水稻抗褐飞虱主基因Bph22（t）的精细定位
摘要
褐飞虱(Brown Planthopper, BPH)Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)是为害亚洲稻作区最严重的害虫之一。成虫和若虫群集于稻丛基部,刺吸水稻茎叶韧皮部中汁液,消耗稻株营养；虫量多、受害重时,稻株下部变黑、腐烂发臭和瘫痪倒状,称为“虱烧’(Hopper burn),俗称“冒穿”,给水稻生产带来严重的影响。此外,褐飞虱还是传播水稻病毒病—草状丛矮病(Grass Stunt)和齿叶矮缩病(Ragged Stunt)的虫媒。
长期以来,对褐飞虱的防治主要依赖化学农药。但是广谱杀虫剂的长期使用,在灭杀褐飞虱的同时,往往也杀死或驱赶了褐飞虱天敌,破坏了生态平衡,导致褐飞虱数量大量增加；此外,化学药剂的使用不可避免地对自然环境造成污染和破坏。利用品种抗性被认为是防治褐飞虱为害的最佳途径之一。然而,在育种家努力选育一个又一个抗虫品种以抵抗褐飞虱为害的同时,褐飞虱生物型的改变相继克服了水稻品种的抗性。因而,不断挖掘和利用新的抗褐飞虱主基因,选育具有持久抗虫性的水稻品种,已成为防治褐飞虱危害的首要任务。
抗虫基因的分离与克隆,不仅有助于阐明水稻抗褐飞虱的分子机制,而且可以加快其在育种中的应用。精细定位是图位克隆的关键步骤,同时抗性基因紧密连锁分子标记的开发与鉴定,也为抗褐飞虱基因的利用提供了有利的工具。
本研究将水稻抗褐飞虱品种Balamawee、Kaharamana及Pokkali的抗虫类型进行了划分,为后续的基因定位奠定了表型鉴定的基础也为候选基因的预测提供了确定的依据；随后的研究发现Balamawee的抗性并非前人报道的由一个主基因Bph9控制的,而是由一个新的主基因Bph22(t)控制的。本研究从分子的角度分析了Balamawee抗虫性的遗传基础,并对该新的抗褐飞虱基因Bph22(t)进行了精细定位。主要结果如下：
1.抗褐飞虱水稻品种上褐飞虱取食行为研究
本研究首先从植物抗植食性昆虫的三种机制：抗生性(antibiosis)、拒虫性(nonpreference)、耐虫性(tolerance)出发,评价了据报道同含一个显性抗褐飞虱基因Bph9的三个品种Balamawee、Kaharamana和Pokkali勺抗虫水平和抗虫类型。Balamawee表现出很强的抗生性和拒虫性,而Kaharamana和Pokkali表现为耐虫性。之前的报道认为Kaharamana, Pokkali和Balamawee都含有同一个显性抗褐飞虱基因Bph9,但褐飞虱在Balamawee上的取食行为与Kaharamana和Pokkali存在显著的差异。
2.抗褐飞虱主基因Bph22(t)的遗传分析和初步定位
斯里兰卡水稻品种Balamawee对东亚和东南亚的褐飞虱生物型1、2、3均表现抗性。抗褐飞虱机制的研究表明该品种为一抗生性或拒虫性的水稻品种。本研究通过构建F2分离群体,对控制Balamawee的抗褐飞虱基因进行了遗传分析,其抗性受一个显性主基因控制。将其定位在第四染色体长臂RM471和RM5742之间,分别与之相距18.2cM和4.7cM。该基因为一个新的抗褐飞虱主基因,命名为Bph22(t)。
3.抗褐飞虱主基因Bph22(t)的精细定位
为了进一步缩小Bph22(t)所在范围,利用18308个Balamawee/02428F2群体进行精细定位。在初步定位的基础上,首先利用标记RM471和RM5742之间公布的SSR引物分析亲本多态性,并利用水稻基因组序列信息开发新的SSR标记和InDel标记,对群体中所有个体交换情况进行考察,结合筛选出的交换单株的表型鉴定的结果进行“染色体步移”,最终将Bph22(t)精细定位在两InDel标记Q52和Q20之间,约63Kb的区间内。
Nilaparvata lugens Stal, the brown planthopper (BPH), is one of the most destructive phloem-feeding insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.) throughout Asia. It attaches by preference to the stem, from where it penetrates the phloem through its stylet. BPH feeding interferes with the translocation of assimilate, thereby damaging plant growth and development. Where a large number of BPH individuals feed on a single plant, a common outcome is leaf desiccation and stem wilting, a condition called hopper-burn. BPH is also a carrier of two viruses, one responsible for the disease rice grassy stunt, and the other rugged stunt. Chemical control of BPH is commonly practiced, but is both costly and harmful to environment. The use of genetically resistant cultivars has proven to be a more economical, efficient and environmentally friendly means to control this pest.
Non-durability of many of the major resistance genes due to changes in the pest biotype remains a problem. The frequency damaged on rice production by BPH infestation, has driven the search for new sources of genetic resistance. It has been suggested that quantitative resistance may,be more durable than that determined by major genes, but these genes are more difficult to handle in a breeding program. Fine mapping is the key step for mapping based cloning, and the development of resistance gene closed linked molecular marks would provid the useful tools for the application of resistance gene.
The identification and cloning of insect resistance is not only helpful for elucidating the molecular mechanism, and also can speed up the application in breeding program. Even a gene has been fine mapped, but there would still be a number of candidate genes. However, if the mechanism of the gene has been clear, it would be able to provide a basis for cloning of the target gene and also can improve the efficiency in production.
In this study, we evaluated the feeding behavior of BPHs on rice varieties Balamawee, Kaharamana and Pokkali with the same BPH resistant gene Bph9according to the previous report, and accomplished the genetic analysis and high-resolution mapping of a novel brown planthopper resistance gene Bph22(t).
1. The Feeding Behaviors of Brown Planthopper on Resistance Rice Cultivars
In this study, we evaluated the resistance mechanism of three rice cultivars Balamawee, Kaharamana and Pokkali containing the same dominant brown planthopper resistance gene Bph9based on the understanding of the mechanisms of plant resistance to herbivorous insects:antibiosis, nonpreference and tolerance. It was shown that Balamawee was a typical antibiosis and nonpreference cultivar, while Kaharamana and Pokkali were tolerance cultivar. Although it was previously reported that Balamawee, Kaharamana and Pokkali contained the same dominant brown planthopper resistance gene Bph9, the feeding behavior of brown planthopper on Balamawee and Kaharamana as well as Pokkali were significantly different.
2. Genetic analysis and preliminary mapping of a dominant brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stal resistance Bph22(t)in rice
Sri Lanka rice cultivar Balamawee showed broad-spectrum resistance to BPH biotype1,2and3in East and Southeast Asia. Analysis of the mechanism of resistance to brown planthopper showed that Balamawee was a typical antibiosis and nonpreference cultivar. Genetic analysis of gene controlling the resistance to brown planthopper in Balamawee via F2segregating population showed that the resistance gene in Balamawee was a dominant gene. It was mapping between SSR marker RM471and RM5742on the long arm of chromosome4, with the distance of12.0cM and4.7cM to each marker respectively. This interval of chromosome4had not been reported containing brown planthopper resistance gene previously. The resistance gene was a novel brown planthopper resistance gene designated as Bph22(t).
3.Fine mapping of a brown planthopper (BPH)Nilaparvata lugens Stal resistance gene, Bph22(t)in rice
In order to fine-map the gene Bph22(t), a F2segregation population with8761individuals derived from a cross of Balamawee/02428was used. Based on the initial mapping information, the polymorphism analysis of public SSR primers between RM471and RM5742was made, and sevaral SSR markers and InDel markers were newly developed according to the publicly available rice genomic sequences. Recombination analysis using the existing and newly developed markers of all individuals in F2segregation population were carried out. The results of reconbination analysis combined with phenotype identification indicated that Bph22(t)was delimited in an63Kb interval between two InDel marker Q52and Q20.
长期以来,对褐飞虱的防治主要依赖化学农药。但是广谱杀虫剂的长期使用,在灭杀褐飞虱的同时,往往也杀死或驱赶了褐飞虱天敌,破坏了生态平衡,导致褐飞虱数量大量增加；此外,化学药剂的使用不可避免地对自然环境造成污染和破坏。利用品种抗性被认为是防治褐飞虱为害的最佳途径之一。然而,在育种家努力选育一个又一个抗虫品种以抵抗褐飞虱为害的同时,褐飞虱生物型的改变相继克服了水稻品种的抗性。因而,不断挖掘和利用新的抗褐飞虱主基因,选育具有持久抗虫性的水稻品种,已成为防治褐飞虱危害的首要任务。
抗虫基因的分离与克隆,不仅有助于阐明水稻抗褐飞虱的分子机制,而且可以加快其在育种中的应用。精细定位是图位克隆的关键步骤,同时抗性基因紧密连锁分子标记的开发与鉴定,也为抗褐飞虱基因的利用提供了有利的工具。
本研究将水稻抗褐飞虱品种Balamawee、Kaharamana及Pokkali的抗虫类型进行了划分,为后续的基因定位奠定了表型鉴定的基础也为候选基因的预测提供了确定的依据；随后的研究发现Balamawee的抗性并非前人报道的由一个主基因Bph9控制的,而是由一个新的主基因Bph22(t)控制的。本研究从分子的角度分析了Balamawee抗虫性的遗传基础,并对该新的抗褐飞虱基因Bph22(t)进行了精细定位。主要结果如下：
1.抗褐飞虱水稻品种上褐飞虱取食行为研究
本研究首先从植物抗植食性昆虫的三种机制：抗生性(antibiosis)、拒虫性(nonpreference)、耐虫性(tolerance)出发,评价了据报道同含一个显性抗褐飞虱基因Bph9的三个品种Balamawee、Kaharamana和Pokkali勺抗虫水平和抗虫类型。Balamawee表现出很强的抗生性和拒虫性,而Kaharamana和Pokkali表现为耐虫性。之前的报道认为Kaharamana, Pokkali和Balamawee都含有同一个显性抗褐飞虱基因Bph9,但褐飞虱在Balamawee上的取食行为与Kaharamana和Pokkali存在显著的差异。
2.抗褐飞虱主基因Bph22(t)的遗传分析和初步定位
斯里兰卡水稻品种Balamawee对东亚和东南亚的褐飞虱生物型1、2、3均表现抗性。抗褐飞虱机制的研究表明该品种为一抗生性或拒虫性的水稻品种。本研究通过构建F2分离群体,对控制Balamawee的抗褐飞虱基因进行了遗传分析,其抗性受一个显性主基因控制。将其定位在第四染色体长臂RM471和RM5742之间,分别与之相距18.2cM和4.7cM。该基因为一个新的抗褐飞虱主基因,命名为Bph22(t)。
3.抗褐飞虱主基因Bph22(t)的精细定位
为了进一步缩小Bph22(t)所在范围,利用18308个Balamawee/02428F2群体进行精细定位。在初步定位的基础上,首先利用标记RM471和RM5742之间公布的SSR引物分析亲本多态性,并利用水稻基因组序列信息开发新的SSR标记和InDel标记,对群体中所有个体交换情况进行考察,结合筛选出的交换单株的表型鉴定的结果进行“染色体步移”,最终将Bph22(t)精细定位在两InDel标记Q52和Q20之间,约63Kb的区间内。
Nilaparvata lugens Stal, the brown planthopper (BPH), is one of the most destructive phloem-feeding insect pests of rice (Oryza sativa L.) throughout Asia. It attaches by preference to the stem, from where it penetrates the phloem through its stylet. BPH feeding interferes with the translocation of assimilate, thereby damaging plant growth and development. Where a large number of BPH individuals feed on a single plant, a common outcome is leaf desiccation and stem wilting, a condition called hopper-burn. BPH is also a carrier of two viruses, one responsible for the disease rice grassy stunt, and the other rugged stunt. Chemical control of BPH is commonly practiced, but is both costly and harmful to environment. The use of genetically resistant cultivars has proven to be a more economical, efficient and environmentally friendly means to control this pest.
Non-durability of many of the major resistance genes due to changes in the pest biotype remains a problem. The frequency damaged on rice production by BPH infestation, has driven the search for new sources of genetic resistance. It has been suggested that quantitative resistance may,be more durable than that determined by major genes, but these genes are more difficult to handle in a breeding program. Fine mapping is the key step for mapping based cloning, and the development of resistance gene closed linked molecular marks would provid the useful tools for the application of resistance gene.
The identification and cloning of insect resistance is not only helpful for elucidating the molecular mechanism, and also can speed up the application in breeding program. Even a gene has been fine mapped, but there would still be a number of candidate genes. However, if the mechanism of the gene has been clear, it would be able to provide a basis for cloning of the target gene and also can improve the efficiency in production.
In this study, we evaluated the feeding behavior of BPHs on rice varieties Balamawee, Kaharamana and Pokkali with the same BPH resistant gene Bph9according to the previous report, and accomplished the genetic analysis and high-resolution mapping of a novel brown planthopper resistance gene Bph22(t).
1. The Feeding Behaviors of Brown Planthopper on Resistance Rice Cultivars
In this study, we evaluated the resistance mechanism of three rice cultivars Balamawee, Kaharamana and Pokkali containing the same dominant brown planthopper resistance gene Bph9based on the understanding of the mechanisms of plant resistance to herbivorous insects:antibiosis, nonpreference and tolerance. It was shown that Balamawee was a typical antibiosis and nonpreference cultivar, while Kaharamana and Pokkali were tolerance cultivar. Although it was previously reported that Balamawee, Kaharamana and Pokkali contained the same dominant brown planthopper resistance gene Bph9, the feeding behavior of brown planthopper on Balamawee and Kaharamana as well as Pokkali were significantly different.
2. Genetic analysis and preliminary mapping of a dominant brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens Stal resistance Bph22(t)in rice
Sri Lanka rice cultivar Balamawee showed broad-spectrum resistance to BPH biotype1,2and3in East and Southeast Asia. Analysis of the mechanism of resistance to brown planthopper showed that Balamawee was a typical antibiosis and nonpreference cultivar. Genetic analysis of gene controlling the resistance to brown planthopper in Balamawee via F2segregating population showed that the resistance gene in Balamawee was a dominant gene. It was mapping between SSR marker RM471and RM5742on the long arm of chromosome4, with the distance of12.0cM and4.7cM to each marker respectively. This interval of chromosome4had not been reported containing brown planthopper resistance gene previously. The resistance gene was a novel brown planthopper resistance gene designated as Bph22(t).
3.Fine mapping of a brown planthopper (BPH)Nilaparvata lugens Stal resistance gene, Bph22(t)in rice
In order to fine-map the gene Bph22(t), a F2segregation population with8761individuals derived from a cross of Balamawee/02428was used. Based on the initial mapping information, the polymorphism analysis of public SSR primers between RM471and RM5742was made, and sevaral SSR markers and InDel markers were newly developed according to the publicly available rice genomic sequences. Recombination analysis using the existing and newly developed markers of all individuals in F2segregation population were carried out. The results of reconbination analysis combined with phenotype identification indicated that Bph22(t)was delimited in an63Kb interval between two InDel marker Q52and Q20.
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