半夹心结构有机金属框架化合物的设计、可控制备与性能研究
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摘要
有机金属超分子化合物的研究是当代化学的一个前沿,本论文选定含有半夹心结构Cp~*Ir(Cp~*=η~5-C_5Me_5),Cp~*Rh和(p-Cymene)Ru (p-Cymene=η~6-4-isopropy-1-toluene)的有机金属化合物为构筑单元,设计、合成了一系列大环、分子夹、三棱柱和笼装结构的有机金属超分子化合物,并对目标化合物的性质和应用做出了一些有意义的探索。
     (1)合成得到一系列由四个氧原子桥连的双核有机金属化合物(A-D),然后利用其作为起始原料,分别与两齿、三齿和四齿的含氮配体自组装形成具有大环、三棱柱和笼装结构的有机金属超分子化合物。
     首先以草酸配体桥连的半夹心结构有机金属双核化合物(A)为起始原料,分别与两齿、三齿和四齿的含氮配体进行配位合成了一系列大环、三棱柱和笼装结构的有机金属超分子化合物。系统研究结果表明,具有不同尺寸的矩形大环化合物由于分子间的相互作用,形成了孔道结构。在化合物[Cp_4~*M_4(μ-bpe)_2(μ-η~2-η~2-C_2O_4)_2](OTf)_4 (M=Ir,Rh;bpe=trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)-ethylene)晶体结构中,两个桥连的4,4'-bpe分子之间由于π-π相互作用,从而使两个分子相互平行靠近,双键之间的距离为3.23 (?),在光照下,可以发生分子内[2+2]光化学反应,而且可以实现晶体到晶体之间的转化。
     其次,引入了具有功能性的2,5-二羟基-3,6-二氯苯醌(B)和1,4-羟基-蒽醌(C)作为桥连配体,得到一系列具有不同尺寸大环结构的有机金属超分子化合物。循环伏安结果表明,四核大环化合物有较好的电化学性质。
     接着研究了6,11-二羟基-5,12-萘并萘醌为桥连配体的有机金属双核化合物(D)与吡嗪的反应,得到了“分子夹”形状的大环化合物。研究表明此类化合物对有机小分子如二氯甲烷,1,2-氯乙烷具有选择性吸附效应,在同等条件下,可以从混合溶剂的蒸汽中优先选择吸附二氯甲烷分子。进一步研究发现:大环化合物不但可以在晶态下实现二氯甲烷分子的可逆性吸附和脱附,也可以在晶态下实现不同客体分子之间的交换反应。四氯乙烯分子亦可以被“分子夹”形状的大环化合物“吸附”,每个四氯乙烯分子与相邻的四个独立分子之间存在弱相互作用,化合物的空间结构由一维链状结构延伸形成了空间网状结构。当有机金属双核化合物(D)与其它的含氮双齿配体进行反应时,可以得到不同尺寸“分子夹”形状的大环化合物。当有机金属双核化合物(D)与含氮三齿配体反应时,可得到相应的六核三棱柱型化合物,此类化合物的具有较大的空腔体积,研究表明它们可以与具有平面结构的芳香类化合物形成“夹心”型化合物,芳香类化合物镶嵌在六核三棱柱型化合物的空腔内,分子之间存在非常强的π...π相互作用。
     (2)利用三种含有N,S配位点的不同配体在不同的反应条件下与[Cp~*MCl_2]_2 (M=Ir,Rh)反应合成了一系列有机金属化合物。首先研究了[Cp~*IrCl_2]_2与4-巯基吡啶配体的反应。当[Cp~*IrCl_2]_2与两倍量的4-巯基吡啶的钠盐在甲醇溶液中进行反应时,得到“三角形”形状的大环化合物;当[Cp~*IrCl_2]_2与六倍量的4-巯基吡啶在二氯甲烷溶液中进行反应时,得到含有半夹心结构的单核化合物;单核化合物可以在三乙胺作用下重新组装成“正方形”形状的大环化合物。当[Cp~*MCl_2]_2 (M=Ir,Rh)与2-巯基吡啶配体进行反应时,可以得到单核的化合物,化合物中存在非常强的分子内氢键。进一步研究表明,草酸配体桥连的含有半夹心结构有机金属双核化合物与2,4,6-三巯基-1,3,5-均三嗪反应时,桥连的草酸根被取代,配体以N,S作为六齿配体与中心金属结合,可以得到两种含有三个金属中心的三核化合物。铱的三核化合物对催化降冰片烯聚合反应具有中等活性。
     (3)将具有特定结构的4-DPDS(4,4'-二吡啶基二硫)配体分别与[Cp~*MCl_2]_2 (M=Ir,Rh)或[p-cymene)RuCl_2]_2反应,得到相应的双核化合物,接着与两倍量的银盐反应,可以生成含有两个4-DPDS配体的双核有机金属大环化合物。此外,还研究了不同的溶剂对生成的大环化合物空间结构的影响,发现不同的客体分子可以诱导化合物生成不同的空间排列方式。
     (4)利用由-CH_2CH_2-、-CH_2CH_2CH_2-和-CH_2-Ph-CH_2-桥连的双齿中性硫酮类化合物为配体合成了一系列的半夹心结构有机金属化合物。研究结果表明:当配体为-CH_2CH_2CH_2-和-CH_2-Ph-CH_2-桥连的双齿中性硫酮类化合物时,可以生成双核金属大环化合物;当配体为-CH_2CH_2-桥连的双齿中性硫酮类化合物时,生成了一个含有桥基上的C-H活化的化合物。
     (5)利用含氮双齿配体构筑了一系列含有半夹心结构有机金属双核碳硼烷化合物。通过改变双齿有机配体的结构,不仅可以调控金属.金属原子间的距离,而且可以合成具有新颖结构的超分子化合物。利用设计合成的含有四硫富瓦烯结构单元的配体与16电子体系碳硼烷化合物发生反应,得到的化合物结构表明分子之间通过硫.硫原子之间的相互作用,形成了独特的“碗状”空间结构,探索了含碳硼烷配体的有机金属孔道结构材料的合成方法。
     (6)引入一系列双希夫碱类配体,通过[Cp~*MCl_2]_2 (M=Ir,Rh)诱导苯环上的两个C-H位点同时活化形成了含M-C键的有机金属双核化合物,利用含M-C键的双核金属化合物与炔烃类化合物发生插入反应,形成新一类的有机金属双核化合物,并对此类化合物作为桥连配体用来构筑有机金属大环化合物进行了初步尝试,利用单晶结构表征了含有新M-C键的大环化合物,并且在温和条件下成功实现了此类化合物的后修饰。
Supramolecular chemistry with organometallic half-sandwich complexes based on Ir, Rh, Ru fragments has received considerable attention over recent years. In this dissertation, some results in the rational design and synthesis of organometallic half-sandwich complexes and their potential applications are presented.
     (1) The binuclear complexes with two parallel coordination sites, such as oxalate (A), chloranilate (B), 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone (C) and 6,11-dihydroxy-5,12-naphthacenedione (D) bridging irdium, rhodium and ruthenium complexes can be served as precursors, which can be interlinked by pyridyl-based ligands.
     Following the general design strategy, many supramolecular rectangles, prisms and cages have been synthesized in high yields and characterized structurally. Efforts were paid to the functional properties and applications of these supramolecular structures, such as template-controlled topochemical photodimerization based on "organometallic macrocycles" through single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation (SCSC), selectively recognize CH_2Cl_2 and ClCH_2CH_2Cl molecules with retention of single crystallinity in "organometallic molecular splints", and a simple, straightforward access to the preparation of metallo-prismatic cages able to encapsulate aromatic molecules was included.
     (2) The reactions of [Cp~*IrCl_2]_2 with a flexible pyridine-4-thiolate ligand are explored. We have synthesized mono-, tri- and tetra-iridium complexes containing pyridine-4-thiolato ligand and revealed their novel skeletal transformations from mono-iridium complex to tetra-iridium complex via using base. In addition, two new half-sandwich trinuclear complexes in which the bridging unit [L]~(3-) ([L]~(3-) = 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trithiolato) functions as a tris-bidentate [N,S]~- donor ligand have been synthesized via the reactions of the bridging oxalato complexes with the trisodium salt of 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-trithiol, respectively. The reactions of half-sandwich iridium and rhodium complexes with 2-pyridinethione gave the corresponding mononuclear complexes also be studied.
     (3) By introducing additional nonlinear spacers between the two pyridine rings of bipyridine, such as the hindered rotation seen in the S-S bond of 4,4'-dipyridyldisulfide (4-DPDS) generates 2:2 M:L macrocyclic compounds. When the bidentate organochalcogen (S,Se) ligands bearing N-methylimidazole groups were used, we assembled several binuclear macrocycles rather than tetranuclear complexes.
     (4) Base on the rule of addition reaction at the metal center of [Cp~*Ir[E_2C_2(B_(10)H_(10))] (E=S,Se), both of cluster-based carboranyl complexes and 2,6(7)-bis(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-tetrathiafulvalene or Schiff-based bipyridyl ligands, have been proved to be versatile precursors to accomplish diverse architectures.
     (5) Aromatic C-H activation in a series of phenyl dimines was promoted by sodium acetate with [Cp~*MCl_2]_2 (M=Ir,Rh) at room temperature to form dicyclometalated compounds. The unsaturated molecule, dimethylacetylenedicarboxylate, was employed insert into the metal-carbon bonds of the cyclometalated compounds in order to expand the metallocycles. These compounds can be used as "clips", which can be interlinked by pyrazine to build supramolecular rectangles.
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