基于Zigbee的无线传感器网络定位技术研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络集中了微机电、感知、嵌入式计算、分布式信息处理和无线通信等技术,形成了一种全新的信息获取和处理模式。布局、覆盖、节点定位、网络通信协议是传感器网络研究中的几个基本问题。其中,网络通信协议和节点定位问题是无线传感器网络众多应用的前提,也是传感器网络研究中的热点问题之一。本文对基于Zigbee协议的网络定位技术进行了研究。
首先,论文在分析无线传感器网络特点、体系结构的基础上,综述了Zigbee通信协议的基本内容及其在组建无线传感器网络中的应用,阐明了ZigBee技术以其低功耗、低成本、低速率等优点,成为了最炙手可热的无线通信技术之一,广泛应用于家庭智能化、工业控制等众多领域。
其次,论文探讨了当今主流的几种无线传感器网络定位算法及其性能评价标准和分类方法。相对于通常的基于锚节点的定位算法,着重分析了以AFL(Anchor Free Location)算法为代表的无锚节点的定位算法。针对于AFL算法易出现局部最优解的情况,提出了改进算法,分析建立了无折叠布局,并运用质心-弹簧算法获得全局最优解。
最后,文章以无线噪声环境监测系统作为应用实例,基于IAR开发环境上利用CC2430无线通信芯片实现了传感器网络组的建,并在完成AFL算法的定位过程。算法的仿真结果表明,AFL算法定位算法可以实现良好定位,精度较好。
Wireless sensor networks (WSN), which integrate technologies of embedded computing, distributed information processing and wireless communication, lead to a new pattern of information gathering and processing. The fundamental problems of sensor networks are deployment, coverage, locations and networking protocols. And location, which has been focused as a basic problem, is the precondition of many applications of sensor networks. The WSN node location technology based on Zigbee protocol is studied in this paper
First of all, on the basis of analyzing the traits and structure of WSN, the paper shows the main content of Zigbee protocol and its application on the construction of WSN. Then the paper also elaborates that with the advantages of low power, low cost and low rate, Zigbee technology has been the one of very hot wireless communication technology, and has many sound applications such as industry control and intelligent indoor, etc.
Secondly, the several mainstream node location algorithms of wireless sensor network have been discussed. The categories and performance evaluations are also analyzed. The anchor-free location (AFL) algorithm is focused on relative to anchor-base location. Especially, for avoiding local minimum, the paper establish a fold-free graph, and then get a global minimum by using a mass-spring optimization. By these phases, a globally rigid network will be achieved.
Finally, the AFL location technology is achieved in the practice application of the noise monitoring system. The wireless sensor network is established with the node of CC2430 communication chip on the software develop environment of IAR. The simulation results show that the network node can be well located with good precision with AFL algorithm.
首先,论文在分析无线传感器网络特点、体系结构的基础上,综述了Zigbee通信协议的基本内容及其在组建无线传感器网络中的应用,阐明了ZigBee技术以其低功耗、低成本、低速率等优点,成为了最炙手可热的无线通信技术之一,广泛应用于家庭智能化、工业控制等众多领域。
其次,论文探讨了当今主流的几种无线传感器网络定位算法及其性能评价标准和分类方法。相对于通常的基于锚节点的定位算法,着重分析了以AFL(Anchor Free Location)算法为代表的无锚节点的定位算法。针对于AFL算法易出现局部最优解的情况,提出了改进算法,分析建立了无折叠布局,并运用质心-弹簧算法获得全局最优解。
最后,文章以无线噪声环境监测系统作为应用实例,基于IAR开发环境上利用CC2430无线通信芯片实现了传感器网络组的建,并在完成AFL算法的定位过程。算法的仿真结果表明,AFL算法定位算法可以实现良好定位,精度较好。
Wireless sensor networks (WSN), which integrate technologies of embedded computing, distributed information processing and wireless communication, lead to a new pattern of information gathering and processing. The fundamental problems of sensor networks are deployment, coverage, locations and networking protocols. And location, which has been focused as a basic problem, is the precondition of many applications of sensor networks. The WSN node location technology based on Zigbee protocol is studied in this paper
First of all, on the basis of analyzing the traits and structure of WSN, the paper shows the main content of Zigbee protocol and its application on the construction of WSN. Then the paper also elaborates that with the advantages of low power, low cost and low rate, Zigbee technology has been the one of very hot wireless communication technology, and has many sound applications such as industry control and intelligent indoor, etc.
Secondly, the several mainstream node location algorithms of wireless sensor network have been discussed. The categories and performance evaluations are also analyzed. The anchor-free location (AFL) algorithm is focused on relative to anchor-base location. Especially, for avoiding local minimum, the paper establish a fold-free graph, and then get a global minimum by using a mass-spring optimization. By these phases, a globally rigid network will be achieved.
Finally, the AFL location technology is achieved in the practice application of the noise monitoring system. The wireless sensor network is established with the node of CC2430 communication chip on the software develop environment of IAR. The simulation results show that the network node can be well located with good precision with AFL algorithm.
引文
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[7]王殊,阎毓杰,胡富平,屈晓旭.无线传感器网络的理论及应用.北京航空航天大学出版社.2007:4-7页
[8]Koen Langendoen,Niels Reijers.Distributed localization in wireless sensor networks:a quantitative comparison.Computer Networks:The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking(Special issue:Wireless sensor networks).2003,43(4):499-518P
[9]Iyengar R,Sikdar B.Scalable and distributed GPS free positioning for sensor networks.In:Proc.of IEEE Int'l Conf.on Communications 2005.Vol.1.Anchorage:IEEE Communications Society.2005:338-342P
[10]Niculescu D,Nath B.Localized positioning in ad hoc networks.In:Proc.of the 1st IEEE Int'l Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications.Anchorage:IEEE Communications Societies.2003:42-50P
[11]Hung-ying Tyan.Design,realization and evaluation of a component -basedcompositional software architecture for network simulation[Doctoral Thesis].The Ohio State University:Department of Electrical Engineering,2005:101-105P
[12]Capkun S,Hamdi M,Hubaux J-P.GPS-Free positioning in mobile ad-hoc networks.Cluster Computing.2007,5(2):157-167P
[13]于宏毅.无线移动自组织网.人民邮电出版社.2005:27-37页
[14]Bonnet P,Gehrke J,Seshadri P.Querying the physical world.IEEE Personal Communication.2006,7(5):10-15P
[15]Noury N,Herve T,Rialle V,Virone G;Mercier E.Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor.In:Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology.Lyon:IEEE Computer Society.2007:607-610P
[16]Meguerdichian S,Koushanfar F,Potkonjak M,et al.Coverage problems in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks.In:Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM 2004.Vol.3.Anchorage:IEEE Computer and Communications Societies,2004:1380-1387P
[17]陈丹,郑增威,李际军.无线传感器网络研究综述.计算机测量与控制.2004(8):701-704页
[18]马祖长,孙怡宁,梅涛.无线传感器网络综述.通信学报.2004,25(4):114-124页
[19]陈寒,李仁发,乐光学.无线传感器网络中的一种分布式相对定位算法的分析与改进.计算机应用.2006,26(2):310-313页
[20]He T,Huang CD,Blum BM,et al.Range-Free localization schemes in large scale sensor networks.In:Proc.of the 9th Annual Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.San Diego:ACM Press,2006:81-95P
[21]Girod L,Bychovskiy V,Elson J,et al.Locating tiny sensors in time and space:A case study.In:Proc.of the 2002 IEEE Int'l Conf.on Computer Design:VLSI in Computers and Processors.Freiburg:IEEE Computer Society.2002:214-219P
[22]Hatter A,Hopper A,Steggles P,et al.The anatomy of a context-aware application.In:Proc.of the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.Seattle:ACM Press.2007:59-68P
[23]Niculescu D,Nath B.Ad hoc positioning system(APS) using AoA.In:Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM.San Francisco:IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2003(13):1734-1743P
[24]Girod L,Estrin D.Robust range estimation using acoustic and multimodal sensing.In:Proc.of the IEEE/RSJ Int'l Conf.on Intelligent Robots and Systems(IROS 01).Maui:IEEE Robotics and Automation Society,2001(13):1312-1320P
[25]方红雨,崔逊学,刘纂.无线传感器网络的定位问题综述.电脑与信息技术.2005,(12):25-29页
[26]陈红阳.基于测距技术的无线传感器网络定位技术研究.西南交通大学硕士论文.2006:28-33页
[27]钱宇.无线传感器网络的传感器定位及其在军事上的应用.浙江大学硕士论文.2006:34-36页
[28]Hu F,Sharma NK.Security considerations in ad hoc sensor networks.Ad Hoc Networks of ScienceDirect.2005:69-89P
[29]Priyantha NB,Chakraborty A,Balakrishnan H.The cricket location-support system.In:Proc.of the 6th Annual Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.Boston:ACM Press.2006:32-43P
[30]Avvides A,Park H,Srivastava MB.The bits and flops of the N-hop multilateration primitive for node localization problems.In:Proc.of the 1~(st)ACM Int'l Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications.Atlanta:ACM Press.2007:112-121P
[31]Xiuzhen Cheng,Thaeler A,Guoliang Xue,et al.TPS:a time-based positioning scheme for outdoor wireless sensor networks.In:Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM 2004.Twenty-third Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2004(4):2685-2696P
[32]Niculescu D,Nath B.DV based positioning in ad hoc networks.Journal of Telecommunication Systems.2003,22(4):267-280P
[33]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展.软件学报.2003,14(10):1717-1727页
[34]李平,林亚平,曾玮妮.传感器网络安全研究.软件学报,2006,17(12):2577-2588页
[35]Savvides A,Han C-C,Srivastava MB.Dynamic fine-grained localization in ad-hoc networks of sensors.In:Proc.of the 7th Annual Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.Rome:ACM Press.2007:166-179P
[36]Meguerdichian S,Slijepcevic S,Karayan V,et al.Localized algorithms in wireless ad-hoc networks:Location discovery and sensor exposure.In:Proc.of the 2nd ACM Int'l Symp.on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing.Long Beach:ACM Press.2008:106-116P
[37]Savarese C,Rabay J,Langendoen K.Robust positioning algorithms for distributed ad-hoc wireless sensor networks.In:Proc.of the USENIX Technical Annual Conf.Monterey:USENIX Press.2006:317-327P
[38]Niculescu,D.Positioning in ad hoe sensor networks Network,IEEE Network.2008,18(4):24-29P
[39]于海斌,曾鹏等.智能无线传感器网络系统.科学出版社.2006:92-95页
[40]王福豹,史龙,任丰原.无线传感器网络中的自身定位系统和算法.软件学报.2005,16(5):857-868页
[2]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络.清华大学出版社.2005:4-10页
[3]韩旭东,张春业,李鹏.传感器无线互联标准及实现.电子技术应用,2004,30(4):44-46页
[4]Hightower J,Boriello G.Location systems for ubiquitous computing.Computer.2007,34(8):57-66P
[5]Savarese C,Rabaey JM,Beutel J.Locationing in distributed ad-hoc wireless sensor network.In:Proc.of the 2006 IEEE Int'l Conf.on Acoustics,Speech,and Signal.Vol.4.Salt Lake:IEEE Signal Processing Society,2006:2037-2040P
[6]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络.软件学报.2003,14(07):1282-1291页
[7]王殊,阎毓杰,胡富平,屈晓旭.无线传感器网络的理论及应用.北京航空航天大学出版社.2007:4-7页
[8]Koen Langendoen,Niels Reijers.Distributed localization in wireless sensor networks:a quantitative comparison.Computer Networks:The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking(Special issue:Wireless sensor networks).2003,43(4):499-518P
[9]Iyengar R,Sikdar B.Scalable and distributed GPS free positioning for sensor networks.In:Proc.of IEEE Int'l Conf.on Communications 2005.Vol.1.Anchorage:IEEE Communications Society.2005:338-342P
[10]Niculescu D,Nath B.Localized positioning in ad hoc networks.In:Proc.of the 1st IEEE Int'l Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications.Anchorage:IEEE Communications Societies.2003:42-50P
[11]Hung-ying Tyan.Design,realization and evaluation of a component -basedcompositional software architecture for network simulation[Doctoral Thesis].The Ohio State University:Department of Electrical Engineering,2005:101-105P
[12]Capkun S,Hamdi M,Hubaux J-P.GPS-Free positioning in mobile ad-hoc networks.Cluster Computing.2007,5(2):157-167P
[13]于宏毅.无线移动自组织网.人民邮电出版社.2005:27-37页
[14]Bonnet P,Gehrke J,Seshadri P.Querying the physical world.IEEE Personal Communication.2006,7(5):10-15P
[15]Noury N,Herve T,Rialle V,Virone G;Mercier E.Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor.In:Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology.Lyon:IEEE Computer Society.2007:607-610P
[16]Meguerdichian S,Koushanfar F,Potkonjak M,et al.Coverage problems in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks.In:Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM 2004.Vol.3.Anchorage:IEEE Computer and Communications Societies,2004:1380-1387P
[17]陈丹,郑增威,李际军.无线传感器网络研究综述.计算机测量与控制.2004(8):701-704页
[18]马祖长,孙怡宁,梅涛.无线传感器网络综述.通信学报.2004,25(4):114-124页
[19]陈寒,李仁发,乐光学.无线传感器网络中的一种分布式相对定位算法的分析与改进.计算机应用.2006,26(2):310-313页
[20]He T,Huang CD,Blum BM,et al.Range-Free localization schemes in large scale sensor networks.In:Proc.of the 9th Annual Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.San Diego:ACM Press,2006:81-95P
[21]Girod L,Bychovskiy V,Elson J,et al.Locating tiny sensors in time and space:A case study.In:Proc.of the 2002 IEEE Int'l Conf.on Computer Design:VLSI in Computers and Processors.Freiburg:IEEE Computer Society.2002:214-219P
[22]Hatter A,Hopper A,Steggles P,et al.The anatomy of a context-aware application.In:Proc.of the 5th Annual ACM/IEEE Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.Seattle:ACM Press.2007:59-68P
[23]Niculescu D,Nath B.Ad hoc positioning system(APS) using AoA.In:Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM.San Francisco:IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2003(13):1734-1743P
[24]Girod L,Estrin D.Robust range estimation using acoustic and multimodal sensing.In:Proc.of the IEEE/RSJ Int'l Conf.on Intelligent Robots and Systems(IROS 01).Maui:IEEE Robotics and Automation Society,2001(13):1312-1320P
[25]方红雨,崔逊学,刘纂.无线传感器网络的定位问题综述.电脑与信息技术.2005,(12):25-29页
[26]陈红阳.基于测距技术的无线传感器网络定位技术研究.西南交通大学硕士论文.2006:28-33页
[27]钱宇.无线传感器网络的传感器定位及其在军事上的应用.浙江大学硕士论文.2006:34-36页
[28]Hu F,Sharma NK.Security considerations in ad hoc sensor networks.Ad Hoc Networks of ScienceDirect.2005:69-89P
[29]Priyantha NB,Chakraborty A,Balakrishnan H.The cricket location-support system.In:Proc.of the 6th Annual Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.Boston:ACM Press.2006:32-43P
[30]Avvides A,Park H,Srivastava MB.The bits and flops of the N-hop multilateration primitive for node localization problems.In:Proc.of the 1~(st)ACM Int'l Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications.Atlanta:ACM Press.2007:112-121P
[31]Xiuzhen Cheng,Thaeler A,Guoliang Xue,et al.TPS:a time-based positioning scheme for outdoor wireless sensor networks.In:Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM 2004.Twenty-third Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.2004(4):2685-2696P
[32]Niculescu D,Nath B.DV based positioning in ad hoc networks.Journal of Telecommunication Systems.2003,22(4):267-280P
[33]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展.软件学报.2003,14(10):1717-1727页
[34]李平,林亚平,曾玮妮.传感器网络安全研究.软件学报,2006,17(12):2577-2588页
[35]Savvides A,Han C-C,Srivastava MB.Dynamic fine-grained localization in ad-hoc networks of sensors.In:Proc.of the 7th Annual Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking.Rome:ACM Press.2007:166-179P
[36]Meguerdichian S,Slijepcevic S,Karayan V,et al.Localized algorithms in wireless ad-hoc networks:Location discovery and sensor exposure.In:Proc.of the 2nd ACM Int'l Symp.on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing.Long Beach:ACM Press.2008:106-116P
[37]Savarese C,Rabay J,Langendoen K.Robust positioning algorithms for distributed ad-hoc wireless sensor networks.In:Proc.of the USENIX Technical Annual Conf.Monterey:USENIX Press.2006:317-327P
[38]Niculescu,D.Positioning in ad hoe sensor networks Network,IEEE Network.2008,18(4):24-29P
[39]于海斌,曾鹏等.智能无线传感器网络系统.科学出版社.2006:92-95页
[40]王福豹,史龙,任丰原.无线传感器网络中的自身定位系统和算法.软件学报.2005,16(5):857-868页