基于设计公差的产品定位基准决策及工艺路线生成策略
|
摘要
本文结合国家自然科学基金项目“基于产品几何技术规范的集成公差设计理论与方法(50275136)”、国家863计划项目“可重构制造系统技术(2001AA412160)”和浙江省自然科学基金“面向CAPP的工序公差设计研究(502016)”，研究了定位基准决策和工艺路线自动生成的方法，提出了基于设计公差的产品定位基准决策和工艺路线生成策略，并开发了相应的原型系统。
第一章，阐述了计算机辅助工艺设计和工艺路线决策的研究现状和发展趋势，分析了设计公差与定位基准决策和工艺路线生成的关系，提出了本论文的主要内容和结构安排。
第二章，在介绍产品几何技术规范(GPS)以及TTRS理论对特征的定义和分类的基础上，引入了应用于工艺路线设计层面的特征描述，阐述了工艺路线设计与CAD系统集成的方法：特征技术和零件特征模型。
第三章，在对工艺路线设计所需的零件信息进行分析的基础上，提出了面向工艺路线设计的零件特征模型及其数据结构；基于三维CAD系统中的零件实体模型和特征结构，研究了三维CAD系统中特征信息的提取，实现了面向工艺路线设计的零件特征模型的构建。
第四章，分析了零件的设计公差对定位基准决策的影响，研究了零件的公差约束及其表达；通过对零件进行公差约束、自由度约束、特征的可定位性以及加工方向等分析，提出了一种新的基于设计公差的定位基准决策策略以及相应的算法。
第五章，基于设计公差进行特征的加工方法选择；在对零件的特征关系及公差约束关系进行分析之后，提出了加工顺序安排的一系列规则；最后，提出基于设计公差的工艺路线决策算法，并以实例验证了其有效性。
第六章，以三维CAD软件SolidWorks为开发平台，开发了产品定位基准决策与工艺路线自动生成的原型系统，最后给出了实例验证。
第七章，对全文进行了总结，并针对定位基准选择与工艺路线决策算法需进一步开展的工作进行了探讨和展望。
On the basis of comprehensive analysis for recent research status of process routing decision, binding projects supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50275136), State 863 Project of China (2001AA412160) and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang (502016), the methodology and technology of position planning and process routing decision is studied.
In chapter 1, state-of-the-arts of CAPP and process routing decision are summarized. The relation between position planning, process routing decision and tolerance is discussed. The main contents, general structure scheme of this thesis are given.
In chapter 2, geometrical product specifications (GPS) and technologically and topologically related surface (TTRS) theory are introduced. The feature description faced to process routing decision is discussed. The feature technology and feature-based model of mechanical part is studied.
In chapter 3, the information of mechanical part is analyzed. Based on the 3D CAD system, the feature-based model of mechanical part faced to process routing decision is structured.
In chapter 4, the tolerance constraints of mechanical part is studied. An algorithm for position planning is given based on the analysis of tolerance constraints, DOF (Degree of freedom) constraints, feature's topological relation, etc..
In chapter 5, the method of feature's process designing and sequencing is studied on the basis of tolerance constraints analysis. A set of rules is summed up. An algorithm for process routing decision based on tolerance is put forward.
In chapter 6, based on the 3D CAD system (SolidWorks), a prototype system for position planning and process routing decision is developed.
In chapter 7, the main results and conclusions of this thesis are summarized and the future research work is prospected.
第一章，阐述了计算机辅助工艺设计和工艺路线决策的研究现状和发展趋势，分析了设计公差与定位基准决策和工艺路线生成的关系，提出了本论文的主要内容和结构安排。
第二章，在介绍产品几何技术规范(GPS)以及TTRS理论对特征的定义和分类的基础上，引入了应用于工艺路线设计层面的特征描述，阐述了工艺路线设计与CAD系统集成的方法：特征技术和零件特征模型。
第三章，在对工艺路线设计所需的零件信息进行分析的基础上，提出了面向工艺路线设计的零件特征模型及其数据结构；基于三维CAD系统中的零件实体模型和特征结构，研究了三维CAD系统中特征信息的提取，实现了面向工艺路线设计的零件特征模型的构建。
第四章，分析了零件的设计公差对定位基准决策的影响，研究了零件的公差约束及其表达；通过对零件进行公差约束、自由度约束、特征的可定位性以及加工方向等分析，提出了一种新的基于设计公差的定位基准决策策略以及相应的算法。
第五章，基于设计公差进行特征的加工方法选择；在对零件的特征关系及公差约束关系进行分析之后，提出了加工顺序安排的一系列规则；最后，提出基于设计公差的工艺路线决策算法，并以实例验证了其有效性。
第六章，以三维CAD软件SolidWorks为开发平台，开发了产品定位基准决策与工艺路线自动生成的原型系统，最后给出了实例验证。
第七章，对全文进行了总结，并针对定位基准选择与工艺路线决策算法需进一步开展的工作进行了探讨和展望。
On the basis of comprehensive analysis for recent research status of process routing decision, binding projects supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50275136), State 863 Project of China (2001AA412160) and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang (502016), the methodology and technology of position planning and process routing decision is studied.
In chapter 1, state-of-the-arts of CAPP and process routing decision are summarized. The relation between position planning, process routing decision and tolerance is discussed. The main contents, general structure scheme of this thesis are given.
In chapter 2, geometrical product specifications (GPS) and technologically and topologically related surface (TTRS) theory are introduced. The feature description faced to process routing decision is discussed. The feature technology and feature-based model of mechanical part is studied.
In chapter 3, the information of mechanical part is analyzed. Based on the 3D CAD system, the feature-based model of mechanical part faced to process routing decision is structured.
In chapter 4, the tolerance constraints of mechanical part is studied. An algorithm for position planning is given based on the analysis of tolerance constraints, DOF (Degree of freedom) constraints, feature's topological relation, etc..
In chapter 5, the method of feature's process designing and sequencing is studied on the basis of tolerance constraints analysis. A set of rules is summed up. An algorithm for process routing decision based on tolerance is put forward.
In chapter 6, based on the 3D CAD system (SolidWorks), a prototype system for position planning and process routing decision is developed.
In chapter 7, the main results and conclusions of this thesis are summarized and the future research work is prospected.
引文
1、赵良才．计算机辅助工艺设计．北京：机械工业出版社．1994．
2、肖伟跃．CAPP中的智能信息处理技术．国防科技大学出版社．2002．
3、赵汝嘉，孙波．计算机辅助工艺设计(CAPP)．北京：机械工业出版社．2003．
4、Faruk Cay, Constantin Chassapis. An IT view on perspectives of computer aided process planning research. Computers in Industry. 1997.34:307-337.
5、屠立，王耀．CAPP系统的开发现状和发展趋势．机电工程技术．2002．31(4)．
6、H. A. ELMaraghy. Evolution and future perspectives of CAPP[J]. Annals of the CIRP, 1993(2):106-124.
7、T. Gupta, B. K. Ghosh. A survey of expert systems in manufacturing and process planning. Comput. Ind. 1998. 11 : 195-204.
8、X.H. Shan, A. Y. C. Nee, N. Poo. Integrated application of expert systems and neutral networks for machining operation sequencing. Winter Annual meeting of the ASME. Anaheim. CA. USA. Nov. 8-13. Neutral Networks in Manufacturing and Robotics ASME. PED 57. pp.117-126.
9、D.A. Kiritsis. Review of Knowledge-Based Expert Systems for Process Planning: Methods and Problems. Int. j. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 1995(10):240-262.
10、张为民等．基于协作的动态CAPP系统设计与开发．制造业自动化．2000(6)．
11、褚学宁．基于视觉形象思维的人机协同智能工艺设计系统研究．合肥工业大学博士学位论文．2001
12、吴朝辉等．基于智能多主体的工艺设计系统DES-CAPP．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报．1998(3)．
13、蒲建等．工艺规划中的组合优化问题．清华大学学报．1997(8)．
14、王细洋，万在红．CAPP的关键问题及其对策．制造业自动化．2000．22(2)．
15、饶运清，蔡力钢等．基于分级规划的加工方法排序规则研究．华中理工大学学报．1999．27(2)．
16、Wang Xiyang. Use of genetic algorithms to sequence the machining operations of parts [J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. 1998.11 (2):129-135.
17、马玉敏，陈炳森，张为民．基于多条工艺路线单元构建的遗传算法．成组技术与生产现代化．2001．18(1)．
18、Jiannan Mei, Hong-C Zhang, J. B. William. Oldham. A neural network approach for datum selection in Computer-aided process planning. Computer in Industry. 1995.27.
19、王师雨．基于特征的智能型CAPP系统中工艺路线生成的研究．航空工艺技术．1995(2)．
20、王细洋，万在红．零件工艺路线决策的主干约束匹配法．制造技术与机床．2001(3)．
21、刘长安，查黎敏．工艺规划决策模型与实例动态归纳．中国机械工程．2002．13(14)．
22、S.H. Huang. A graph-matrix approach to setup planning in computer-aided process planning (CAPP). PhD Dissertation. Texas Tech. University. 1995.
23、Samuel H. Huang. Automated Setup Planning for Lathe Machining. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 1998.17(3): 196-208.
24、S. K. Ong, A. C. Y. Nee. Fuzzy-set-based approach for con-current constraint set-up planning [J]. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. 1996. 7(2): 107～120.
25、R. R. Wu, H. M. Zhang. Object-oriented and fuzzy-set-based approach for set-up planning [J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacture Technology. 1998. 14(5):406-411.
26、郑联语，谷强，汪叔淳．装夹规划中确定工件定位基准的神经网络决策机制．航空学报．2001．22(2)．
27、秦宝荣，王宁生．基于模糊综合评判的定位基准决策．制造技术与机床．2002(10)．
28、高健，唐增宝等．基于特征的产品定义模型与CAD／CAPP集成．华中理工大学学报．1995．23(3)．
29、J. R. Boerma and H. J. J. Kals. FIXES, A System for Automatic Selection of Set-Ups and Design of Fixtures. Annals of CIRP. 1988.37(1):443-446.
30、X. Huang and P. Gu. Tolerance Analysis in Setup and Fixture Planning for Precision Machining. Proc. Of 4th Int. Conf. on Computer Integrated Mfg. and Automation Technology. Oct. 10-12, 1994 (Troy. NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 1994):298-305.
31、H. C. Zhang, S. H. Huang and J. Mei. Operational Dimensioning and Tolerancing in Process Planning: Setup Planning. Int. Journal of Production Research. 1996.34(7):1841-1858.
32、B. K. A. Ngoi and C. T. Ong. Product and Process Dimensioning and Tolerancing Techniques. A State-of-the-Art Review. Int J Adv. Manuf. Technol.(1998)14:910-917.
33、S. Demey, H. Van Brussel, H. Derache. Determining set-ups for mechanical workpieces. Robotics and Comput-Integrated Manu.. 1996.12(2): 195.
34、H. C. Wu, T. C. Chang. Automated setup selection of feature-based process planning. Int. J. Prod. Res. 1998.36(3):695.
35、D. A. King and A. de Sam Lazato. Process and Tolerance Considerations in the Automated Design of Fixtuers. Journal of Eng. For Industry. 1994.116:480-486.
36、Delbressine F. L. M, et al. On the automatic generation of set-ups given a feature-based design representation. Annals of the CIRP. 1993.4(12):527.
37、H. C. Zhang, E. Lin. A hybrid graph approach for automated setup planning in capp. Robotics and Comput-Integrated Manu.. 1999.15:89-100.
38、衷裕水，范生祥．CAPP系统中工艺路线生成研究．航空精密制造技术．1994．30(4)．
39、方红芳．设计公差和工序公差并行设计的研究．[博士学位论文]．浙江大学，杭州．1997．
40、Y. F. Zhang, et al. A hybrid approach to computer-aided process planning for prismatic parts. Proceedings of ASME Computer in Engineering Conference. 1994.
41、K. Jha, B. Gurumoorthy. Automatic propagation of feature modification domains. Computer-Aided Design. 2000.32(12).
42、U. Roy, C. R. Liu. Feature-based representational scheme of a solid modeler for providing dimensioning and tolerancing information. Robotics Computer-Integrated Manufact. 1988,
4(3/4): 335～345.
43、J.J. Shah. Assessment of Features Technology. Computer-aided Design. 1991.23(5):331-343.
44、V. Srinvasan. An Integrated View of Geometrical Product Specification and Verification. Proceedings of 7rd CIRP Seminars on Computer Aided Tolerancing. 2001:7～16.
45、A. Bailu, L. Mathieu, J. Y. Dantan. Global View of Geometrical Specifications. Proceedings of 7rd CIRP Seminars on Computer Aided Tolerancing. 2001 : 19～31.
46、V. Srinivasan. A Geometrical product specification language based on a classification of symmetry groups. Computer Aided Design. 1999, 31: 659～668.
47、A. Clement, A. Riviere. Tolerancing versus nominal modeling in next generation CAD/CAM system. Proceedings of 3rd CIRP Seminars on Computer Aided Tolerancing. 1993:97～114.
48、F. L. Krause, S. Kramer. Virtual Spaces to Support Feature-Based Computer Aided Design. Proceedings EWITD'94 Conference. 1994. ICST Ⅰ:72-92.
49、程剑兵，卢继平．基于特征的工艺决策．北京轻工业学院学报．1999．17(1)．
50、范云青，冯秀娟，周建华著．CAD软件设计．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．1996．
51、宋长新．CAD／CAPP／CAM系统的零件特征建模．西安工业学院学报．1998．18(2)．
52、姬舒平，马玉林，周为．简述CAD／CAPP／CAM的特征技术(下)．佳木斯工学院学报．1998．16(2)．
53、Salomons, F. J. A. M.van Houten, H. J. J. Kals. Review of Research in Feature - Based Design. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 1994.12(2): 113-132.
54、孟明辰，王革．机械零件的特征建模系统．清华大学学报(自然科学版)．1995．35(2)．
55、漆海卫，杨明朗．采用基于特征的零件信息模型技术实现CAD／CAPP／CAM的集成．南昌大学学报(工科版)．1996．18(1)．
56、金烨，陈国忠．轴类零件特征建模技术研究及实践．机械设计与研究．1997(4)．
57、田怀文．微机环境下机械CAD与CAPP的接口．西南交通大学学报．1997．3(4)．
58、屈利刚．SolidWorks中基于特征的实体建模技术研究．沈阳航空工业学院学报．2001．18(3)．
59、江洪，李仲兴，邢启恩著．SolidWorks 2003二次开发基础与实例教程．北京：电子工业出版社．2003．6．
60、SolidWorks. SolidWorks 2003 API Help. 2003.
61、J.R. Boerma et al.. Annals of the CIRP. 1988.37(1):443.
62、吴丹，王先逵，蒲建．非回转体零件的自动装夹规划．制造技术与机床．1998(3)．
63、Y. C. Chou, V. Chandru and M. M. Barash. A Mathematical Approach to Automatic Configuration of Machining Fixtures: Analysis and Synthesis. Journal of Eng. For Industry. 1989. 111:299-306.
64、R.J. Menassa and W. R. De Vries. A Design Synthesis and Optimization Method for Fixtures with Compliant Elements. ASME Symp. On Advances in Integrated Product Design and Mfg. 1990:203-218.
65、G. Halevi and R. D. Weill. Process Planning Principles: A Logical Approach. New York:
Chapman & Hall. 1995.
66、H. P. Wang and J. K. Li. Computer-Aided Process Planning. New York: Elsevier. 1991.
67、张永康，黄翔．基于特征的工艺生成方法的研究．机械制造与自动化．2002(4)．
68、葛友华．基于PDM的CAPP关键技术的研究与实现．南京：南京航空航天大学出版社．2000．
69、吴昭同，杨将新等编著．计算机辅助公差优化设计．杭州：浙江大学出版社．1999．
70、杨将新等．机械加工成本—公差模型的研究．中国机械工程．1996．7(6)：41-42．
71、F.H. Speck. Calculation of Tolerance based on a Minimum Cost Approach. ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry. 1972.94(2):447-453.
72、G.H. Sutherland, B. Roth. Mechanism Design: Accounting for Manufacturing Tolerances and Costs in Function Generation. ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry. 1975.98(3):283-286.
73、Z. Dong, et al.. New Production Cost-Tolerance Models for Tolerance Synthesis. ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry. 1994.116(5):119-206.
74、H. Vasseur, et al.. Use of a Quality Loss Function to Select Statistical Tolerances. Transactions of ASME. 1997.119:410-416.
75、C.K. Kailash. Methodology for Tolerance Design Using Quality Loss Function. Computers Ind. Eng.. 1990.119(1-4):254-257.
76、J. Angus. Economic Tolerance Design for Quality. Quality and Reliability Engineering International. 1995.11 : 113-121.
77、P. L. C. Chen, S. R. Le Clatir. Integration of Design and Manufacture: Solving Setup Generation and Feature Sequencing Using an Unsuperised Learning Approach. Computer-Aided Design. 1994.26(1).
78、傅水根等编著．机械制造工艺基础．北京：清华大学出版社．1998．
79、王启平．机械制造工艺学．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社．1988．
80、Zhang Yi-zhu, et al.. The Development of Gear Pump CAD/CAPP Based on SolidWorks. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science). 2002.41.
81、张胜男，黄有群等．微机CAD软件的新进展．沈阳工业大学学报．1998．20(5)．
82、Solidworks软件背景介绍．http://www.mcadtools.net/show.asp?id=323．
83、冷向君编著．Visual Basic 5.0(中文版)入门与提高．北京：清华大学出版社．1998．
84、李楠，李志强编著．Visual Basic 6.0入门与提高．北京：人民邮电出版社．1998．
2、肖伟跃．CAPP中的智能信息处理技术．国防科技大学出版社．2002．
3、赵汝嘉，孙波．计算机辅助工艺设计(CAPP)．北京：机械工业出版社．2003．
4、Faruk Cay, Constantin Chassapis. An IT view on perspectives of computer aided process planning research. Computers in Industry. 1997.34:307-337.
5、屠立，王耀．CAPP系统的开发现状和发展趋势．机电工程技术．2002．31(4)．
6、H. A. ELMaraghy. Evolution and future perspectives of CAPP[J]. Annals of the CIRP, 1993(2):106-124.
7、T. Gupta, B. K. Ghosh. A survey of expert systems in manufacturing and process planning. Comput. Ind. 1998. 11 : 195-204.
8、X.H. Shan, A. Y. C. Nee, N. Poo. Integrated application of expert systems and neutral networks for machining operation sequencing. Winter Annual meeting of the ASME. Anaheim. CA. USA. Nov. 8-13. Neutral Networks in Manufacturing and Robotics ASME. PED 57. pp.117-126.
9、D.A. Kiritsis. Review of Knowledge-Based Expert Systems for Process Planning: Methods and Problems. Int. j. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 1995(10):240-262.
10、张为民等．基于协作的动态CAPP系统设计与开发．制造业自动化．2000(6)．
11、褚学宁．基于视觉形象思维的人机协同智能工艺设计系统研究．合肥工业大学博士学位论文．2001
12、吴朝辉等．基于智能多主体的工艺设计系统DES-CAPP．计算机辅助设计与图形学学报．1998(3)．
13、蒲建等．工艺规划中的组合优化问题．清华大学学报．1997(8)．
14、王细洋，万在红．CAPP的关键问题及其对策．制造业自动化．2000．22(2)．
15、饶运清，蔡力钢等．基于分级规划的加工方法排序规则研究．华中理工大学学报．1999．27(2)．
16、Wang Xiyang. Use of genetic algorithms to sequence the machining operations of parts [J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. 1998.11 (2):129-135.
17、马玉敏，陈炳森，张为民．基于多条工艺路线单元构建的遗传算法．成组技术与生产现代化．2001．18(1)．
18、Jiannan Mei, Hong-C Zhang, J. B. William. Oldham. A neural network approach for datum selection in Computer-aided process planning. Computer in Industry. 1995.27.
19、王师雨．基于特征的智能型CAPP系统中工艺路线生成的研究．航空工艺技术．1995(2)．
20、王细洋，万在红．零件工艺路线决策的主干约束匹配法．制造技术与机床．2001(3)．
21、刘长安，查黎敏．工艺规划决策模型与实例动态归纳．中国机械工程．2002．13(14)．
22、S.H. Huang. A graph-matrix approach to setup planning in computer-aided process planning (CAPP). PhD Dissertation. Texas Tech. University. 1995.
23、Samuel H. Huang. Automated Setup Planning for Lathe Machining. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 1998.17(3): 196-208.
24、S. K. Ong, A. C. Y. Nee. Fuzzy-set-based approach for con-current constraint set-up planning [J]. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing. 1996. 7(2): 107～120.
25、R. R. Wu, H. M. Zhang. Object-oriented and fuzzy-set-based approach for set-up planning [J]. International Journal of Advanced Manufacture Technology. 1998. 14(5):406-411.
26、郑联语，谷强，汪叔淳．装夹规划中确定工件定位基准的神经网络决策机制．航空学报．2001．22(2)．
27、秦宝荣，王宁生．基于模糊综合评判的定位基准决策．制造技术与机床．2002(10)．
28、高健，唐增宝等．基于特征的产品定义模型与CAD／CAPP集成．华中理工大学学报．1995．23(3)．
29、J. R. Boerma and H. J. J. Kals. FIXES, A System for Automatic Selection of Set-Ups and Design of Fixtures. Annals of CIRP. 1988.37(1):443-446.
30、X. Huang and P. Gu. Tolerance Analysis in Setup and Fixture Planning for Precision Machining. Proc. Of 4th Int. Conf. on Computer Integrated Mfg. and Automation Technology. Oct. 10-12, 1994 (Troy. NY: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 1994):298-305.
31、H. C. Zhang, S. H. Huang and J. Mei. Operational Dimensioning and Tolerancing in Process Planning: Setup Planning. Int. Journal of Production Research. 1996.34(7):1841-1858.
32、B. K. A. Ngoi and C. T. Ong. Product and Process Dimensioning and Tolerancing Techniques. A State-of-the-Art Review. Int J Adv. Manuf. Technol.(1998)14:910-917.
33、S. Demey, H. Van Brussel, H. Derache. Determining set-ups for mechanical workpieces. Robotics and Comput-Integrated Manu.. 1996.12(2): 195.
34、H. C. Wu, T. C. Chang. Automated setup selection of feature-based process planning. Int. J. Prod. Res. 1998.36(3):695.
35、D. A. King and A. de Sam Lazato. Process and Tolerance Considerations in the Automated Design of Fixtuers. Journal of Eng. For Industry. 1994.116:480-486.
36、Delbressine F. L. M, et al. On the automatic generation of set-ups given a feature-based design representation. Annals of the CIRP. 1993.4(12):527.
37、H. C. Zhang, E. Lin. A hybrid graph approach for automated setup planning in capp. Robotics and Comput-Integrated Manu.. 1999.15:89-100.
38、衷裕水，范生祥．CAPP系统中工艺路线生成研究．航空精密制造技术．1994．30(4)．
39、方红芳．设计公差和工序公差并行设计的研究．[博士学位论文]．浙江大学，杭州．1997．
40、Y. F. Zhang, et al. A hybrid approach to computer-aided process planning for prismatic parts. Proceedings of ASME Computer in Engineering Conference. 1994.
41、K. Jha, B. Gurumoorthy. Automatic propagation of feature modification domains. Computer-Aided Design. 2000.32(12).
42、U. Roy, C. R. Liu. Feature-based representational scheme of a solid modeler for providing dimensioning and tolerancing information. Robotics Computer-Integrated Manufact. 1988,
4(3/4): 335～345.
43、J.J. Shah. Assessment of Features Technology. Computer-aided Design. 1991.23(5):331-343.
44、V. Srinvasan. An Integrated View of Geometrical Product Specification and Verification. Proceedings of 7rd CIRP Seminars on Computer Aided Tolerancing. 2001:7～16.
45、A. Bailu, L. Mathieu, J. Y. Dantan. Global View of Geometrical Specifications. Proceedings of 7rd CIRP Seminars on Computer Aided Tolerancing. 2001 : 19～31.
46、V. Srinivasan. A Geometrical product specification language based on a classification of symmetry groups. Computer Aided Design. 1999, 31: 659～668.
47、A. Clement, A. Riviere. Tolerancing versus nominal modeling in next generation CAD/CAM system. Proceedings of 3rd CIRP Seminars on Computer Aided Tolerancing. 1993:97～114.
48、F. L. Krause, S. Kramer. Virtual Spaces to Support Feature-Based Computer Aided Design. Proceedings EWITD'94 Conference. 1994. ICST Ⅰ:72-92.
49、程剑兵，卢继平．基于特征的工艺决策．北京轻工业学院学报．1999．17(1)．
50、范云青，冯秀娟，周建华著．CAD软件设计．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．1996．
51、宋长新．CAD／CAPP／CAM系统的零件特征建模．西安工业学院学报．1998．18(2)．
52、姬舒平，马玉林，周为．简述CAD／CAPP／CAM的特征技术(下)．佳木斯工学院学报．1998．16(2)．
53、Salomons, F. J. A. M.van Houten, H. J. J. Kals. Review of Research in Feature - Based Design. Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 1994.12(2): 113-132.
54、孟明辰，王革．机械零件的特征建模系统．清华大学学报(自然科学版)．1995．35(2)．
55、漆海卫，杨明朗．采用基于特征的零件信息模型技术实现CAD／CAPP／CAM的集成．南昌大学学报(工科版)．1996．18(1)．
56、金烨，陈国忠．轴类零件特征建模技术研究及实践．机械设计与研究．1997(4)．
57、田怀文．微机环境下机械CAD与CAPP的接口．西南交通大学学报．1997．3(4)．
58、屈利刚．SolidWorks中基于特征的实体建模技术研究．沈阳航空工业学院学报．2001．18(3)．
59、江洪，李仲兴，邢启恩著．SolidWorks 2003二次开发基础与实例教程．北京：电子工业出版社．2003．6．
60、SolidWorks. SolidWorks 2003 API Help. 2003.
61、J.R. Boerma et al.. Annals of the CIRP. 1988.37(1):443.
62、吴丹，王先逵，蒲建．非回转体零件的自动装夹规划．制造技术与机床．1998(3)．
63、Y. C. Chou, V. Chandru and M. M. Barash. A Mathematical Approach to Automatic Configuration of Machining Fixtures: Analysis and Synthesis. Journal of Eng. For Industry. 1989. 111:299-306.
64、R.J. Menassa and W. R. De Vries. A Design Synthesis and Optimization Method for Fixtures with Compliant Elements. ASME Symp. On Advances in Integrated Product Design and Mfg. 1990:203-218.
65、G. Halevi and R. D. Weill. Process Planning Principles: A Logical Approach. New York:
Chapman & Hall. 1995.
66、H. P. Wang and J. K. Li. Computer-Aided Process Planning. New York: Elsevier. 1991.
67、张永康，黄翔．基于特征的工艺生成方法的研究．机械制造与自动化．2002(4)．
68、葛友华．基于PDM的CAPP关键技术的研究与实现．南京：南京航空航天大学出版社．2000．
69、吴昭同，杨将新等编著．计算机辅助公差优化设计．杭州：浙江大学出版社．1999．
70、杨将新等．机械加工成本—公差模型的研究．中国机械工程．1996．7(6)：41-42．
71、F.H. Speck. Calculation of Tolerance based on a Minimum Cost Approach. ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry. 1972.94(2):447-453.
72、G.H. Sutherland, B. Roth. Mechanism Design: Accounting for Manufacturing Tolerances and Costs in Function Generation. ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry. 1975.98(3):283-286.
73、Z. Dong, et al.. New Production Cost-Tolerance Models for Tolerance Synthesis. ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry. 1994.116(5):119-206.
74、H. Vasseur, et al.. Use of a Quality Loss Function to Select Statistical Tolerances. Transactions of ASME. 1997.119:410-416.
75、C.K. Kailash. Methodology for Tolerance Design Using Quality Loss Function. Computers Ind. Eng.. 1990.119(1-4):254-257.
76、J. Angus. Economic Tolerance Design for Quality. Quality and Reliability Engineering International. 1995.11 : 113-121.
77、P. L. C. Chen, S. R. Le Clatir. Integration of Design and Manufacture: Solving Setup Generation and Feature Sequencing Using an Unsuperised Learning Approach. Computer-Aided Design. 1994.26(1).
78、傅水根等编著．机械制造工艺基础．北京：清华大学出版社．1998．
79、王启平．机械制造工艺学．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社．1988．
80、Zhang Yi-zhu, et al.. The Development of Gear Pump CAD/CAPP Based on SolidWorks. Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science). 2002.41.
81、张胜男，黄有群等．微机CAD软件的新进展．沈阳工业大学学报．1998．20(5)．
82、Solidworks软件背景介绍．http://www.mcadtools.net/show.asp?id=323．
83、冷向君编著．Visual Basic 5.0(中文版)入门与提高．北京：清华大学出版社．1998．
84、李楠，李志强编著．Visual Basic 6.0入门与提高．北京：人民邮电出版社．1998．