火力发电厂球磨机改造的技术经济分析
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摘要
球磨机经久耐用，煤种适应性广，是火力发电厂使用最多的磨煤设备。随着电力事业的迅速发展，燃煤量不断增大。球磨机钢球和衬板的磨损消耗量也越来越大。球磨机所具有的电耗率高、噪声大等缺点也日趋明显。为了保证电力事业的可持续发展，进一步减少发电费用的投入，降低国家能源的消耗，对球磨机进行技术改造就显得十分必要了。
影响球磨机经济运行的因素较多，首先是钢球和衬板由于选材和匹配不当，磨损严重、消耗量大。其次是制粉系统电耗率偏高。
本文通过对球磨机钢球和衬板的磨损机理和失效原因分析，根据煤质的差别提出了三种钢球和衬板匹配方案。并且分别以内蒙古海勃湾发电厂(100MW机组)和内蒙古丰镇发电厂(200MW机组)为例，对上述三种方案和近年来我国火力发电厂普遍采用的几种方案进行了较为详细的探讨，经过技术经济分析和比较，为以上两个发电厂确定了经济合理的钢球和衬板匹配方案。
球磨机制粉系统电耗占发电厂厂用电的比例较大，浪费了大量的电力资源。本文分别从运行管理和维修管理方面提出了一些技术措施和方案。但是针对一台具体机组，应该对球磨机制粉系统进行调整试验研究，然后再确定改造方案。本文结合实例对调整试验研究改造进行了技术和经济效果分析。球磨机的运行噪声是锅炉车间最强的噪声源，降噪改造具有重要的社会意义。本文给出了一些具体降噪技术方案，供各发电厂参考选用。这方面的改造没有经济效益，但是按着国家环保和工业噪声标准的要求，发电厂在条件允许的情况下应积极进行改造。
在技术经济评价中，本文采用了费用现值法、差额内部收益率法和费用—效益分析法等经济学方法对各方案进行了比较分析。火力发电厂的发电成本主要是煤耗，球磨机的运行费用只是发电费用中的一小部分，所以本文没有做风险分析和敏感性分析。本文中使用的各项技术数据和指标均按国家电力企业有关规范执行，其余数据均按内蒙地区实际情况取定。
通过讨论可以初步得出以下几点结论：
1 本文提出的三种钢球和衬板匹配方案并不是绝对的，发电厂具体采用时，必须经过生产试验验证和技术经济分析。
2 球磨机钢球和衬板匹配方案选用的条件首先是经济合理，即在差额内部收益率大于基准折现率的基础上，费用现值越小越经济。其次是在经济合理的基础上保证金属磨损消耗量越低越好。
3 球磨机制粉系统电耗率降低改造针对的是具体机组，各个发电厂情况不同，改造方案可能会有较大区别。实际改造时必须请专业技术人员对球磨机制粉系统进行调整试验研究，方可制定改造方案。
The ball mill is durable and adapted for all kinds of coal. It is the main equipment of thermal power plant. With the rapid development of power cause, the burning coal is constantly enlarged. The wear consumption of steel sphere and backing sheet is also more and more big. The electricity consuming and noise are high obviously. It is important to reconstruct for ball mill which can maintain the development of power cause, reduce the input of cost and nation source of energy.
The factors which influence the ball mill operating economically is more. First, the wear consumption of steel sphere and backing sheet is serious. Secondly, electricity consuming rate of making powder system is high.
Three kinds of steel sphere and the backing sheet matching schemes have been put forward in this article according to the different circumstances .The matching schemes are studied in detail by Inner Mongolia Hai Bowan power plant (100MW unit) and Feng zhen power plant (200MW unit).And the suitable matching schemes are selected for two plants.
Much power resource has been wasted because of high electricity consuming of making powder system. Some technology measures and schemes are put forward with the moving and maintenance management. But, the technical reconstruction should be carried on by way of studying and test to the making powder system of the ball mill. Technology and economy effect analyzing have been done combining the example for the whole trial studying. The operating noise of ball mill is the strongest noise source of boiler workshop. Some technology schemes have been given to fall noise. This reconstruction has no economic benefit. But, according to nation environmental protection and the industry noise criterion, the reconstruction should be done for power plant.
The economic methods such as CPV(cost present value) , AIRR(internal rate of return) and C-B(cost- benefit) are adopted to judge the projects. The main cost of thermal power plant chiefly is the coal consumption, and the operating cost of ball mill is only the one small part .It is not necessity to do risk and sensitivity analysis. All technology data and quotas in this article are all carried out according to the standard of nation power enterprise, and all the other data are taken according to the interior real circumstances of Inner Mongolia district.
We can draw some conclusion after discussion:
1. It is not absolute for the three kinds of steel spheres and backing sheet matching schemes. They can be used in the power plant after technological test and economic analysis.
2. The condition of choosing steel spheres and backing sheet matching scheme is economical and reasonable firstly. In other word, when AIRR is bigger than i, CPV is more small and more economical. Next is that wear consumption capacity is more low and more good.
3. The reconstruction about reducing electricity consuming rate of making powders systems is against directly the concrete unit. Each power plant is different, and the reconstruction scheme is probably different. The reconstruction scheme is laid down after professional skill personnel's test and research to the ball mill system.
影响球磨机经济运行的因素较多，首先是钢球和衬板由于选材和匹配不当，磨损严重、消耗量大。其次是制粉系统电耗率偏高。
本文通过对球磨机钢球和衬板的磨损机理和失效原因分析，根据煤质的差别提出了三种钢球和衬板匹配方案。并且分别以内蒙古海勃湾发电厂(100MW机组)和内蒙古丰镇发电厂(200MW机组)为例，对上述三种方案和近年来我国火力发电厂普遍采用的几种方案进行了较为详细的探讨，经过技术经济分析和比较，为以上两个发电厂确定了经济合理的钢球和衬板匹配方案。
球磨机制粉系统电耗占发电厂厂用电的比例较大，浪费了大量的电力资源。本文分别从运行管理和维修管理方面提出了一些技术措施和方案。但是针对一台具体机组，应该对球磨机制粉系统进行调整试验研究，然后再确定改造方案。本文结合实例对调整试验研究改造进行了技术和经济效果分析。球磨机的运行噪声是锅炉车间最强的噪声源，降噪改造具有重要的社会意义。本文给出了一些具体降噪技术方案，供各发电厂参考选用。这方面的改造没有经济效益，但是按着国家环保和工业噪声标准的要求，发电厂在条件允许的情况下应积极进行改造。
在技术经济评价中，本文采用了费用现值法、差额内部收益率法和费用—效益分析法等经济学方法对各方案进行了比较分析。火力发电厂的发电成本主要是煤耗，球磨机的运行费用只是发电费用中的一小部分，所以本文没有做风险分析和敏感性分析。本文中使用的各项技术数据和指标均按国家电力企业有关规范执行，其余数据均按内蒙地区实际情况取定。
通过讨论可以初步得出以下几点结论：
1 本文提出的三种钢球和衬板匹配方案并不是绝对的，发电厂具体采用时，必须经过生产试验验证和技术经济分析。
2 球磨机钢球和衬板匹配方案选用的条件首先是经济合理，即在差额内部收益率大于基准折现率的基础上，费用现值越小越经济。其次是在经济合理的基础上保证金属磨损消耗量越低越好。
3 球磨机制粉系统电耗率降低改造针对的是具体机组，各个发电厂情况不同，改造方案可能会有较大区别。实际改造时必须请专业技术人员对球磨机制粉系统进行调整试验研究，方可制定改造方案。
The ball mill is durable and adapted for all kinds of coal. It is the main equipment of thermal power plant. With the rapid development of power cause, the burning coal is constantly enlarged. The wear consumption of steel sphere and backing sheet is also more and more big. The electricity consuming and noise are high obviously. It is important to reconstruct for ball mill which can maintain the development of power cause, reduce the input of cost and nation source of energy.
The factors which influence the ball mill operating economically is more. First, the wear consumption of steel sphere and backing sheet is serious. Secondly, electricity consuming rate of making powder system is high.
Three kinds of steel sphere and the backing sheet matching schemes have been put forward in this article according to the different circumstances .The matching schemes are studied in detail by Inner Mongolia Hai Bowan power plant (100MW unit) and Feng zhen power plant (200MW unit).And the suitable matching schemes are selected for two plants.
Much power resource has been wasted because of high electricity consuming of making powder system. Some technology measures and schemes are put forward with the moving and maintenance management. But, the technical reconstruction should be carried on by way of studying and test to the making powder system of the ball mill. Technology and economy effect analyzing have been done combining the example for the whole trial studying. The operating noise of ball mill is the strongest noise source of boiler workshop. Some technology schemes have been given to fall noise. This reconstruction has no economic benefit. But, according to nation environmental protection and the industry noise criterion, the reconstruction should be done for power plant.
The economic methods such as CPV(cost present value) , AIRR(internal rate of return) and C-B(cost- benefit) are adopted to judge the projects. The main cost of thermal power plant chiefly is the coal consumption, and the operating cost of ball mill is only the one small part .It is not necessity to do risk and sensitivity analysis. All technology data and quotas in this article are all carried out according to the standard of nation power enterprise, and all the other data are taken according to the interior real circumstances of Inner Mongolia district.
We can draw some conclusion after discussion:
1. It is not absolute for the three kinds of steel spheres and backing sheet matching schemes. They can be used in the power plant after technological test and economic analysis.
2. The condition of choosing steel spheres and backing sheet matching scheme is economical and reasonable firstly. In other word, when AIRR is bigger than i, CPV is more small and more economical. Next is that wear consumption capacity is more low and more good.
3. The reconstruction about reducing electricity consuming rate of making powders systems is against directly the concrete unit. Each power plant is different, and the reconstruction scheme is probably different. The reconstruction scheme is laid down after professional skill personnel's test and research to the ball mill system.
引文
[1]莫耀伟．DTM320／580型球磨机改造．浙江电力技术动态，1996．10：1-2
[2]李晓萍，张帆．火电厂球磨机简体噪声辐射分析．武汉水利电力大学学报，2000．33(6)：72-73
[3]许马太．火电厂的钢球急需更新换代．江西电力，1992．16(3)
[4]饶启昌，贺柏龄．球磨机钢球冲击疲劳剥落抗力的研究．水利电力机械，1990．1：22-26
[5]魏向前．组合自固型衬板在球磨机中的应用．水利电力机械，2000．6：39-40
[6]潘笑．大型滚筒式钢球磨煤机的节能措施．节能，1996．11：24-25
[7]成庆刚，程丽华．钢球磨煤机的噪声及其治理措施．电站辅机，1995．3：7-10
[8]丁辉．按金属材料的相互作用进行球磨机钢球的选材．电站辅机，1997．1：46-48
[9]苑金生．低铬铸铁球在电厂球磨机上的应用．中国电力，1996．29(4)：66-67
[10]刁家亮，刘俊友．高铬白口铸铁球的试验与研究．水利电力机械，1995．3：27-30
[11]倪佩林．双金属复合球磨机衬板延长衬板使用寿命．电站辅机，1998．2：43-45
[12]伍国仪，曾耀东．火电厂筒式球磨机钢球与衬板的副配性探讨．广东电力，1992．4：18-20
[13]王树炎，翟松森．球磨机衬板钢球选材与匹配模式．河北电力技术，1998．17：42-46
[14]华觉琪．球磨机球径的选用．浙江电力技术动态，1996．10：14-15
[15]刘英雄，毛爱珍．球磨机钢球直径的优化选择．中国电力，1996．29(6)：11-12
[16]吴德成．实行“二炉三磨”降低钢球磨电耗．浙江电力，1995．6：25-28
[17]赵太平，杜永远．球磨机防磨降耗的措施．锅炉技术，1996．8：29-30
[18]柳瑞君，郑和平．绝声套法控制钢球磨煤机噪声．电力环境保护，1997．13(1)：30-34
[19]程勒．降低球磨机噪声的探讨．华东电力，1995．23(12)：28-29
[20]湛克金，石建武．球磨机噪声控制技术综述．中国电力，1995．28(4)：52-53
[21]戴大双，武春友．工业技术经济学．第一版．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1995
[22]傅家骥，仝允桓．工业技术经济学．第二版．北京：清华大学出版社，1991．40～133
[23]邱勇．球磨机应用高铬白口铸铁球的效益．华中电力，1992．5(6)：104
[24]孙淦崧．球磨机使用高铬铸铁钢球的技术经济分析．广东电力，1991．2：39-41
[25]杨建华．丰镇电厂制粉系统调整试验与节电效果．内蒙古电力，1991．4：28-34
[26]边疆．制粉系统的调整试验及其经济性．华北电力技术，1990．11：10-14
[27]郭文生，李国平．DTM320／580型球磨机性能试验与运行分析．安徽电力，1998．15(3)：41-42
[28]张良．球磨机出力测量方法探讨．中国电力，1999．32(2)：63-65
[29]武春友，张米尔．技术经济学．第一版．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1998．52～77
[30]栾庆伟，迟国泰．财务管理．第一版．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1998．269～303
[31]尤建新，王艳．QFD方法在球磨机质量改进中的应用．工业工程与管理，1999．5
[32]陈刚．双进双出钢球磨煤机节能降损研究．华北电力技术，1997．1：8-12
[33]郑伟德．球磨机钢球填充率的计算与测定．华东电力，1996．24(4)：13-16
[34]赵君．球磨机出力的直接测量．电站辅机，2000．1：38-39
[35]张松文，郑桂波．钢球磨煤机中贮式制粉系统优化控制．热力发电，2000．6：54-56
[2]李晓萍，张帆．火电厂球磨机简体噪声辐射分析．武汉水利电力大学学报，2000．33(6)：72-73
[3]许马太．火电厂的钢球急需更新换代．江西电力，1992．16(3)
[4]饶启昌，贺柏龄．球磨机钢球冲击疲劳剥落抗力的研究．水利电力机械，1990．1：22-26
[5]魏向前．组合自固型衬板在球磨机中的应用．水利电力机械，2000．6：39-40
[6]潘笑．大型滚筒式钢球磨煤机的节能措施．节能，1996．11：24-25
[7]成庆刚，程丽华．钢球磨煤机的噪声及其治理措施．电站辅机，1995．3：7-10
[8]丁辉．按金属材料的相互作用进行球磨机钢球的选材．电站辅机，1997．1：46-48
[9]苑金生．低铬铸铁球在电厂球磨机上的应用．中国电力，1996．29(4)：66-67
[10]刁家亮，刘俊友．高铬白口铸铁球的试验与研究．水利电力机械，1995．3：27-30
[11]倪佩林．双金属复合球磨机衬板延长衬板使用寿命．电站辅机，1998．2：43-45
[12]伍国仪，曾耀东．火电厂筒式球磨机钢球与衬板的副配性探讨．广东电力，1992．4：18-20
[13]王树炎，翟松森．球磨机衬板钢球选材与匹配模式．河北电力技术，1998．17：42-46
[14]华觉琪．球磨机球径的选用．浙江电力技术动态，1996．10：14-15
[15]刘英雄，毛爱珍．球磨机钢球直径的优化选择．中国电力，1996．29(6)：11-12
[16]吴德成．实行“二炉三磨”降低钢球磨电耗．浙江电力，1995．6：25-28
[17]赵太平，杜永远．球磨机防磨降耗的措施．锅炉技术，1996．8：29-30
[18]柳瑞君，郑和平．绝声套法控制钢球磨煤机噪声．电力环境保护，1997．13(1)：30-34
[19]程勒．降低球磨机噪声的探讨．华东电力，1995．23(12)：28-29
[20]湛克金，石建武．球磨机噪声控制技术综述．中国电力，1995．28(4)：52-53
[21]戴大双，武春友．工业技术经济学．第一版．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1995
[22]傅家骥，仝允桓．工业技术经济学．第二版．北京：清华大学出版社，1991．40～133
[23]邱勇．球磨机应用高铬白口铸铁球的效益．华中电力，1992．5(6)：104
[24]孙淦崧．球磨机使用高铬铸铁钢球的技术经济分析．广东电力，1991．2：39-41
[25]杨建华．丰镇电厂制粉系统调整试验与节电效果．内蒙古电力，1991．4：28-34
[26]边疆．制粉系统的调整试验及其经济性．华北电力技术，1990．11：10-14
[27]郭文生，李国平．DTM320／580型球磨机性能试验与运行分析．安徽电力，1998．15(3)：41-42
[28]张良．球磨机出力测量方法探讨．中国电力，1999．32(2)：63-65
[29]武春友，张米尔．技术经济学．第一版．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1998．52～77
[30]栾庆伟，迟国泰．财务管理．第一版．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1998．269～303
[31]尤建新，王艳．QFD方法在球磨机质量改进中的应用．工业工程与管理，1999．5
[32]陈刚．双进双出钢球磨煤机节能降损研究．华北电力技术，1997．1：8-12
[33]郑伟德．球磨机钢球填充率的计算与测定．华东电力，1996．24(4)：13-16
[34]赵君．球磨机出力的直接测量．电站辅机，2000．1：38-39
[35]张松文，郑桂波．钢球磨煤机中贮式制粉系统优化控制．热力发电，2000．6：54-56