,Full-field micro surface profilometry using digital fringe projection with spatial encoding principle,Journal of Physics,2005,13:147~150.
[29] Giovanna Sansoni,Franco Docchio,Three-dimensional optical measurements and reverse engineering for automotive applications,Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,2004,20:359~367.
[30] Giovanna Sansoni and Elisa Redaelli,A 3D vision system based on one-shot projection and phase demodulation for fast profilometry,Measurement Science and Technology,2005,16:1009~1118.
[31] R.J.Valkenburg,A.M.McIvor,Accurate 3D measurement using a structured light system,Imaging and Vision Computing,1998,16:99~110.
[32]左洪福,于辉,刘昕,磨粒三维测量的立体视觉方法,仪器仪表学报,2005(2):184~186。
[33]姜治国,韩冬兵,谢凤英等,基于全自动显微镜的图像新技术研究,中国体式学与图像分析,2004.9(1):31~36。
[34] Shree K,Nayar,Nakagawa,Shape from Focus,IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Interlligence,1994,16(8):813~824.
[35]祝世平,房建成,一种新的能量谱-熵图像聚焦评价函数,北京航空航天大学学报,1999.25(6):720~723。
[36]韩东兵,基于Depth from Focus的序列图像融合与三维测量技术研究[D],北京,北京航空航天大学,2004:33~36。
[37] Shree K.Nayar,Shape from Focus System,IEEE,1992,3(6):122~126.
[38]盛骤,谢式才,潘承毅,《概率论与数理统计》,高等教育出版社,2001.3:225~227。
[39]吴信才,《地理信息系统原理与方法》,电子工业出版社,2002.3:65~66。
[40]王家耀,《空间信息系统原理》,科学出版社,2001:21~123。
[41]张俊霞,三维地形可视化及其实时显示方法概述,计算机辅助工程,2001,6:45~47。
[42]张汇军等,三维地形可视化研究,解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),2001,12,Vol.2,No.6:36~39。
[43]许家帅,三维地形表面的可视化实现,水道港口,2003,3,Vol.24,No.1:16~17。
[44]薛安等,基于OpenGL实现真实感地形表现的研究,中国图像图形学报,2001,8,Vol.6,No.8:31~33。
[45]辛海霞等,《基于OpenGL的三维地形可视化技术与实现》,水道港口,2004,6:34~36。
[46]徐云和等,DEM数据的可视化,测绘工程,2003,6,Vol.12,No.2:23~26。
[47]赵耀红等,DEM在OpenGL中的三维显示,现代情报,2003,11,No.11:24~26。
[48]常苫燕,GIS中地形三维显示技术初探,GIS软件开发技术:47~48。
[49]和平鸽工作室,《OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发》(系统开发篇),中国水利水电出版社,2002:134~136。
[50]和平鸽工作室,《OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发》(高级编程篇),中国水利水电出版社,2002:107~109。
[51]和平鸽工作室,《OpenGL三维图形系统开发与是用技术》(实用技术篇),清华大学出版社,重庆大学出版社,2003,8:154~156。
[52]李颖等,《OpenGL技术应用实例精粹》,国防工业出版社,2001.1:75~78。
[53] Mason Woo、Jackie Neider等著,OpenGL编程权威指南,中国电力出版社,2001:193~201。
[54] Dave Shreiner,OpenGL参考手册,机械工业出版社,2001.1:58~59。
[55]谭浩强,张基温,唐永炎,C语言程序设计教程,高等教育出版社,1998:121~130。
[56]李久进,MFC深入浅出——从MFC设计倒MFC编程,华中理工大学出版社,1999.9:151~56。
[57]吕秋灵、沈丽宁,一种改进的离散数据网格化方法,计算机辅助工程,1996.3,Vol.5,No.1:24~26。
[58]张克岐,三维地面模型的可视化研究,东北测绘,2002,Vol.25,No.2:33~37。
[59]李权国等,OpenGL在三维地形模型中的应用,太原理工大学学报,2004,1,Vol.35,No.1:27~28。
[60]杜金莲等,一个三维地形仿真系统的设计与实现,系统仿真学报,2003,7,Vol.15,No.7:34~37。
[61]李辰等,一个三维地形飞行浏览系统,计算机工程,2002,2,Vol.28,No.3:31~33。
[62]陈小武,一种大规模虚拟环境中动态多层次光照表示和处理方法,计算机研究与发展,2001,3,Vol.38,No.3:21~24。
[63]韩祥,基于OpenGL的三维地形可视化方法研究,车辆与动力技术,2003,2:17~18。
[64] Earnshaw.R.A.,Wiseman.N.,An Introductory Guide to Scientific Visualization,Apringe-Verlag:Berlin,1992:36~37.
[65] Crawfis,R.and M.Allison(1991),A Scientific Viaualization Synthesizer,Visualization’91,Los Alamitos,CA,IEEE Computer Society Press:226~229.
[66] Michael Bailey,The Use of Color in Scientific Visualization,Circuit Celler INK:The Computer Applications Journal,July 1995:23~26.
[67]郭文普等,视景生成中几个关键技术,系统仿真学报,2001,11(13):2~3。