轨道交通桥梁结构噪声预测与控制研究
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摘要
列车通过桥梁时,振动能量通过轨道结构传递到桥面及其它桥梁构件,并激发其振动,成为一个个大小不一的“声板”,由此形成噪声的“二次辐射”,导致桥梁区段成为噪声地图上的“热点”。本文结合数值分析和现场试验对桥梁结构噪声进行预测与控制研究,主要内容包括：
(1)对有关桥梁结构噪声预测与控制的研究进行了系统归纳和总结,包括桥梁结构噪声的试验研究、数值分析方法(有限元法、边界元法、统计能量法等)和降噪措施(建筑材料、声屏障、隔振与减振、粘弹性阻尼材料、桥梁结构形式等)三方面内容。
(2)结合桥梁结构形式,对比分析了国内外四座高架桥的实测噪声频谱曲线,指出了目前桥梁结构噪声试验在测试设备、评价方法、声源辨识和测点布置四方面存在的问题,并探讨了桥梁结构噪声的评价和辨识方法。在此基础上,以32m混凝土简支箱梁为研究对象,开展了桥梁结构噪声的试验研究,针对四类测点(参考点、梁下测点、梁缝测点和梁侧测点),对实测噪声的时域特性、频谱特性和传播规律等进行了分析。
(3)基于列车-轨道-桥梁耦合振动理论、边界元法和统计能量分析,提出了桥梁结构噪声的全频段预测方法。将桥梁振动响应作为边界元模型的边界输入,将钢轨振动响应作为统计能量分析模型的能量输入,并采用“强耦合”假设简化子系统间耦合损耗因子的求解。基于MATLAB平台编制了计算机程序,在频域内实现了桥梁结构噪声的稳态分析。
(4)采用数值方法验证了“强耦合”假设的合理性,并将现场实测数据与全频段预测结果进行了对比,探讨了箱梁结构噪声峰值的产生原因。以32m双线混凝土简支箱梁为研究对象,对其振动声辐射机理、频谱特性和空间分布规律进行了分析,并考察了车速、墩高、声屏障和地面反射等因素对桥梁结构总体噪声的影响。
(5)以32m单线混凝土简支箱梁为研究对象,考察了材料属性(弹性模量、材料密度和结构阻尼)、板厚(顶板、底板和腹板)、腹板倾角和边界条件(简支或固结)对结构声辐射的影响规律。对比了两种32m双线混凝土简支箱梁(单箱单室和单箱双室)的振动声辐射特性。研究了32m双线混凝土简支U形梁的振动声辐射机理、频谱特性和空间分布规律。
(6)建立了移动集中力-简支箱梁-多重调谐质量阻尼器耦合振动模型,推导了时域微分方程,采用模态叠加法实现了模态解耦,以频响函数为中间变量,确立了优化目标函数,并采用有约束的非线性规划模型进行最优控制参数的求解。在此基础上,以32m双线混凝土简支箱梁为研究对象,探讨了在箱内布置多重调谐质量阻尼器进行桥梁结构减振、降噪的效果。
(7)研究了简单矩形板的声辐射特性,采用瑞利积分法实现了此类结构辐射声功率的解耦,并分析了其声辐射模态特性。采用结构辐射声功率的一般公式,将振型叠加法、边界元法和矩阵的广义特征值分解结合起来,对结构声辐射阻抗矩阵和均方振动速度耦合矩阵同步对角化,实现了任意复杂三维结构声辐射功率的解耦,并将结构的辐射效率以特征值、特征向量的简单叠加表示出来。结合结构声辐射模态方法,将结构辐射声功率作为目标函数,讨论了采用次级力源进行结构声辐射的主动控制策略。基于MATLAB平台编制了复杂结构声辐射功率的解耦代码和最优次级力源的求解代码。在此基础上,以32m双线混凝土简支U形梁为研究对象,探讨了U形梁的声辐射模态和主动控制方法。
When a train runs across a bridge, vibration energy is transmitted from the track structure into the bridge deck and other components which act as different size of'sounding boards'. These'sounding boards'also radiate noise, namely, re-radiated noise, which results in'hot spots'in noise maps for bridge sections. In this dissertation, the prediction and control of structure-borne noise from bridge are studied based on numerical simulation and field measurement. The main contents include:
(1) The achievements related to the prediction and mitigation of structure-borne noise from bridge are reviewed and summarized from three aspects experimental research, numerical analysis and noise reduction measures. The numerical methods include Finite Element Method (FEM), Boundary Element Method (BEM), Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) and others. The noise reduction measures contain construction material, sound barrier, vibration isolation and/or reduction, viscoelastical damping material, bridge structural type, and so on.
(2) A comparative analysis of the measured Sound Pressure Level (SPL) of four elevated bridges at home and abroad is done, and then, four problems on test equipment, evaluation method, Noise Source Identification (NSI) and measuring point arrangement are pointed out. Subsequently, the suitable evaluation and identification method of structure-borne noise are investigated. Based on this, the in-suit noise test on a32m simply-supported pre-stressed concrete box girder with two tracks on it has been done; the measured time-frequency characteristic and propagation law of noise are analyzed according to four types of measuring point.
(3) Based on the theory of Train-Track-Bridge Coupling Vibration (TTBCV), BEM and SEA, this dissertation puts forward a novel method of calculating structure-borne noise of various rail transit bridges covering the low-and middle-frequency range. The dynamic responses of bridge and rails are identified as the boundary condition and external energy input in the BEM and SEA model, respectively. Meanwhile, the'strong-coupling'assumption is introduced to simplify the solution of Coupling Loss Factors (CLF) between subsystems in the SEA model. A computer program based on these strategies is developed on the MATLAB(?) platform, that is, the steady analysis of structure-borne noise from bridge is achieved.
(4) The rationality of'strong-coupling'assumption is checked based on numerical analysis. Meanwhile, the validation of prediction model is completed by field measurement as well as the explanation of peak frequency of structure-borne noise for box girder. By numerical simulation, the former32m box girder is selected as the case study, the vibro-acoustic mechanism, frequency spectrum characteristic and spatial distribution law of structure-borne noise are investigated, respectively. After that, the influences of train speed, pier height, sound barrier and ground reflection on the overall SPL are obtained.
(5) A single track32m simply-supported pre-stressed box girder is selected as the case study, the variations of material property (elastic modulus, density and damping), structural thickness (top plate, bottom plate and web plate), inclination angle of web plate and boundary condition (simply-supported and clamped) on the overall SPL of structure-borne noise are investigated. Followed that, two32m double track simply-supported pre-stressed box girder are compared related to the structure-borne noise, the cross section of the first is single box with single chamber while the other one is single box with double chamber. Similarly, the vibro-acoustic mechanism, frequency spectrum characteristic and spatial distribution law of noise SPL of a32m double line simply-supported pre-stressed concrete U-shape girder are studied.
(6) A moving concentrated force-box girder-Multiple Tuned Mass Dampers (MTMDs) coupling vibration model is presented; the time-domain differential equations are derived and subsequently decoupled by Modal Superposition Method (MSM). According to the intermediate variable of Frequency Response Function (FRF), the optimization object function is constructed, which is solved by a Constrained Nonlinear Programming Model (CNPM). Based on this, the former double track32m box girder is selected as the case study, the effectiveness of MTMDs on the control of vibration and noise radiation of box girder is investigated.
(7) The acoustic radiation characteristic of a simple rectangle plate is studied, whose acoustic radiation power is decoupled by Rayleigh Integral Method (RIM). Subsequently, the acoustic radiation mode of it is analyzed. After that, the general formula of acoustic radiation power, the MSM, BEM and Generalized Eigenvalue Decomposition (GED) of matrix are combined to simultaneously diagonalize the matrix of acoustic radiation impedance and mean-square vibration velocity. That is, decoupling of an arbitrary three-dimensional complex structure is realized, and the structural radiation efficiency can be gained by simple addition of eigenvalue and eigenvector. Based on this, structural acoustic radiation power is identified as the object function, and the active control strategy of using Secondary Force Source (SFS) is investigated. On the MATLAB(?) platform, the codes of decoupling of acoustic radiation power and optimal SFS of an arbitrary three-dimensional complex structure are gained. After that, the former U-shape girder is selected as the case study, and the acoustic radiation mode and active control of it are researched.
(1)对有关桥梁结构噪声预测与控制的研究进行了系统归纳和总结,包括桥梁结构噪声的试验研究、数值分析方法(有限元法、边界元法、统计能量法等)和降噪措施(建筑材料、声屏障、隔振与减振、粘弹性阻尼材料、桥梁结构形式等)三方面内容。
(2)结合桥梁结构形式,对比分析了国内外四座高架桥的实测噪声频谱曲线,指出了目前桥梁结构噪声试验在测试设备、评价方法、声源辨识和测点布置四方面存在的问题,并探讨了桥梁结构噪声的评价和辨识方法。在此基础上,以32m混凝土简支箱梁为研究对象,开展了桥梁结构噪声的试验研究,针对四类测点(参考点、梁下测点、梁缝测点和梁侧测点),对实测噪声的时域特性、频谱特性和传播规律等进行了分析。
(3)基于列车-轨道-桥梁耦合振动理论、边界元法和统计能量分析,提出了桥梁结构噪声的全频段预测方法。将桥梁振动响应作为边界元模型的边界输入,将钢轨振动响应作为统计能量分析模型的能量输入,并采用“强耦合”假设简化子系统间耦合损耗因子的求解。基于MATLAB平台编制了计算机程序,在频域内实现了桥梁结构噪声的稳态分析。
(4)采用数值方法验证了“强耦合”假设的合理性,并将现场实测数据与全频段预测结果进行了对比,探讨了箱梁结构噪声峰值的产生原因。以32m双线混凝土简支箱梁为研究对象,对其振动声辐射机理、频谱特性和空间分布规律进行了分析,并考察了车速、墩高、声屏障和地面反射等因素对桥梁结构总体噪声的影响。
(5)以32m单线混凝土简支箱梁为研究对象,考察了材料属性(弹性模量、材料密度和结构阻尼)、板厚(顶板、底板和腹板)、腹板倾角和边界条件(简支或固结)对结构声辐射的影响规律。对比了两种32m双线混凝土简支箱梁(单箱单室和单箱双室)的振动声辐射特性。研究了32m双线混凝土简支U形梁的振动声辐射机理、频谱特性和空间分布规律。
(6)建立了移动集中力-简支箱梁-多重调谐质量阻尼器耦合振动模型,推导了时域微分方程,采用模态叠加法实现了模态解耦,以频响函数为中间变量,确立了优化目标函数,并采用有约束的非线性规划模型进行最优控制参数的求解。在此基础上,以32m双线混凝土简支箱梁为研究对象,探讨了在箱内布置多重调谐质量阻尼器进行桥梁结构减振、降噪的效果。
(7)研究了简单矩形板的声辐射特性,采用瑞利积分法实现了此类结构辐射声功率的解耦,并分析了其声辐射模态特性。采用结构辐射声功率的一般公式,将振型叠加法、边界元法和矩阵的广义特征值分解结合起来,对结构声辐射阻抗矩阵和均方振动速度耦合矩阵同步对角化,实现了任意复杂三维结构声辐射功率的解耦,并将结构的辐射效率以特征值、特征向量的简单叠加表示出来。结合结构声辐射模态方法,将结构辐射声功率作为目标函数,讨论了采用次级力源进行结构声辐射的主动控制策略。基于MATLAB平台编制了复杂结构声辐射功率的解耦代码和最优次级力源的求解代码。在此基础上,以32m双线混凝土简支U形梁为研究对象,探讨了U形梁的声辐射模态和主动控制方法。
When a train runs across a bridge, vibration energy is transmitted from the track structure into the bridge deck and other components which act as different size of'sounding boards'. These'sounding boards'also radiate noise, namely, re-radiated noise, which results in'hot spots'in noise maps for bridge sections. In this dissertation, the prediction and control of structure-borne noise from bridge are studied based on numerical simulation and field measurement. The main contents include:
(1) The achievements related to the prediction and mitigation of structure-borne noise from bridge are reviewed and summarized from three aspects experimental research, numerical analysis and noise reduction measures. The numerical methods include Finite Element Method (FEM), Boundary Element Method (BEM), Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) and others. The noise reduction measures contain construction material, sound barrier, vibration isolation and/or reduction, viscoelastical damping material, bridge structural type, and so on.
(2) A comparative analysis of the measured Sound Pressure Level (SPL) of four elevated bridges at home and abroad is done, and then, four problems on test equipment, evaluation method, Noise Source Identification (NSI) and measuring point arrangement are pointed out. Subsequently, the suitable evaluation and identification method of structure-borne noise are investigated. Based on this, the in-suit noise test on a32m simply-supported pre-stressed concrete box girder with two tracks on it has been done; the measured time-frequency characteristic and propagation law of noise are analyzed according to four types of measuring point.
(3) Based on the theory of Train-Track-Bridge Coupling Vibration (TTBCV), BEM and SEA, this dissertation puts forward a novel method of calculating structure-borne noise of various rail transit bridges covering the low-and middle-frequency range. The dynamic responses of bridge and rails are identified as the boundary condition and external energy input in the BEM and SEA model, respectively. Meanwhile, the'strong-coupling'assumption is introduced to simplify the solution of Coupling Loss Factors (CLF) between subsystems in the SEA model. A computer program based on these strategies is developed on the MATLAB(?) platform, that is, the steady analysis of structure-borne noise from bridge is achieved.
(4) The rationality of'strong-coupling'assumption is checked based on numerical analysis. Meanwhile, the validation of prediction model is completed by field measurement as well as the explanation of peak frequency of structure-borne noise for box girder. By numerical simulation, the former32m box girder is selected as the case study, the vibro-acoustic mechanism, frequency spectrum characteristic and spatial distribution law of structure-borne noise are investigated, respectively. After that, the influences of train speed, pier height, sound barrier and ground reflection on the overall SPL are obtained.
(5) A single track32m simply-supported pre-stressed box girder is selected as the case study, the variations of material property (elastic modulus, density and damping), structural thickness (top plate, bottom plate and web plate), inclination angle of web plate and boundary condition (simply-supported and clamped) on the overall SPL of structure-borne noise are investigated. Followed that, two32m double track simply-supported pre-stressed box girder are compared related to the structure-borne noise, the cross section of the first is single box with single chamber while the other one is single box with double chamber. Similarly, the vibro-acoustic mechanism, frequency spectrum characteristic and spatial distribution law of noise SPL of a32m double line simply-supported pre-stressed concrete U-shape girder are studied.
(6) A moving concentrated force-box girder-Multiple Tuned Mass Dampers (MTMDs) coupling vibration model is presented; the time-domain differential equations are derived and subsequently decoupled by Modal Superposition Method (MSM). According to the intermediate variable of Frequency Response Function (FRF), the optimization object function is constructed, which is solved by a Constrained Nonlinear Programming Model (CNPM). Based on this, the former double track32m box girder is selected as the case study, the effectiveness of MTMDs on the control of vibration and noise radiation of box girder is investigated.
(7) The acoustic radiation characteristic of a simple rectangle plate is studied, whose acoustic radiation power is decoupled by Rayleigh Integral Method (RIM). Subsequently, the acoustic radiation mode of it is analyzed. After that, the general formula of acoustic radiation power, the MSM, BEM and Generalized Eigenvalue Decomposition (GED) of matrix are combined to simultaneously diagonalize the matrix of acoustic radiation impedance and mean-square vibration velocity. That is, decoupling of an arbitrary three-dimensional complex structure is realized, and the structural radiation efficiency can be gained by simple addition of eigenvalue and eigenvector. Based on this, structural acoustic radiation power is identified as the object function, and the active control strategy of using Secondary Force Source (SFS) is investigated. On the MATLAB(?) platform, the codes of decoupling of acoustic radiation power and optimal SFS of an arbitrary three-dimensional complex structure are gained. After that, the former U-shape girder is selected as the case study, and the acoustic radiation mode and active control of it are researched.
引文
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