NiFeGa铁磁形状记忆合金的相变特性及磁热效应研究
|
摘要
铁磁形状记忆合金是最近几年研究发现的一种集磁控形状记忆和磁场诱发应变于一体的新型智能材料，有望成为传感器和驱动器等关键部件的首选材料。而Ni-Fe-Ga铁磁形状记忆合金具有磁晶各向异性能大和热加工性能优异等优点，其丰富的物理内容主要包括：第一，该合金是铁磁性的金属间化合物，它的高温母相具有L2_1／B2立方结构，而马氏体相通常是具有复杂的调制层结构。第二，其马氏体相变是热弹性的，马氏体相变特性受合金的化学成分和热处理工艺等的影响。第三，该合金具有高饱和磁化强度和大磁晶各向异性常数。因此，具有十分广阔的工程应用前景，并逐步成为各国学者研究的重点材料之一。
本文通过电弧炉熔炼和吸铸的方法制备了Ni-Fe-Ga(-X)系列合金，系统地研究了Ni-Fe-Ga(-X)合金的金相组织、微观结构、马氏体相变行为和磁性能，考察了化学成分、第四元素合金化和热处理工艺等对Ni-Fe-Ga合金的影响。改进了制备Ni-Fe-Ga(-X)合金的方法，尝试提出改善合金磁热效应的途径，为Ni-Fe-Ga合金的工程化应用打下基础。
研究结果表明，化学成分对Ni-Fe-Ga合金的室温组织和相结构的影响非常显著。室温下当Ni_(73-x)Fe_xGa_(27)系列合金中的Fe含量由18at％提高到20at％时，合金由单一的马氏体相转变成奥斯体相。X射线衍射和TEM选区电子衍射揭示，Ni55Fe_(18)Ga_(27)合金室温下马氏体相为单斜的14M调制结构。同时，也发现Ge、Al、Co和Cu等第四元素合金化对Ni-Fe-Ga合金组织结构有着重要的影响。一定量的Ge元素替代Ni_(56．5)Fe_(17) Ga_(26．5)合金中的部分组元，能使合金在室温下由马氏体相转变成奥斯体相；Co的添加使Ni_(56．5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5-z)Co_z合金在室温下的显微组织由马氏体相和γ相而组成，随Co含量的增加，γ相数量增多，尺寸增大；Ni_(56．5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5-x)Al_x和Ni_(56．5-z)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5)Cu_z合金中不仅由马氏体或者奥氏体组成，而且存在多种相结构。
Ni-Fe-Ga合金的马氏体相变行为对化学成分和第四元素的合金化十分敏感。在Ni_(73-x)Fe_xGa_(27)系列合金中，马氏体相变温度M_s由Ni_(55)Fe_(18)Ga_(27)合金的31．7℃下降到Ni_(52．5)Fe_(20．5)Ga_(27)合金的-118．3℃；而在Ni_(73．5-y)Fe_yGa_(26．5)系列合金中，M_s由Ni_(56．5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5)合金的108．9℃下降到Ni_(54．5)Fe_(19)Ga_(26．5)合金的28．1℃。固定Fe／Ga比例不变时，Ni-Fe-Ga合金的马氏体相变温度随Ni含量的增加而线性升高，具体地说，在Ni_(56．5+z)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5)系列合金中，M_s从Ni含量为54．5at％时的39．6℃增加到Ni含量为58．5at％时的139．9℃。发现Ge元素无论是替代合金的Ni或Fe，还是Ga，都明显地降低合金的马氏体相变温度，Ge替代Ni马氏体相变温度下降最快，Ge替代Fe次之，Ge替代Ga最慢：而Co替代Ni-Fe-Ga合金中的Ga原子显著地提高了合金的马氏体相变温度。初步认为应该从价电子浓度、尺寸因素和有序度作用等综合因素考察马氏体相变温度的变化。
热处理工艺也是影响Ni-Fe-Ga合金马氏体相变行为的重要因素之一。结果表明，马氏体相变温度比未退火的明显下降，然后随着退火温度的升高而升高；而随退火时间的延长，合金的逆马氏体相变温度逐渐升高，马氏体相变温度首先是升高，直到退火时间为5 h，然后随退火时间的延长而下降。合金母相的有序度、晶体缺陷和内应力等是热处理工艺影响合金马氏体相变温度的可能原因。
在强磁场磁化时，Ni-Fe-Ga(-X)合金表现出一共同的特征，即合金的高温奥氏体呈易磁化，易达到饱和；低温马氏体相表现出难磁化，达到饱和缓慢的特性。而在Ni_(56．5-x)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5)Ge_x(x=0，0．5，1．0，2．0)合金中，合金的饱和磁化强度和磁晶各向异性常数均随着Ge含量的增加而减小；居里温度是随着Ge原子含量增加而降低的。通过等温磁化曲线，研究了Ni-Fe-Ga(-X)合金的磁热效应。结果显示，Ni_(55)Fe_(18)Ga_(27)合金的磁熵变最大值不是很高，在50 kOe的磁场下，最大值仅为-2．0J／kgK，很难作为磁制冷技术的磁工质。Al和Ge的添加尽管提高了合金的磁熵变最大值，但是仍不能达到磁制冷技术的要求。但是，通过研究发现，改变合金的成分，磁性原子的合金化可能是提高磁热效应的有效方法。
室温压缩实验结果表明，Ge元素的添加提高了NiFeGa合金的抗压强度，改善了合金的延伸率。(Ni_(56．5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5))_(100-x)Ge_x合金的抗压强度和延伸率随Ge含量的增加而增加。
Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys are new kind of smart materials,which arecapble of exhibiting magnetic field controlled shape memory effect as well as magneticfield induced strain.They have potential application in many fields,such as sensing andactuating.Amongst them,Ni-Fe-Ga alloys have received much attention due to theirhigh magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy and good hot-working ability.These alloyshave several characterizations.First,they are ferromagnetic intermetallic compoundsundergoing a martensitic transformation from a cubic L2_1/B2 structure to a complexmodaluted structure.Second,the martensitic transformation behavior of the alloys,which depends on composition and heat treatment,is thermoelastic and exhibits atwo-way shape-memory effect.Third,they have high saturation magnetization andmagnetocrystalline anisotropy constants.Therefore,Ni-Fe-Ga ferromagnetic shapememory alloys become one of the important materials and are receiving ever-increasingattention.
In this dissertation,the effect of compostion,alloying and heat treatment onmicrostructure,behaviors of martensitic transformation and magnetic properties ofNi-Fe-Ga(-X) alloys are systematically investigated with an aim to improve themagnetocarolic effect.The alloys are prepared by arc-melting and suction-casting.
The results show that the composition and alloying with other element have animportant effect on microstructure of Ni-Fe-Ga alloys at room temperature.Themicrostructure transforms from single martensitic phase(seven-layer modulated(14M)structure) to austenite phase as Fe content was increase from 18at% to 20at% inNi_(73-x)Fe_xGa_(27) alloys at room temperature.The phase of the alloys changes fromaustenite to martensite at room temperature as Ge was partly substituted by Ni,Fe andGa of Ni_(56.5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26.5) alloy.The mircostructure of the alloy is composed of martensitephase andγphase at room temperature as Ga was substituted by Co in Ni-Fe-Ga alloy.And the volume fraction ofγphase increases with increasing Co content.The structuresof Ni_(56.5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26.5-x)Al_x and Ni_(56.5-z)Fe_(17)Ga_(26.5)Ct_z alloys show martensite or austenitephase characteristics depending on the content of A1 and Cu.
The phase transformation behavior is very sensitive to both stoichiometriccomposition and alloying.The M_s temperature decreases from 31.7℃to-118.3℃as xincreases from 18 to 20.5 in Ni_(73-x)Fe_xGa_(27) alloys and from 108.9℃to 28.1℃as xfrom 17 to 19 in Ni_(73.5-x)Fe_xGa_(26.5) alloys.The martensitic transformation temperaturesincrease with increasing Ni content when keeping the ratio of Fe/Ga.Thetransformation temperatures decrease almost linearly with increasing Ge content in allthe three types.Whereas,the decreases in rate of the martensitic transformationtemperatures are different for the three cases.It is large for Ni substituted by Ge,slowfor Ga and intermediate for Fe.It is suggested that the martensitic transformationtemperatures depend on both the size effect and the degree of parent phase as well asvalence electron concentration e/a.
Heat treatment also has notable influence on the martensitic transformationbehavior of Ni-Fe-Ga alloy.The results show that the transformation temperaturesdecrease after annealing at 100℃for 3 h.Subsequently with increasing the annealingtemperature,the transformation temperatures increase.The A_s and A_f temperaturesincrease with the annealing time.While the M_s and M_f temperatures first increase anddecrease subsequently with increasing the annealing time.The effect of heat treatmenton the transformation temperatures should be attributed to the degree of parent phase,crystal defect and internal stress.
The magnetization(M-H) curve of the parent phase is more easily saturated thanthat of the martensite phase.In Ni_(56.5-x)Fe_(17)Ga_(26.5)Ge_x(x=0,0.5,1.0,2.0) alloys,thesaturation magnetization and magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant besides Curietemperature decrease with inceasing Ge content.The magnetocarolic effect is estimatedfrom the magnetization(M-H) curve.The entropy change of Ni_(55)Fe_(18)Ga_(27) alloy is quitelow and-2.0 J/kgK in the field of 50 kOe.The result implies the alloy cannot be appliedas the magnetic material of magnetic refrigeration.It is suggested that controllingcomposition or alloying is an effective way to improve the magnetocarolic effect.
The results of the compression tests show that the compression strength andductility of the alloys containing Ge is much higher than that of the alloy without Geelement.The compression strength and ductility of(Ni_(56.5)Fe_(17) Ga_(26.5))_(100-x)Ge_x alloyenhance with increasing Ge content.
本文通过电弧炉熔炼和吸铸的方法制备了Ni-Fe-Ga(-X)系列合金，系统地研究了Ni-Fe-Ga(-X)合金的金相组织、微观结构、马氏体相变行为和磁性能，考察了化学成分、第四元素合金化和热处理工艺等对Ni-Fe-Ga合金的影响。改进了制备Ni-Fe-Ga(-X)合金的方法，尝试提出改善合金磁热效应的途径，为Ni-Fe-Ga合金的工程化应用打下基础。
研究结果表明，化学成分对Ni-Fe-Ga合金的室温组织和相结构的影响非常显著。室温下当Ni_(73-x)Fe_xGa_(27)系列合金中的Fe含量由18at％提高到20at％时，合金由单一的马氏体相转变成奥斯体相。X射线衍射和TEM选区电子衍射揭示，Ni55Fe_(18)Ga_(27)合金室温下马氏体相为单斜的14M调制结构。同时，也发现Ge、Al、Co和Cu等第四元素合金化对Ni-Fe-Ga合金组织结构有着重要的影响。一定量的Ge元素替代Ni_(56．5)Fe_(17) Ga_(26．5)合金中的部分组元，能使合金在室温下由马氏体相转变成奥斯体相；Co的添加使Ni_(56．5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5-z)Co_z合金在室温下的显微组织由马氏体相和γ相而组成，随Co含量的增加，γ相数量增多，尺寸增大；Ni_(56．5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5-x)Al_x和Ni_(56．5-z)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5)Cu_z合金中不仅由马氏体或者奥氏体组成，而且存在多种相结构。
Ni-Fe-Ga合金的马氏体相变行为对化学成分和第四元素的合金化十分敏感。在Ni_(73-x)Fe_xGa_(27)系列合金中，马氏体相变温度M_s由Ni_(55)Fe_(18)Ga_(27)合金的31．7℃下降到Ni_(52．5)Fe_(20．5)Ga_(27)合金的-118．3℃；而在Ni_(73．5-y)Fe_yGa_(26．5)系列合金中，M_s由Ni_(56．5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5)合金的108．9℃下降到Ni_(54．5)Fe_(19)Ga_(26．5)合金的28．1℃。固定Fe／Ga比例不变时，Ni-Fe-Ga合金的马氏体相变温度随Ni含量的增加而线性升高，具体地说，在Ni_(56．5+z)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5)系列合金中，M_s从Ni含量为54．5at％时的39．6℃增加到Ni含量为58．5at％时的139．9℃。发现Ge元素无论是替代合金的Ni或Fe，还是Ga，都明显地降低合金的马氏体相变温度，Ge替代Ni马氏体相变温度下降最快，Ge替代Fe次之，Ge替代Ga最慢：而Co替代Ni-Fe-Ga合金中的Ga原子显著地提高了合金的马氏体相变温度。初步认为应该从价电子浓度、尺寸因素和有序度作用等综合因素考察马氏体相变温度的变化。
热处理工艺也是影响Ni-Fe-Ga合金马氏体相变行为的重要因素之一。结果表明，马氏体相变温度比未退火的明显下降，然后随着退火温度的升高而升高；而随退火时间的延长，合金的逆马氏体相变温度逐渐升高，马氏体相变温度首先是升高，直到退火时间为5 h，然后随退火时间的延长而下降。合金母相的有序度、晶体缺陷和内应力等是热处理工艺影响合金马氏体相变温度的可能原因。
在强磁场磁化时，Ni-Fe-Ga(-X)合金表现出一共同的特征，即合金的高温奥氏体呈易磁化，易达到饱和；低温马氏体相表现出难磁化，达到饱和缓慢的特性。而在Ni_(56．5-x)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5)Ge_x(x=0，0．5，1．0，2．0)合金中，合金的饱和磁化强度和磁晶各向异性常数均随着Ge含量的增加而减小；居里温度是随着Ge原子含量增加而降低的。通过等温磁化曲线，研究了Ni-Fe-Ga(-X)合金的磁热效应。结果显示，Ni_(55)Fe_(18)Ga_(27)合金的磁熵变最大值不是很高，在50 kOe的磁场下，最大值仅为-2．0J／kgK，很难作为磁制冷技术的磁工质。Al和Ge的添加尽管提高了合金的磁熵变最大值，但是仍不能达到磁制冷技术的要求。但是，通过研究发现，改变合金的成分，磁性原子的合金化可能是提高磁热效应的有效方法。
室温压缩实验结果表明，Ge元素的添加提高了NiFeGa合金的抗压强度，改善了合金的延伸率。(Ni_(56．5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26．5))_(100-x)Ge_x合金的抗压强度和延伸率随Ge含量的增加而增加。
Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys are new kind of smart materials,which arecapble of exhibiting magnetic field controlled shape memory effect as well as magneticfield induced strain.They have potential application in many fields,such as sensing andactuating.Amongst them,Ni-Fe-Ga alloys have received much attention due to theirhigh magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy and good hot-working ability.These alloyshave several characterizations.First,they are ferromagnetic intermetallic compoundsundergoing a martensitic transformation from a cubic L2_1/B2 structure to a complexmodaluted structure.Second,the martensitic transformation behavior of the alloys,which depends on composition and heat treatment,is thermoelastic and exhibits atwo-way shape-memory effect.Third,they have high saturation magnetization andmagnetocrystalline anisotropy constants.Therefore,Ni-Fe-Ga ferromagnetic shapememory alloys become one of the important materials and are receiving ever-increasingattention.
In this dissertation,the effect of compostion,alloying and heat treatment onmicrostructure,behaviors of martensitic transformation and magnetic properties ofNi-Fe-Ga(-X) alloys are systematically investigated with an aim to improve themagnetocarolic effect.The alloys are prepared by arc-melting and suction-casting.
The results show that the composition and alloying with other element have animportant effect on microstructure of Ni-Fe-Ga alloys at room temperature.Themicrostructure transforms from single martensitic phase(seven-layer modulated(14M)structure) to austenite phase as Fe content was increase from 18at% to 20at% inNi_(73-x)Fe_xGa_(27) alloys at room temperature.The phase of the alloys changes fromaustenite to martensite at room temperature as Ge was partly substituted by Ni,Fe andGa of Ni_(56.5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26.5) alloy.The mircostructure of the alloy is composed of martensitephase andγphase at room temperature as Ga was substituted by Co in Ni-Fe-Ga alloy.And the volume fraction ofγphase increases with increasing Co content.The structuresof Ni_(56.5)Fe_(17)Ga_(26.5-x)Al_x and Ni_(56.5-z)Fe_(17)Ga_(26.5)Ct_z alloys show martensite or austenitephase characteristics depending on the content of A1 and Cu.
The phase transformation behavior is very sensitive to both stoichiometriccomposition and alloying.The M_s temperature decreases from 31.7℃to-118.3℃as xincreases from 18 to 20.5 in Ni_(73-x)Fe_xGa_(27) alloys and from 108.9℃to 28.1℃as xfrom 17 to 19 in Ni_(73.5-x)Fe_xGa_(26.5) alloys.The martensitic transformation temperaturesincrease with increasing Ni content when keeping the ratio of Fe/Ga.Thetransformation temperatures decrease almost linearly with increasing Ge content in allthe three types.Whereas,the decreases in rate of the martensitic transformationtemperatures are different for the three cases.It is large for Ni substituted by Ge,slowfor Ga and intermediate for Fe.It is suggested that the martensitic transformationtemperatures depend on both the size effect and the degree of parent phase as well asvalence electron concentration e/a.
Heat treatment also has notable influence on the martensitic transformationbehavior of Ni-Fe-Ga alloy.The results show that the transformation temperaturesdecrease after annealing at 100℃for 3 h.Subsequently with increasing the annealingtemperature,the transformation temperatures increase.The A_s and A_f temperaturesincrease with the annealing time.While the M_s and M_f temperatures first increase anddecrease subsequently with increasing the annealing time.The effect of heat treatmenton the transformation temperatures should be attributed to the degree of parent phase,crystal defect and internal stress.
The magnetization(M-H) curve of the parent phase is more easily saturated thanthat of the martensite phase.In Ni_(56.5-x)Fe_(17)Ga_(26.5)Ge_x(x=0,0.5,1.0,2.0) alloys,thesaturation magnetization and magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant besides Curietemperature decrease with inceasing Ge content.The magnetocarolic effect is estimatedfrom the magnetization(M-H) curve.The entropy change of Ni_(55)Fe_(18)Ga_(27) alloy is quitelow and-2.0 J/kgK in the field of 50 kOe.The result implies the alloy cannot be appliedas the magnetic material of magnetic refrigeration.It is suggested that controllingcomposition or alloying is an effective way to improve the magnetocarolic effect.
The results of the compression tests show that the compression strength andductility of the alloys containing Ge is much higher than that of the alloy without Geelement.The compression strength and ductility of(Ni_(56.5)Fe_(17) Ga_(26.5))_(100-x)Ge_x alloyenhance with increasing Ge content.
引文
[1]杨大智．智能材料与智能系统．天津：天津大学出版社，2000，3-12
[2]陶宝祺．智能材料结构．北京：国防工业出版社，1999，25-45
[3]姚康德．智能材料．天津：天津大学出版社，1996，7-15
[4]徐祖耀．形状记忆合金．上海：上海交通大学出版社，2000，3-6
[5]杨大智，张连生，王凤庭．形状记忆合金．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1998，1-4
[6]舟久保，熙康．形状记忆合金(，千东范)．北京：机械工业出版社，1992，2-5
[7]杨杰，吴月华．形状记忆合金及其应用．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1993，1-3
[8]赵连城，蔡伟，郑玉峰．合金的形状记忆效应与超弹性．北京：国防工业出版社，2002，3-14
[9]Ullakko K,Huang J K,Kokorin V V,et al.Magnetically controlled shape memory effect in Ni_2MnGa intermetallics.Scripta Mater.,1997,36(10):1133-1138
[10]Meng L Q,Wu G H,Wang B W,et al.Magnetic properties and structure phase tranformations of NiMnGa alloys.IEEE Trans on Magn.,1999,35(5):3823-3825
[11]Restorff J B,Wun-Fogle W,Clark A E.Temperature and stress dependences of the magnetostriction in ternary and quaternary Terfenol alloys.J.Appl.Phys.,2000,87:5786-5791
[12]Clark A E,Belson H S,Strakna R E,Elastic properties of rare-earth-iron compounds.J.Appl.Phys.,1973,44:2913-2917
[13]Shiraishi H,Iguchi Y,Ohoyama K,et al.Structural and magnetic properties of Ni2In-type (Mn_(1-x)Cu_x)_(66)Ga_(34) compounds.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2001,(226-230)(S2):1081-1082
[14]Kokorin V V,Wuttig M.Magnetostriction in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2001,234(1):25-30
[15]Hu F X,Shen B G,Sun J R.Magnetic entropy change in Ni_(51.5)Mn_(22.7)Ga_(25.8) alloy.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2000,76(23):3460-3462
[16]Webster P J,Ziebeck K R R,Town S L,et al.Magnetic order and phase transformation in Ni2MnGa.Phil.Mag.B,1984,49(3):295-310
[17]崔玉亭．NiMnGa合金的热力学效应和应用功能研究：[博士学位论文]．重庆：重庆大学，2004，18-19
[18]徐祖耀．马氏体相变与马氏体．北京：科学出版社．2000，42-130
[19]Pons J,Chernenko V A,Santamarta R,et al.Crystal structure of martensitic phases in Ni-Mn-Ga shape memory alloys.Acta Materialia.,2000,48(12):3027-3038
[20]陈晓琴．Ni-Mn-Ga磁控形状记忆合金马氏体相变和微观组织结构研究：[硕士学位论文]．大连：大连铁道学院，2003，6-7
[21]余华军，封向东，王治国，等．TiNi和TiNiCu记忆合金薄膜的温度记忆效应研究．电子科技大学学报，2008，37(1)：128-130
[22]王治国，封向东，祖小涛，等．TiNi基形状记忆合金薄膜的相变特征研究．航空材料学报，2006，26(4)：61-64
[23]Yu H J,Wang Z G,Zu X T,et al.Temperature memory effect of martensite and R-phase transformation in TiNi-based shape memory alloys.Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for optical Engineering,2007,6423(64):1-6
[24]Huang X,Liu Y.Effect of annealing on the transformation behavior and superelasticity of NiTi shape memory alloy.Scripta Mater.,2001,45(2):153-160
[25]Yu H J,Xiang X.Effect of heat treatment on the transformation behavior and temperature memory effect in TiNiCu Wires.Rare Metals,2009,28(1):1-5,
[26]Chen F,Meng X L,Cai W,et al.Martensitic transformation and shape memory effect of a Ni-Fe-Ga polycrystalline alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2006,302(2):459-462
[27]Yu H J,Wang Z G,Zu X T,et al.Temperature memory effect in two-way shape memory TiNi and TiNiCu springs.J.Mater.Sci.,2006,41(11):3435-3439
[28]Wang Z G,Zu X T,Dai J Y,et al.Effect of thermomechanical training temperature on the two-way shape memory effect of TiNi and TiNiCu shape memory alloys springs.Mater.Lett.,2003,57(9-10):1501-1507
[29]Zasimchuk I K,Kokorin V V,Tkachenko.Crystal structure of martensite in heusler alloy Ni_2MnGa V A.Phys.Met.Metall.,1990,69(6):104-108
[30]Zheludev A,Shapiro S M,Wochner,et al.Phonon anomaly,central peak,and microstructures in Ni_2MnGa.Phys.Rev.B.,1995,51(37):11310-11314
[31]Manosa L,Obrado E,Planes A,et al.Anomalies related to the TA2-phonon-mode condensation in the Hensler Ni_2MnGa alloy.Phys.Rev.B.,1997,55(17):11068-11071
[32]Chernenko V A,Pons J,Segui C.Premartensitic phenomena and other phase transforamations in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys studied by dynamical mechanical analysis and electron diffraction.Acta Mater.,2002,50(1):53-60
[33]Kokorin V V,Chemenko V A,Cesari E.Premartensitic state in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.J.Phys.:Condens Mater.,1996,35(8):6457-6463
[34]Planes A,Obrado E,Manosa L,et al.Premartensitic trandition driven by magnetoelastic interaction in bcc ferromagnetic Ni2MnGa.Phys.Rev.lett.,1997,79(20):3926-3929
[35]Zuo F,Su X,Wu K H.Magnetic properties of the premartensitic transition in Ni2MnGa alloys.Phys.Rev.B.,1998,58(17):11127-11130
[36]张庆新，王凤翔，李文君．NiMnGa合金磁控形状记忆效应及外特性．稀有金属材料与工程，2005，34(8)：1263-1266
[37]Chemenko V A,Segui C,Cesari E.Sequence of martensitic transformations in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.Phys.Rev.B,1998,57(5):2659-2662
[38]Godlevsky V V,Rabe K M.Soft tetragonal distortion in ferromagnetic Ni2MnGa and related materials from First principles.Phys.Rev.B,2001,63:1344071-1344075
[39]Wang W H.Thermoelastic intermartensitic transformation and its internal stress dependency in Ni52Mn24Ga24 single crystals.Phys.Rev.B,2002,66:717-721
[40]崔玉亭．NiMnGa合金的热力学效应和应用功能研究：[博士学位论文]．重庆：重庆大学，2004，56-65
[41]Ctsuka K,Sakamoto H,Shimizu K.Successive stress-induced martensitic transformations and associated transformation pseudoelasticity in Cu-Al-Ni alloys.Acts.Metaiiurgica,1979,27(4):585-601
[42]Martynov V V,Kokorin V V.The crystal structure of thermally-and stress-induced martensites in Ni2MnGa single crystals.J.Phys.France,1992,2(4):739-749
[43]Ullakko K,Huang J K,Kantner C,et al.Large magnetic-field-induced strains in Ni2MnGa single crystals.Appl.Phys.Lett.,1996,69(13):1966-1968
[44]Tickle R,James R D.Magnetic and magnetomechanical properties of Ni2MnGa.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,1999,195(3).627-638
[45]Murray S J,Marioni M,Allen S M,et al.6% magnetic-field-induced strain by twin-boundary motion in ferromagnetic Ni-Mn..Ga.Appl.Phys Lett.,2000,77(6):886-888
[46]Sozinov A,Likhachev A A,Lanska N,et al.Giant magnetic-field-induced strain in NiMnGa seven-layered martensitic phase.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,80(10):1746-1748
[47]Ohandley R C.Model for strain and magnetization in magnetic shape-memory alloys.J.Appl.Phys.,1998,83(6):3265-3270
[48]Sozinov A,Likhachev A A,Lanska N,et al.Giant magnetic-field-induced strain in NiMnGa seven-layered martensitic phase.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,80:1746-48.
[49]Morito H,Fujita A,Fukamichi K,et al.Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in a single-variant Ni-Fe-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy.Mater.Trans.,2003,.44(4):661-664
[50]Heil T M,Willard M A,Reynolds W T.The efffects of composition and aging on the martensite and tranformations in Ni-Fe-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy.Metall.Mater.Trans.A,2007,38(4):752-758.
[51]Oikawa K,Ota T,Ohmofi T,et al.Magnetic and martensitic phase transtions in ferromagnetic Ni-Ga-Fe shape memory alloys.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,81(27):5201-5203
[52]Sutou Y,Kamiya N,Omori T,et al.Stress-strain characteristics in Ni-Ga-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2004,84(8):1275-1277
[53]Liu Z H,Hu H N,Liu G D.Electronic structure and ferromagnecitism in the martensitic-transformation material Ni2FeGa.Phys.Rev.B,2004,69:134415
[54]Zheng H X,Xia M X,Liu J,et al.Martensitic transformation of highly undercooled Ni-Fe-Ga magnetic shape memory alloys.J.Alloy Compd.,2005,388(2):173-175
[55]Liu Z H,Zhang M,Cui Y T,Y.et al.Martensitic transformation and shape memory effect in Fferromagnetic Heusler alloy Ni_2FeGa.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2003,82(3):424-426
[56]朱志永．铁磁性形状记忆合金Ni51．5Mn25Ga23．5和Ni2FeGa的相变和磁性研究：[硕士学位论文]．吉林：吉林大学，2005，28-35
[57]Oikawa K,Ota T,Sutou Y,et al.Magnetic and martensitic phase transformation in a Ni54Ga27Fe19 alloy.Mater.Trans.,2002,43(9):2360-2362
[58]Omofi T,Kamiya N,Sutou Y,et al.Phase transformation in Ni-Ga-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2004,378(1-2):403-408
[59]Li J Q,Liu Z H,Yu H C,et al.Martensitic transition and structural modulations in the Heusler alloy Ni2FeGa.Solid State Commun.,2003,126(6):323-327
[60]Li Y,Jiang C B,Liang T,et al.Martensitic Transformation and Magnetization of Ni-Fe-Ga Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys.Scripta Mater.,2003,48(9):1255-1258
[61]Zheng H X,Xia M X,Liu J,et al.Martensitic transformation of Ni-Fe-Ga magnetic shape memory alloys.J.Alloy Compd.,2004,385(1-2):144-147
[62]郑红星，刘剑，夏明许，等．Ni-Fe-Ga磁致形状记忆合金中间马氏体相变．物理学报，2005，54(4)：1719-1721
[63]Zheng H X,Xia M X,Liu J,et al.Martensitic transformation of (Ni_(55.3)Fe_(17.6)Ga_(27.1))_(100-x)Co_x magnetic shape memory alloys.Acta Mater.,2005,53(19):5125-5129
[64]Hamilton R F,Efstathiou C,Sehitoglu H,et al.Thermal and Stress-induced Martensitic Transformations in NiFeGa Single Crystals Under Tensionand Compression.Scripta Mater.,2006,54(3):465-469
[65]Wuttig M,Li J,Craciunescu C.A new ferromagnetic shape memory alloy system.Scripta Mater.,2001,44(10):2393-2397
[66]Craciunescu C,Kishi Y,Lograsso T A,et al.Martensitic transformation in Co2NiGa ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Scripta Mater.,2002,47(4):285-289
[67]Sato M,Okazaki T,Furuya Y,et al.Magentostrictive and shape memory properties of Heusler type Co2NiGa alloys.Mater.Trans.,2003,44(3):372-375
[68]Chemenko V A,Besseghini S,Villa E,et al.Elastic and superelastic properties of Co49Ni22Ga29 single crystal.Appl Phys.Lett.,2007,90:201914
[69]Kishi Y,Yajima Z,Shimizu K,et al.Phase transformation behavior and microstructures of rapidly solidified Co-Ni-Ga alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,438-440:965-969
[70]Liu J,Zheng H X,Xia M X,et al.Martensitic transformation and magnetic properties in Heusler CoNiGa magnetic shape memory alloys.Scripta Mater.,2005,52(9):935-938
[71]Morito H.Magentocrystalline anisotropy in sngle-crystal Co-Ni-Al ferromagnetic shape memory alloy.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,81(3):1657-1661
[72]Murakami Y.Magnetic domain structures in Co-Ni-Al shape memory alloys studied by Lorentz microscopy and electron holography.Acta.Mater.,2002,50(8):2173-2177
[73]Tanaka Y,Oikawa K,Sutou Y,et al.Martensitic transition and superelasticity of Co-Ni-Al ferromagnetic shape memory alloys with β+γ two-phase structure.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,438-440:1054-1060
[74]Kaul S N,Annie B,Abhyankar A C,et al.Thermoelastic martensitic transformation in ferromagnetic Ni-Fe-Al alloy:Effect of site disorder.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2006,89(9):093119
[75]Munoz-Morris M A,Morris D G.Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of a Fe-Ni-Al alloy.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2007,444(1-2):236-241
[76]George E P,Liu C T,Horton J A,et al.Characterization processing and alloy design of NiAl based shape memory alloy.Mater.Character.,1997,39(2-5):665-686
[77]Kainuma t,Ishida K,Nishizawa T.Thermoelastic martensite and shape memory effect in B2 base Ni2Al2Fe alloy with enhanced ductility.Metall.Trans.A,1992,23A(4):1147-1153
[78]Feng G,Jiang C B,Liang T,et al.Magnetic and structural transition of Ni50+xMn25-xGa (x=2-5) alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2002,248(2):312-317
[79]Chernenko V A,Pons J.Compositional instability of β-phase in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.Scripta.Mater.,1999,40(5):523-527
[80]Chernenko V A,Cesari E,Kokorin V V,et al.Development of new ferromagnetic shape memory alloys in Ni-Mn-Ga system.Scripta Metall.Et Mater.,1995,33(8):1239-1244
[81]Ullakko K,Ezer Y,Sozinov A,et al.Magnetic-field-induced strains in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga at room temperature.Scripta.Mater.,2001,44(3):475-480
[82]Jiang C B,Feng G,Gong S K,et al.Effect of Ni Excess on phase transformation temperatures of NiMnGa alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2003,342(1-2):231-235
[83]Liu Z H,Liu H,Zhang X X,et al.Martensitic transformation and magnetic properties of Heusler alloy Ni-Fe-Ga ribbon.Phys.Lett.A,2004,329:214-220
[84]Vasil'ev A N,Bozhko A D,Khovailo V V,et al.Structural and magnetic phase transitions in shape-memory alloys Ni2+xMn1-xGa.Phys Rev.B,1999,59(2):1113-1120
[85]Kokorin V V,Osipenko I A,Shirina T N.Phase transitions in alloy Ni_2MnGa_xIn_(1-x).Phys.Met.Metall.,1989,67(3):173-176
[86]Lograsso T A,Wu Y L,Zhang W.Chemical segregation during bulk single crystal preparation of Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.J.Alloy Compd.,2000,312(1-2):77-85
[87]Guo S H,Zhang Y H,Quan B Y,et al.The effect of doped elements on the martensitic transformation in Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy.Smart Mater.Struct.,2005,14(5):S236-S238
[88]Tsuchiya K,Nakamura H,Umemoto M,et al.Effect of fourth elements on phase transformations in Ni-Mn-Ga Heusler alloys.Trans.Mater.Res.Soc.Jpn.,2000,25(5):517-519
[89]Tsuchiya K,Tsutsumi A,Ohtsuka H,et al.Modification of Ni-Mn-Gaferromagnetic shape memory alloy by addition of rare earth elements.Mater.Sci.Eng.A.,2004,378(1-2):370-376
[90]Lu X,Chen X Q,Qiu L X,et al.Martensitic transformation of Ni-Mn-Ga(C,Si,Ge) Heusler alloys.J.De Phys.,2003,112:917-920
[91]S(o|¨)derberg O,Koho K,Sammi T,et al.Effect of the selected alloying on Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2004,378(1-2):389-393
[92]Khovailo V V,Abe T,Koledov V V,et al.Influence of Fe and Co on phase transitions in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.Mater.Trans.,2003,44(12):2509-2512
[93]Khovailo V V,Chernenko V A,Cherechukin A A,et al.An efficient control of Curie temperature Tc in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2004,272-276 (3):2067-2068
[94]Zheng H X,Xia M X,Liu J,et al.Martensitic transformation ofNi-F-Ga-(Co,Ag) magnetic shape memory alloys.J.Alloy Compd.,2005,387(2):265-268
[95]Imano Y,Omori T,Oikawa K,et al.Martensitic and magnetic transformations of Ni-Ga-Fe-Co ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,438-440:970-973
[96]Picornell C,Pons J,Cesari E,et al.Thermal characteristics of Ni-Fe-Ga-Mn and Ni-Fe-Ga-Co ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Intermetallics,2008,16(6):751-757
[97]Gao Z Y,Zhao X K,Chen F,et al.Effect of annealing and thermal cycling on phase transformation behaviour of Ni-Mn-Ga alloy.Mater.Sci.Tech.,2003,19(6):691-694
[98]Pasquale M,Sasso C,Besseqhini S,et al.NiMnGa polycrystalline magnetically activated shape memory alloys.IEEE Trans.On Magn.,2000,36(51):3263-3265
[99]王海学，赵增琪，李雪梅．热处理制度对多晶Ni-Mn-Ga合金马氏体相变和磁感生应变的影响．内蒙古工业大学学报，2004，23(5)：28-31
[100]Khovailo V V,et al.Aging-induced complex transformation behavior of martensite in Ni57.5Mn17.5Ga25 shape memory alloy.Scripta.Mater.,2004,51(1):13-17
[101]Oikawa K,Omori T,Kainuma R,et al.Effect of annealing on martensitic and magnetic transitions of Ni-Ga-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2004,272-276(3):2043-2044
[102]Omori T,Kamiya N,Sutou Y,et al.Ishida K,Phase transformations in Ni-Ga-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2004,378(1-2):403-408
[103]Font J,Muntasell J,Santamarta R,et al.Effect of ageing in Ni-Fe-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,438-440:919-922
[104]Manosa L,Gonzalez-Comas A,Obrado E.Premartensitic phase transformation in the Ni2MnGa shape memory alloy.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,1999,273-275:329-332
[105]Buchheit T E,Wert J A.Modeling the stress-induced transformation behavior of shape memory alloy single crystal.Acta Metall.Mater.,1995,43(11):4189-4199
[106]Chernenko V A,Cesari E,Kokorin V V,et al.Thermodynamics of martensitic transformations affected by hydrostatic pressure.Philios.Mag.A,1996,73(4):999-1008
[107]Buchheit T E,Wert J A.Modeling the stress-induced transformation in shape memory alloy single crystal.Sensor and Actuator,1998,46(11):4372-4376
[108]Chernenko V A,Babii O.Martensitic transformation in Ni-Mn-Ga system affected by external fields.Mater.Sci.Forum.,2000,327-328:485-488
[109]Shu S Y,Gramb A,Laughlin D,et al.The effect of field coupling and field orientation on the martensitic phase transformation in a Ni2MnGa single crystal.J.Appl.Phys.,2000,87(9):5777-5779
[110]崔玉亭．NiMnGa合金的热力学效应和应用功能研究：[博士学位论文]．重庆：重庆大学，2004．31-47
[111]Gschneidner K A Jr.,Pecharsky V K.Magnetocaloric materials.Ann.Rev.Mater.Sci.,2000,30:387-429
[112]李卓棠，吴配房．稀土材料的磁热效应及其应用．化学进展，1995，7(2)：140-150
[113]陈远富，滕保华，陈云贵，等．磁制冷发展现状及趋势：磁制冷材料．低温工程，2001，1(5)：52-61
[114]Gschneidner K A,Pecharsky V K.Novel thermal effects at the first order magnetic phase transition in erbium and a comparison with dysprosium.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1997,78(22):4281-4284
[115]Tegus O,Bruck E,Buschow K H J,et al.Transition-metal-based magnetic refrigerants for room-temperature applications.Nature,2002,415(6868 ):150
[116]Hu F X,Shen B G,Sun J R.Magnetic entropy change in Ni51.5Mn22.7Ga25.8 alloy.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2000,70(23):3460
[117]Zhou X,Li W,Kunkel H P,et al.Relationship between the magnetocaloric effect and sequential magnetic phase transitions in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.J.Appl.Phys.,2005,97(10):10M515
[118]Albertini F,Canepa F,Cirafici S,et al.Composition dependence of magnetic and magnetothermal properties of Ni-Mn-Ga shape memory alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2004,272-276(3):2111-2112
[119]Khan M,Dubenko I,Stadler S,et al.Magnetic and structural phase transitions in Heusler type alloys Ni 2MnGa1-xInx.J.Phys.:Condens.Matter.,2004,16(29):5259-5266
[120]Recarte V,Perez-Landazabal J I,Gomez-Polo C,et al.Magnetocarloric effect in Ni-Fe-Ga shape memory alloys.Appl.Phys.Lett.2006,88(13):132503
[121]Ullakko K.Magnetically controlled shape memory alloys:A new class of actuator materials.J.Mater.Eng.Perf.,1996,5(3):405-409
[122]Heczko O,Glavatska N,Gavriljuk V,et al.Influence of magnetic field and stress on large magnetic shape memory effect in single crystalline Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic alloy at room temperature.Mater.Sci.Forum,2001,373-376:341-344
[123]Oikawa K,Ota T,Gejima F,et al.Phase equilibria and phase transformations in new B2-type ferromagnetic shape memory alloys of Co-Ni-Ga and Co-Ni-Al systems.Mater.Trans.,2001,42(11):2472-2475
[124]Liu Z H,Chen J L,Hu H N,et al.The influence of heat treatment on the magnetic and phase transformation properties of quaternary Heusler alloy Ni50Mn8Fe17Ga25 ribbons.Scripta Mater.,2004,51(10):1011-1015
[125]Oikawa K,Ota T,Sutou Y,et al.Magnetic and martensitic phase transformation in a Ni54Ga27Fe19 alloy.Mater.Trans.,2002,43(9):2360-2362
[126]Manosa L,Planes A,Mehmet A,et al.Magnetic properties and martensitic transition in annealed Ni_(50)Mn_(30)Al_(20).J.Appl.Phys.,2003,93(10):8498-8500
[127]Murakami Y,Otsuka K,Hanada S,et al.Self-accommodation and morphology of 14M(7R) martensites in an Ni-37.0at.%A1 alloy,mater.Sci.Eng.A,1994,189(1-2):191-199
[128]舟久保，熙康．形状记忆合金(，千东范)．北京：机械工业出版社，1992，69-71
[129]Wang J J,Omori T,Sutou Y,Kainuma R,Ishida K,Two-way shape memory effect induced by cold-rolling in Ti-Ni and Ti-Ni-Fe alloys.Scripta Mater.,2005,52(4):311-316
[130]Wu S K,Wayman C M,Martensitic transformations and the shape memory effect in Ti50Ni10Au40 and Ti50Au50 alloys.Metallography,1987,20(3):359-376.
[131]Meng X Q,Cai W,Lau K T,et al.Phase transformation and thermal stability of aged Ti-Ni-Hfhigh temperature shape memory alloys.J.Mater.Sci.Tech.,2006,22(5):691-696
[132]Zhang P N,Liu J.Microstructure and mechanical properties in Co-Ni-Ga-Al shape memory alloys with two-phase structure.J.Alloy Compd.,2008,462(1-2):225-228
[133]张钦亮．热处理对Ni-Mn-Ga磁形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响：[硕士学位论文]．大连：大连交通大学，2006，24-27
[134]Wu J X,Jiang B H,HSU T Y.Influence of grain size and ordering degree of the parent phase on m//s in a cuznal alloy containing boron.Acta Metall.,1988,36(6):1521-1526
[135]张钦亮．热处理对Ni-Mn-Ga磁形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响：[硕士学位论文]．大连：大连交通大学，2006，33-40
[136]Chen F,Wang H B,Meng X L,et al.Effect of aging on transformation temperatures and microstructure of an Fe-doped Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,438-440:982-985
[137]郑红星．Ni-Fe-Ga磁致形状记忆合金马氏体相变及其定向生长：[博士学位论文]．上海： 上海交通大学，2005，50-61
[138]姜寿亭，李卫．凝聚态磁性物理．北京：科学出版社，2002，324
[139]Zhou X Z,Li W,Kunkel H P,et al.A criterion for enhancing the giant magnetocaloric effect:(Ni-Mn-Ga)-a promising new system for magnetic refrigeration.J.Phys.:Condens.Matter,2004,16(6):L39-L44
[2]陶宝祺．智能材料结构．北京：国防工业出版社，1999，25-45
[3]姚康德．智能材料．天津：天津大学出版社，1996，7-15
[4]徐祖耀．形状记忆合金．上海：上海交通大学出版社，2000，3-6
[5]杨大智，张连生，王凤庭．形状记忆合金．大连：大连理工大学出版社，1998，1-4
[6]舟久保，熙康．形状记忆合金(，千东范)．北京：机械工业出版社，1992，2-5
[7]杨杰，吴月华．形状记忆合金及其应用．合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，1993，1-3
[8]赵连城，蔡伟，郑玉峰．合金的形状记忆效应与超弹性．北京：国防工业出版社，2002，3-14
[9]Ullakko K,Huang J K,Kokorin V V,et al.Magnetically controlled shape memory effect in Ni_2MnGa intermetallics.Scripta Mater.,1997,36(10):1133-1138
[10]Meng L Q,Wu G H,Wang B W,et al.Magnetic properties and structure phase tranformations of NiMnGa alloys.IEEE Trans on Magn.,1999,35(5):3823-3825
[11]Restorff J B,Wun-Fogle W,Clark A E.Temperature and stress dependences of the magnetostriction in ternary and quaternary Terfenol alloys.J.Appl.Phys.,2000,87:5786-5791
[12]Clark A E,Belson H S,Strakna R E,Elastic properties of rare-earth-iron compounds.J.Appl.Phys.,1973,44:2913-2917
[13]Shiraishi H,Iguchi Y,Ohoyama K,et al.Structural and magnetic properties of Ni2In-type (Mn_(1-x)Cu_x)_(66)Ga_(34) compounds.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2001,(226-230)(S2):1081-1082
[14]Kokorin V V,Wuttig M.Magnetostriction in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2001,234(1):25-30
[15]Hu F X,Shen B G,Sun J R.Magnetic entropy change in Ni_(51.5)Mn_(22.7)Ga_(25.8) alloy.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2000,76(23):3460-3462
[16]Webster P J,Ziebeck K R R,Town S L,et al.Magnetic order and phase transformation in Ni2MnGa.Phil.Mag.B,1984,49(3):295-310
[17]崔玉亭．NiMnGa合金的热力学效应和应用功能研究：[博士学位论文]．重庆：重庆大学，2004，18-19
[18]徐祖耀．马氏体相变与马氏体．北京：科学出版社．2000，42-130
[19]Pons J,Chernenko V A,Santamarta R,et al.Crystal structure of martensitic phases in Ni-Mn-Ga shape memory alloys.Acta Materialia.,2000,48(12):3027-3038
[20]陈晓琴．Ni-Mn-Ga磁控形状记忆合金马氏体相变和微观组织结构研究：[硕士学位论文]．大连：大连铁道学院，2003，6-7
[21]余华军，封向东，王治国，等．TiNi和TiNiCu记忆合金薄膜的温度记忆效应研究．电子科技大学学报，2008，37(1)：128-130
[22]王治国，封向东，祖小涛，等．TiNi基形状记忆合金薄膜的相变特征研究．航空材料学报，2006，26(4)：61-64
[23]Yu H J,Wang Z G,Zu X T,et al.Temperature memory effect of martensite and R-phase transformation in TiNi-based shape memory alloys.Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for optical Engineering,2007,6423(64):1-6
[24]Huang X,Liu Y.Effect of annealing on the transformation behavior and superelasticity of NiTi shape memory alloy.Scripta Mater.,2001,45(2):153-160
[25]Yu H J,Xiang X.Effect of heat treatment on the transformation behavior and temperature memory effect in TiNiCu Wires.Rare Metals,2009,28(1):1-5,
[26]Chen F,Meng X L,Cai W,et al.Martensitic transformation and shape memory effect of a Ni-Fe-Ga polycrystalline alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2006,302(2):459-462
[27]Yu H J,Wang Z G,Zu X T,et al.Temperature memory effect in two-way shape memory TiNi and TiNiCu springs.J.Mater.Sci.,2006,41(11):3435-3439
[28]Wang Z G,Zu X T,Dai J Y,et al.Effect of thermomechanical training temperature on the two-way shape memory effect of TiNi and TiNiCu shape memory alloys springs.Mater.Lett.,2003,57(9-10):1501-1507
[29]Zasimchuk I K,Kokorin V V,Tkachenko.Crystal structure of martensite in heusler alloy Ni_2MnGa V A.Phys.Met.Metall.,1990,69(6):104-108
[30]Zheludev A,Shapiro S M,Wochner,et al.Phonon anomaly,central peak,and microstructures in Ni_2MnGa.Phys.Rev.B.,1995,51(37):11310-11314
[31]Manosa L,Obrado E,Planes A,et al.Anomalies related to the TA2-phonon-mode condensation in the Hensler Ni_2MnGa alloy.Phys.Rev.B.,1997,55(17):11068-11071
[32]Chernenko V A,Pons J,Segui C.Premartensitic phenomena and other phase transforamations in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys studied by dynamical mechanical analysis and electron diffraction.Acta Mater.,2002,50(1):53-60
[33]Kokorin V V,Chemenko V A,Cesari E.Premartensitic state in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.J.Phys.:Condens Mater.,1996,35(8):6457-6463
[34]Planes A,Obrado E,Manosa L,et al.Premartensitic trandition driven by magnetoelastic interaction in bcc ferromagnetic Ni2MnGa.Phys.Rev.lett.,1997,79(20):3926-3929
[35]Zuo F,Su X,Wu K H.Magnetic properties of the premartensitic transition in Ni2MnGa alloys.Phys.Rev.B.,1998,58(17):11127-11130
[36]张庆新，王凤翔，李文君．NiMnGa合金磁控形状记忆效应及外特性．稀有金属材料与工程，2005，34(8)：1263-1266
[37]Chemenko V A,Segui C,Cesari E.Sequence of martensitic transformations in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.Phys.Rev.B,1998,57(5):2659-2662
[38]Godlevsky V V,Rabe K M.Soft tetragonal distortion in ferromagnetic Ni2MnGa and related materials from First principles.Phys.Rev.B,2001,63:1344071-1344075
[39]Wang W H.Thermoelastic intermartensitic transformation and its internal stress dependency in Ni52Mn24Ga24 single crystals.Phys.Rev.B,2002,66:717-721
[40]崔玉亭．NiMnGa合金的热力学效应和应用功能研究：[博士学位论文]．重庆：重庆大学，2004，56-65
[41]Ctsuka K,Sakamoto H,Shimizu K.Successive stress-induced martensitic transformations and associated transformation pseudoelasticity in Cu-Al-Ni alloys.Acts.Metaiiurgica,1979,27(4):585-601
[42]Martynov V V,Kokorin V V.The crystal structure of thermally-and stress-induced martensites in Ni2MnGa single crystals.J.Phys.France,1992,2(4):739-749
[43]Ullakko K,Huang J K,Kantner C,et al.Large magnetic-field-induced strains in Ni2MnGa single crystals.Appl.Phys.Lett.,1996,69(13):1966-1968
[44]Tickle R,James R D.Magnetic and magnetomechanical properties of Ni2MnGa.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,1999,195(3).627-638
[45]Murray S J,Marioni M,Allen S M,et al.6% magnetic-field-induced strain by twin-boundary motion in ferromagnetic Ni-Mn..Ga.Appl.Phys Lett.,2000,77(6):886-888
[46]Sozinov A,Likhachev A A,Lanska N,et al.Giant magnetic-field-induced strain in NiMnGa seven-layered martensitic phase.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,80(10):1746-1748
[47]Ohandley R C.Model for strain and magnetization in magnetic shape-memory alloys.J.Appl.Phys.,1998,83(6):3265-3270
[48]Sozinov A,Likhachev A A,Lanska N,et al.Giant magnetic-field-induced strain in NiMnGa seven-layered martensitic phase.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,80:1746-48.
[49]Morito H,Fujita A,Fukamichi K,et al.Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in a single-variant Ni-Fe-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy.Mater.Trans.,2003,.44(4):661-664
[50]Heil T M,Willard M A,Reynolds W T.The efffects of composition and aging on the martensite and tranformations in Ni-Fe-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy.Metall.Mater.Trans.A,2007,38(4):752-758.
[51]Oikawa K,Ota T,Ohmofi T,et al.Magnetic and martensitic phase transtions in ferromagnetic Ni-Ga-Fe shape memory alloys.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,81(27):5201-5203
[52]Sutou Y,Kamiya N,Omori T,et al.Stress-strain characteristics in Ni-Ga-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2004,84(8):1275-1277
[53]Liu Z H,Hu H N,Liu G D.Electronic structure and ferromagnecitism in the martensitic-transformation material Ni2FeGa.Phys.Rev.B,2004,69:134415
[54]Zheng H X,Xia M X,Liu J,et al.Martensitic transformation of highly undercooled Ni-Fe-Ga magnetic shape memory alloys.J.Alloy Compd.,2005,388(2):173-175
[55]Liu Z H,Zhang M,Cui Y T,Y.et al.Martensitic transformation and shape memory effect in Fferromagnetic Heusler alloy Ni_2FeGa.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2003,82(3):424-426
[56]朱志永．铁磁性形状记忆合金Ni51．5Mn25Ga23．5和Ni2FeGa的相变和磁性研究：[硕士学位论文]．吉林：吉林大学，2005，28-35
[57]Oikawa K,Ota T,Sutou Y,et al.Magnetic and martensitic phase transformation in a Ni54Ga27Fe19 alloy.Mater.Trans.,2002,43(9):2360-2362
[58]Omofi T,Kamiya N,Sutou Y,et al.Phase transformation in Ni-Ga-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2004,378(1-2):403-408
[59]Li J Q,Liu Z H,Yu H C,et al.Martensitic transition and structural modulations in the Heusler alloy Ni2FeGa.Solid State Commun.,2003,126(6):323-327
[60]Li Y,Jiang C B,Liang T,et al.Martensitic Transformation and Magnetization of Ni-Fe-Ga Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys.Scripta Mater.,2003,48(9):1255-1258
[61]Zheng H X,Xia M X,Liu J,et al.Martensitic transformation of Ni-Fe-Ga magnetic shape memory alloys.J.Alloy Compd.,2004,385(1-2):144-147
[62]郑红星，刘剑，夏明许，等．Ni-Fe-Ga磁致形状记忆合金中间马氏体相变．物理学报，2005，54(4)：1719-1721
[63]Zheng H X,Xia M X,Liu J,et al.Martensitic transformation of (Ni_(55.3)Fe_(17.6)Ga_(27.1))_(100-x)Co_x magnetic shape memory alloys.Acta Mater.,2005,53(19):5125-5129
[64]Hamilton R F,Efstathiou C,Sehitoglu H,et al.Thermal and Stress-induced Martensitic Transformations in NiFeGa Single Crystals Under Tensionand Compression.Scripta Mater.,2006,54(3):465-469
[65]Wuttig M,Li J,Craciunescu C.A new ferromagnetic shape memory alloy system.Scripta Mater.,2001,44(10):2393-2397
[66]Craciunescu C,Kishi Y,Lograsso T A,et al.Martensitic transformation in Co2NiGa ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Scripta Mater.,2002,47(4):285-289
[67]Sato M,Okazaki T,Furuya Y,et al.Magentostrictive and shape memory properties of Heusler type Co2NiGa alloys.Mater.Trans.,2003,44(3):372-375
[68]Chemenko V A,Besseghini S,Villa E,et al.Elastic and superelastic properties of Co49Ni22Ga29 single crystal.Appl Phys.Lett.,2007,90:201914
[69]Kishi Y,Yajima Z,Shimizu K,et al.Phase transformation behavior and microstructures of rapidly solidified Co-Ni-Ga alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,438-440:965-969
[70]Liu J,Zheng H X,Xia M X,et al.Martensitic transformation and magnetic properties in Heusler CoNiGa magnetic shape memory alloys.Scripta Mater.,2005,52(9):935-938
[71]Morito H.Magentocrystalline anisotropy in sngle-crystal Co-Ni-Al ferromagnetic shape memory alloy.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,81(3):1657-1661
[72]Murakami Y.Magnetic domain structures in Co-Ni-Al shape memory alloys studied by Lorentz microscopy and electron holography.Acta.Mater.,2002,50(8):2173-2177
[73]Tanaka Y,Oikawa K,Sutou Y,et al.Martensitic transition and superelasticity of Co-Ni-Al ferromagnetic shape memory alloys with β+γ two-phase structure.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,438-440:1054-1060
[74]Kaul S N,Annie B,Abhyankar A C,et al.Thermoelastic martensitic transformation in ferromagnetic Ni-Fe-Al alloy:Effect of site disorder.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2006,89(9):093119
[75]Munoz-Morris M A,Morris D G.Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of a Fe-Ni-Al alloy.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2007,444(1-2):236-241
[76]George E P,Liu C T,Horton J A,et al.Characterization processing and alloy design of NiAl based shape memory alloy.Mater.Character.,1997,39(2-5):665-686
[77]Kainuma t,Ishida K,Nishizawa T.Thermoelastic martensite and shape memory effect in B2 base Ni2Al2Fe alloy with enhanced ductility.Metall.Trans.A,1992,23A(4):1147-1153
[78]Feng G,Jiang C B,Liang T,et al.Magnetic and structural transition of Ni50+xMn25-xGa (x=2-5) alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2002,248(2):312-317
[79]Chernenko V A,Pons J.Compositional instability of β-phase in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.Scripta.Mater.,1999,40(5):523-527
[80]Chernenko V A,Cesari E,Kokorin V V,et al.Development of new ferromagnetic shape memory alloys in Ni-Mn-Ga system.Scripta Metall.Et Mater.,1995,33(8):1239-1244
[81]Ullakko K,Ezer Y,Sozinov A,et al.Magnetic-field-induced strains in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga at room temperature.Scripta.Mater.,2001,44(3):475-480
[82]Jiang C B,Feng G,Gong S K,et al.Effect of Ni Excess on phase transformation temperatures of NiMnGa alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2003,342(1-2):231-235
[83]Liu Z H,Liu H,Zhang X X,et al.Martensitic transformation and magnetic properties of Heusler alloy Ni-Fe-Ga ribbon.Phys.Lett.A,2004,329:214-220
[84]Vasil'ev A N,Bozhko A D,Khovailo V V,et al.Structural and magnetic phase transitions in shape-memory alloys Ni2+xMn1-xGa.Phys Rev.B,1999,59(2):1113-1120
[85]Kokorin V V,Osipenko I A,Shirina T N.Phase transitions in alloy Ni_2MnGa_xIn_(1-x).Phys.Met.Metall.,1989,67(3):173-176
[86]Lograsso T A,Wu Y L,Zhang W.Chemical segregation during bulk single crystal preparation of Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.J.Alloy Compd.,2000,312(1-2):77-85
[87]Guo S H,Zhang Y H,Quan B Y,et al.The effect of doped elements on the martensitic transformation in Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy.Smart Mater.Struct.,2005,14(5):S236-S238
[88]Tsuchiya K,Nakamura H,Umemoto M,et al.Effect of fourth elements on phase transformations in Ni-Mn-Ga Heusler alloys.Trans.Mater.Res.Soc.Jpn.,2000,25(5):517-519
[89]Tsuchiya K,Tsutsumi A,Ohtsuka H,et al.Modification of Ni-Mn-Gaferromagnetic shape memory alloy by addition of rare earth elements.Mater.Sci.Eng.A.,2004,378(1-2):370-376
[90]Lu X,Chen X Q,Qiu L X,et al.Martensitic transformation of Ni-Mn-Ga(C,Si,Ge) Heusler alloys.J.De Phys.,2003,112:917-920
[91]S(o|¨)derberg O,Koho K,Sammi T,et al.Effect of the selected alloying on Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2004,378(1-2):389-393
[92]Khovailo V V,Abe T,Koledov V V,et al.Influence of Fe and Co on phase transitions in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.Mater.Trans.,2003,44(12):2509-2512
[93]Khovailo V V,Chernenko V A,Cherechukin A A,et al.An efficient control of Curie temperature Tc in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2004,272-276 (3):2067-2068
[94]Zheng H X,Xia M X,Liu J,et al.Martensitic transformation ofNi-F-Ga-(Co,Ag) magnetic shape memory alloys.J.Alloy Compd.,2005,387(2):265-268
[95]Imano Y,Omori T,Oikawa K,et al.Martensitic and magnetic transformations of Ni-Ga-Fe-Co ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,438-440:970-973
[96]Picornell C,Pons J,Cesari E,et al.Thermal characteristics of Ni-Fe-Ga-Mn and Ni-Fe-Ga-Co ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Intermetallics,2008,16(6):751-757
[97]Gao Z Y,Zhao X K,Chen F,et al.Effect of annealing and thermal cycling on phase transformation behaviour of Ni-Mn-Ga alloy.Mater.Sci.Tech.,2003,19(6):691-694
[98]Pasquale M,Sasso C,Besseqhini S,et al.NiMnGa polycrystalline magnetically activated shape memory alloys.IEEE Trans.On Magn.,2000,36(51):3263-3265
[99]王海学，赵增琪，李雪梅．热处理制度对多晶Ni-Mn-Ga合金马氏体相变和磁感生应变的影响．内蒙古工业大学学报，2004，23(5)：28-31
[100]Khovailo V V,et al.Aging-induced complex transformation behavior of martensite in Ni57.5Mn17.5Ga25 shape memory alloy.Scripta.Mater.,2004,51(1):13-17
[101]Oikawa K,Omori T,Kainuma R,et al.Effect of annealing on martensitic and magnetic transitions of Ni-Ga-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2004,272-276(3):2043-2044
[102]Omori T,Kamiya N,Sutou Y,et al.Ishida K,Phase transformations in Ni-Ga-Fe ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2004,378(1-2):403-408
[103]Font J,Muntasell J,Santamarta R,et al.Effect of ageing in Ni-Fe-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,438-440:919-922
[104]Manosa L,Gonzalez-Comas A,Obrado E.Premartensitic phase transformation in the Ni2MnGa shape memory alloy.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,1999,273-275:329-332
[105]Buchheit T E,Wert J A.Modeling the stress-induced transformation behavior of shape memory alloy single crystal.Acta Metall.Mater.,1995,43(11):4189-4199
[106]Chernenko V A,Cesari E,Kokorin V V,et al.Thermodynamics of martensitic transformations affected by hydrostatic pressure.Philios.Mag.A,1996,73(4):999-1008
[107]Buchheit T E,Wert J A.Modeling the stress-induced transformation in shape memory alloy single crystal.Sensor and Actuator,1998,46(11):4372-4376
[108]Chernenko V A,Babii O.Martensitic transformation in Ni-Mn-Ga system affected by external fields.Mater.Sci.Forum.,2000,327-328:485-488
[109]Shu S Y,Gramb A,Laughlin D,et al.The effect of field coupling and field orientation on the martensitic phase transformation in a Ni2MnGa single crystal.J.Appl.Phys.,2000,87(9):5777-5779
[110]崔玉亭．NiMnGa合金的热力学效应和应用功能研究：[博士学位论文]．重庆：重庆大学，2004．31-47
[111]Gschneidner K A Jr.,Pecharsky V K.Magnetocaloric materials.Ann.Rev.Mater.Sci.,2000,30:387-429
[112]李卓棠，吴配房．稀土材料的磁热效应及其应用．化学进展，1995，7(2)：140-150
[113]陈远富，滕保华，陈云贵，等．磁制冷发展现状及趋势：磁制冷材料．低温工程，2001，1(5)：52-61
[114]Gschneidner K A,Pecharsky V K.Novel thermal effects at the first order magnetic phase transition in erbium and a comparison with dysprosium.Phys.Rev.Lett.,1997,78(22):4281-4284
[115]Tegus O,Bruck E,Buschow K H J,et al.Transition-metal-based magnetic refrigerants for room-temperature applications.Nature,2002,415(6868 ):150
[116]Hu F X,Shen B G,Sun J R.Magnetic entropy change in Ni51.5Mn22.7Ga25.8 alloy.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2000,70(23):3460
[117]Zhou X,Li W,Kunkel H P,et al.Relationship between the magnetocaloric effect and sequential magnetic phase transitions in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.J.Appl.Phys.,2005,97(10):10M515
[118]Albertini F,Canepa F,Cirafici S,et al.Composition dependence of magnetic and magnetothermal properties of Ni-Mn-Ga shape memory alloys.J.Magn.Magn.Mater.,2004,272-276(3):2111-2112
[119]Khan M,Dubenko I,Stadler S,et al.Magnetic and structural phase transitions in Heusler type alloys Ni 2MnGa1-xInx.J.Phys.:Condens.Matter.,2004,16(29):5259-5266
[120]Recarte V,Perez-Landazabal J I,Gomez-Polo C,et al.Magnetocarloric effect in Ni-Fe-Ga shape memory alloys.Appl.Phys.Lett.2006,88(13):132503
[121]Ullakko K.Magnetically controlled shape memory alloys:A new class of actuator materials.J.Mater.Eng.Perf.,1996,5(3):405-409
[122]Heczko O,Glavatska N,Gavriljuk V,et al.Influence of magnetic field and stress on large magnetic shape memory effect in single crystalline Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic alloy at room temperature.Mater.Sci.Forum,2001,373-376:341-344
[123]Oikawa K,Ota T,Gejima F,et al.Phase equilibria and phase transformations in new B2-type ferromagnetic shape memory alloys of Co-Ni-Ga and Co-Ni-Al systems.Mater.Trans.,2001,42(11):2472-2475
[124]Liu Z H,Chen J L,Hu H N,et al.The influence of heat treatment on the magnetic and phase transformation properties of quaternary Heusler alloy Ni50Mn8Fe17Ga25 ribbons.Scripta Mater.,2004,51(10):1011-1015
[125]Oikawa K,Ota T,Sutou Y,et al.Magnetic and martensitic phase transformation in a Ni54Ga27Fe19 alloy.Mater.Trans.,2002,43(9):2360-2362
[126]Manosa L,Planes A,Mehmet A,et al.Magnetic properties and martensitic transition in annealed Ni_(50)Mn_(30)Al_(20).J.Appl.Phys.,2003,93(10):8498-8500
[127]Murakami Y,Otsuka K,Hanada S,et al.Self-accommodation and morphology of 14M(7R) martensites in an Ni-37.0at.%A1 alloy,mater.Sci.Eng.A,1994,189(1-2):191-199
[128]舟久保，熙康．形状记忆合金(，千东范)．北京：机械工业出版社，1992，69-71
[129]Wang J J,Omori T,Sutou Y,Kainuma R,Ishida K,Two-way shape memory effect induced by cold-rolling in Ti-Ni and Ti-Ni-Fe alloys.Scripta Mater.,2005,52(4):311-316
[130]Wu S K,Wayman C M,Martensitic transformations and the shape memory effect in Ti50Ni10Au40 and Ti50Au50 alloys.Metallography,1987,20(3):359-376.
[131]Meng X Q,Cai W,Lau K T,et al.Phase transformation and thermal stability of aged Ti-Ni-Hfhigh temperature shape memory alloys.J.Mater.Sci.Tech.,2006,22(5):691-696
[132]Zhang P N,Liu J.Microstructure and mechanical properties in Co-Ni-Ga-Al shape memory alloys with two-phase structure.J.Alloy Compd.,2008,462(1-2):225-228
[133]张钦亮．热处理对Ni-Mn-Ga磁形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响：[硕士学位论文]．大连：大连交通大学，2006，24-27
[134]Wu J X,Jiang B H,HSU T Y.Influence of grain size and ordering degree of the parent phase on m//s in a cuznal alloy containing boron.Acta Metall.,1988,36(6):1521-1526
[135]张钦亮．热处理对Ni-Mn-Ga磁形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响：[硕士学位论文]．大连：大连交通大学，2006，33-40
[136]Chen F,Wang H B,Meng X L,et al.Effect of aging on transformation temperatures and microstructure of an Fe-doped Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy.Mater.Sci.Eng.A,2006,438-440:982-985
[137]郑红星．Ni-Fe-Ga磁致形状记忆合金马氏体相变及其定向生长：[博士学位论文]．上海： 上海交通大学，2005，50-61
[138]姜寿亭，李卫．凝聚态磁性物理．北京：科学出版社，2002，324
[139]Zhou X Z,Li W,Kunkel H P,et al.A criterion for enhancing the giant magnetocaloric effect:(Ni-Mn-Ga)-a promising new system for magnetic refrigeration.J.Phys.:Condens.Matter,2004,16(6):L39-L44