专家系统在产品可制造性分析中的应用研究
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摘要
近年来，专家系统技术已广泛应用到工业、农业、军事、医学以及国民经济和社会生活的各个方面。将专家系统的研究应用于产品的可制造性分析中，利用它指导产品设计，对于提高产品质量，缩短产品的开发周期，降低产品的制造成本具有显著的应用效果。
本文细致研究和分析了专家系统技术在产品可制造性分析中的应用。论述了专家系统的一般结构和特点，以及相关的知识表示方法和推理技术，讨论了可制造性分析的策略、度量尺度和分析方法。依据产品可制造性分析的功能要求和特点，采用基于特征的可制造性分析方法，建立产品可制造性分析系统原型，并对其系统结构、知识表示、推理机制等方面做了一些有意义的研究工作。
知识的表示与组织是专家系统的关键技术之一。以机加工零件为例，研究了产品的可制造性分析知识的组成、分类和特点，结合零件的特征表示和知识的一般表达方法，本着提高推理效率的思想，提出了一种混合的产品可制造性分析知识表达方法，并提出产品可制造性分析知识库的组织策略，采用关系型数据库建立了产品可制造性分析知识库。在推理机制的研究方面，在对系统推理机的功能和性能要求进行分析的基础上，研究了零件可制造性分析系统的推理策略，采用正向分类的推理方法建立产品可制造性分析推理机。推理机直接从零件模型信息文件中提取事实，避免了要求用户根据产品模型输入大量事实或回答大量问题，大大简化了系统的操作。推理过程中采用关键词对知识库进行分类，以提高系统效率。
基于上述研究和分析，开发了基于特征和知识的产品可制造性分析系统原型，用于对产品的设计模型进行分析和评价，以指导和加快产品设计过程。
In recent years, the technology of expert system is already broadly used in industry, agriculture, military, medical science and national economies with each aspect of society life.It is applied to product manufacturability analysis in manufacturing industry and guiding the product designs, and it will have remarkable effect on improving product quality, reducing lead-time and cost of product.
The technology of expert system applied to product manufacturability analysis is researched in this paper. The general construction and the characteristics of the expert system, some knowledge representation methods and inference technique are discussed. The paper introduces the strategy, the dimensions and the methods of product manufacturability analysis. This dissertation gives a product manufacturability analysis prototype system with feature-based method, it also puts forward some new methods concerned on system construction, knowledge representation and inference engine.
Knowledge representation and organization is one of the key technique of expert system in the buildup. With the mechanical parts for a characteristic, a kind of mixed knowledge representation method which can represent product manufacturability analysis is developed after studying the composing, the classification and the characteristics of product manufacturability knowledge, joining together parts feature representation with the representation method of knowledge to improve the efficiency of inference engine. Based on relational data base technique,the knowledgy base is organized. In the aspects of inference research, the inference engine is designed adopting to forward-reasoning and classf ication method. The inference engine can obtain the information from product molding file instead of inputting much of data or answering many questions so as to simplify the operation of the user very much. During the process of inference, the knowledge base is classified by the keywords to improve the system efficiency
.
Base on the above researches, a feature and knowledge-based prototype system of product manufacturability analysis is developed, used for proceeding the analysis to the design model of the product and guiding and quickening product design process.
本文细致研究和分析了专家系统技术在产品可制造性分析中的应用。论述了专家系统的一般结构和特点，以及相关的知识表示方法和推理技术，讨论了可制造性分析的策略、度量尺度和分析方法。依据产品可制造性分析的功能要求和特点，采用基于特征的可制造性分析方法，建立产品可制造性分析系统原型，并对其系统结构、知识表示、推理机制等方面做了一些有意义的研究工作。
知识的表示与组织是专家系统的关键技术之一。以机加工零件为例，研究了产品的可制造性分析知识的组成、分类和特点，结合零件的特征表示和知识的一般表达方法，本着提高推理效率的思想，提出了一种混合的产品可制造性分析知识表达方法，并提出产品可制造性分析知识库的组织策略，采用关系型数据库建立了产品可制造性分析知识库。在推理机制的研究方面，在对系统推理机的功能和性能要求进行分析的基础上，研究了零件可制造性分析系统的推理策略，采用正向分类的推理方法建立产品可制造性分析推理机。推理机直接从零件模型信息文件中提取事实，避免了要求用户根据产品模型输入大量事实或回答大量问题，大大简化了系统的操作。推理过程中采用关键词对知识库进行分类，以提高系统效率。
基于上述研究和分析，开发了基于特征和知识的产品可制造性分析系统原型，用于对产品的设计模型进行分析和评价，以指导和加快产品设计过程。
In recent years, the technology of expert system is already broadly used in industry, agriculture, military, medical science and national economies with each aspect of society life.It is applied to product manufacturability analysis in manufacturing industry and guiding the product designs, and it will have remarkable effect on improving product quality, reducing lead-time and cost of product.
The technology of expert system applied to product manufacturability analysis is researched in this paper. The general construction and the characteristics of the expert system, some knowledge representation methods and inference technique are discussed. The paper introduces the strategy, the dimensions and the methods of product manufacturability analysis. This dissertation gives a product manufacturability analysis prototype system with feature-based method, it also puts forward some new methods concerned on system construction, knowledge representation and inference engine.
Knowledge representation and organization is one of the key technique of expert system in the buildup. With the mechanical parts for a characteristic, a kind of mixed knowledge representation method which can represent product manufacturability analysis is developed after studying the composing, the classification and the characteristics of product manufacturability knowledge, joining together parts feature representation with the representation method of knowledge to improve the efficiency of inference engine. Based on relational data base technique,the knowledgy base is organized. In the aspects of inference research, the inference engine is designed adopting to forward-reasoning and classf ication method. The inference engine can obtain the information from product molding file instead of inputting much of data or answering many questions so as to simplify the operation of the user very much. During the process of inference, the knowledge base is classified by the keywords to improve the system efficiency
.
Base on the above researches, a feature and knowledge-based prototype system of product manufacturability analysis is developed, used for proceeding the analysis to the design model of the product and guiding and quickening product design process.
引文
[1] 宋玉银，蔡复之等．产品并行设计技术研究．计算机集成制造系统．1996，(9)，VoL．6，No．3：9-12
[2] K. L. Edwards,Towards more strategic product design for manufacture and assembly:priorities for strategic product concurrent engineering,Materials and Design,Vol. 23,651-656,2002.
[3] Paul Heidenreich. Designing for Manufacturability. Quality Progress. 1988,(5).
[4] Boothroyd G. Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly. Manufacturing Engineering, April 1988: 42-46.
[5] Boothroyd G. Design for Assembly —— The Key to Desing for Manufacture. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 1987,2(3) :3-11
[6] Boothroyd G. Product Design for Manufacturability Assembly, CAD, 1994, 26(7): 505-515.
[7] Boothroyd G, Dewhurst P. Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly. Computer_aided Design, 1994, 26(7): 165-173
[8] Tannar G E Manufacturing Engineering. Florida: Marcel Dekker inc. 1991.
[9] Sub N P, Rinderle J R.Qualitative and quantitative use design and manufacturing axioms. Annals of the CIRP, 1982.31(1): 333-338
[10] Xue D, Dong Z. Developing a quantitative intelligent system for implementing concurrent engineering design.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1994, 5.
[11] Samuel E O-O part design use manufacturing features. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1994, 5.
[12] 宋玉银，成晔等．基于知识的集成化机械零件DFM方法研究．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，1999，39(8)：21-24
[13] 宋玉银，肖亦辉，成晔等．产品可制造性及其评价方法研究．清华大学学报，1998，38(10)：111-114．
[14] 宋玉银，褚秀萍，蔡复之．基于特征的零件可制造性评价方法．河北理工学院学报．1999(5)．Vol．21No．2：27-33
[15] 王永庆．人工智能原理与方法．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1998．
[16] Buchanan, B.G and Feigenbaum, E. A, "DENDRRAL and Meta-DENDRAL: Their Applications Dimension," Artificial Intelligence, 11, pp. 5-24, 1978.
[17] Davis, R., Buchanan, B. G., and Shortliffe, E. H., "Production Sysytem as a Representation for a Knowledge-based Consultation Program," Artificial Intelligence, 8, (1), pp. 15-45, 1977.
[18] 冯淑敏，何幼英．专家系统在回转体零件CAPP中的应用．上海应用技术学院学报，2001，(6)：41-44．
[19] 胡庆夕．面向制造的设计系统中的可制造性评价方法与应用．高技术通讯．1998(9)：30-35
[20] 黄妙华，胡庆夕等．基于模糊理论的面向并行工程工艺咨询方法研究．中国机械工程，1997，(3)．
[21] 高峰，胡庆夕等．基于制造约束的零件可制造性评价．华中理工大学学报，1997，(3)：21-23．
[22] 孟亚峰等．通用雷达故障诊断专家系统的设计．测试技术学报，2002，(3)．
[23] 冯兰君等．燃气轮机故障诊断专家系统的设计与实现．电子科技大学学报，2000，29(3)：278-281
[24] 成曙等．基于知识的汽车电气设备智能故障诊断系统．计算机应用研究，2004，(2)：169-185．
[25] Duda, R., Gaschnig, J., and Hart, R, "Model Design in the PROSPECTOR Consultant System for Mineral Exploration," D. Michie, ed., Expert Systems in the Micro-Electronic Age, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 153-167, 1979.
[26] 杨宇姝等．农业专家系统中知识获取组织的研究与应用．农业系统可与综合研究，2002，18(2)：152-154．
[27] Neil A. Stillings, et al., Cognitive Science: An Introduction, MIT Press, 1987.
[28] Joseph Giarratano，Gray Riley著．专家系统原理与编程．印鉴，刘星成，汤庸译．北京：机械工业出版社，2000．
[29] Marvin Minsky, "A Framework for Representing Knowledge," The Psychology of Computer Vision, Partrick Winston, ed., Mc-Graw-Hill, pp. 211-217, 1975.
[30] 蔡自兴，徐光佑．人工智能及其应用(第二版)．北京：清华大学出版社，1996．
[31] M.R. Quillian, "Semantic Memory," Semantic Information Processing, Marvin
Minsky, ed., Mit Press, pp. 227-270, 1968.
[32] Gu P, Zhang Y. OOPPS; An Object-Oriented Process Planning System. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1994,26(4):709-731.
[33] 温有奎．面向对象专家系统的知识表示方法研究．信息系统，2002，25(2)：130-132．
[34] 陈文伟．决策支持系统及其开发(第二版)．北京：清华大学出版社，2000．
[35] Ishii K. Modeling of Concurrent Engineer Desing, In Andrew Kusiak, editor, Concurrent Engineering: Automation, Tools and Techniques, pp. 19-39, Jokn Wiley & sons, Inc., 1993.
[36] Roson D. W. et al., Features and Algorithms for Tooling Cost Evaluation in Injection Molding and Die Casting.In Proceeds of the ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference, pp. 1-8, ASME, 1992
[37] Venkatachalam A. R. Automating Manufacturability Evaluation in CAD System through Expert Systems Approaches. Expert Systems with Applications. 1994, 7(2): 495-506
[38] Chen Y. M. et al., Knowledge-based Manufacturability Assessment: An Object-Oriented Approach. J. of Intelligent Manufacturing. 1995,(6): 321-337
[39] 褚学宁，高保华．并行工程中的产品可制造性评价．机械科学与技术，1998，17(1)：164-165．
[40] Shanker S. R. et al., A Generalized Methodology for Evaluating Manufacturability. In W. G. Sullivan & H. R. Parsaei, editors, Concurrent Engineering, Contemporary Issues and Modem Design Tools, pp. 248-263, Chapman and Hall, 1993.
[41] Miles L. Techniques of Value Analysis and Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1972.
[42] Hazelrigg, G. I. A Framework for Decision Based Design. In ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, V120(4), 1998.
[43] Dept. of Navy. Productability Measurement Guidelines, Final Draft, Dec 1991.
[44] 李桂青，罗持久．工程设计专家系统的原理与程序设计方法．北京：气象出版社，1991．
[2] K. L. Edwards,Towards more strategic product design for manufacture and assembly:priorities for strategic product concurrent engineering,Materials and Design,Vol. 23,651-656,2002.
[3] Paul Heidenreich. Designing for Manufacturability. Quality Progress. 1988,(5).
[4] Boothroyd G. Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly. Manufacturing Engineering, April 1988: 42-46.
[5] Boothroyd G. Design for Assembly —— The Key to Desing for Manufacture. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 1987,2(3) :3-11
[6] Boothroyd G. Product Design for Manufacturability Assembly, CAD, 1994, 26(7): 505-515.
[7] Boothroyd G, Dewhurst P. Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly. Computer_aided Design, 1994, 26(7): 165-173
[8] Tannar G E Manufacturing Engineering. Florida: Marcel Dekker inc. 1991.
[9] Sub N P, Rinderle J R.Qualitative and quantitative use design and manufacturing axioms. Annals of the CIRP, 1982.31(1): 333-338
[10] Xue D, Dong Z. Developing a quantitative intelligent system for implementing concurrent engineering design.Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1994, 5.
[11] Samuel E O-O part design use manufacturing features. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1994, 5.
[12] 宋玉银，成晔等．基于知识的集成化机械零件DFM方法研究．清华大学学报(自然科学版)，1999，39(8)：21-24
[13] 宋玉银，肖亦辉，成晔等．产品可制造性及其评价方法研究．清华大学学报，1998，38(10)：111-114．
[14] 宋玉银，褚秀萍，蔡复之．基于特征的零件可制造性评价方法．河北理工学院学报．1999(5)．Vol．21No．2：27-33
[15] 王永庆．人工智能原理与方法．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1998．
[16] Buchanan, B.G and Feigenbaum, E. A, "DENDRRAL and Meta-DENDRAL: Their Applications Dimension," Artificial Intelligence, 11, pp. 5-24, 1978.
[17] Davis, R., Buchanan, B. G., and Shortliffe, E. H., "Production Sysytem as a Representation for a Knowledge-based Consultation Program," Artificial Intelligence, 8, (1), pp. 15-45, 1977.
[18] 冯淑敏，何幼英．专家系统在回转体零件CAPP中的应用．上海应用技术学院学报，2001，(6)：41-44．
[19] 胡庆夕．面向制造的设计系统中的可制造性评价方法与应用．高技术通讯．1998(9)：30-35
[20] 黄妙华，胡庆夕等．基于模糊理论的面向并行工程工艺咨询方法研究．中国机械工程，1997，(3)．
[21] 高峰，胡庆夕等．基于制造约束的零件可制造性评价．华中理工大学学报，1997，(3)：21-23．
[22] 孟亚峰等．通用雷达故障诊断专家系统的设计．测试技术学报，2002，(3)．
[23] 冯兰君等．燃气轮机故障诊断专家系统的设计与实现．电子科技大学学报，2000，29(3)：278-281
[24] 成曙等．基于知识的汽车电气设备智能故障诊断系统．计算机应用研究，2004，(2)：169-185．
[25] Duda, R., Gaschnig, J., and Hart, R, "Model Design in the PROSPECTOR Consultant System for Mineral Exploration," D. Michie, ed., Expert Systems in the Micro-Electronic Age, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 153-167, 1979.
[26] 杨宇姝等．农业专家系统中知识获取组织的研究与应用．农业系统可与综合研究，2002，18(2)：152-154．
[27] Neil A. Stillings, et al., Cognitive Science: An Introduction, MIT Press, 1987.
[28] Joseph Giarratano，Gray Riley著．专家系统原理与编程．印鉴，刘星成，汤庸译．北京：机械工业出版社，2000．
[29] Marvin Minsky, "A Framework for Representing Knowledge," The Psychology of Computer Vision, Partrick Winston, ed., Mc-Graw-Hill, pp. 211-217, 1975.
[30] 蔡自兴，徐光佑．人工智能及其应用(第二版)．北京：清华大学出版社，1996．
[31] M.R. Quillian, "Semantic Memory," Semantic Information Processing, Marvin
Minsky, ed., Mit Press, pp. 227-270, 1968.
[32] Gu P, Zhang Y. OOPPS; An Object-Oriented Process Planning System. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 1994,26(4):709-731.
[33] 温有奎．面向对象专家系统的知识表示方法研究．信息系统，2002，25(2)：130-132．
[34] 陈文伟．决策支持系统及其开发(第二版)．北京：清华大学出版社，2000．
[35] Ishii K. Modeling of Concurrent Engineer Desing, In Andrew Kusiak, editor, Concurrent Engineering: Automation, Tools and Techniques, pp. 19-39, Jokn Wiley & sons, Inc., 1993.
[36] Roson D. W. et al., Features and Algorithms for Tooling Cost Evaluation in Injection Molding and Die Casting.In Proceeds of the ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference, pp. 1-8, ASME, 1992
[37] Venkatachalam A. R. Automating Manufacturability Evaluation in CAD System through Expert Systems Approaches. Expert Systems with Applications. 1994, 7(2): 495-506
[38] Chen Y. M. et al., Knowledge-based Manufacturability Assessment: An Object-Oriented Approach. J. of Intelligent Manufacturing. 1995,(6): 321-337
[39] 褚学宁，高保华．并行工程中的产品可制造性评价．机械科学与技术，1998，17(1)：164-165．
[40] Shanker S. R. et al., A Generalized Methodology for Evaluating Manufacturability. In W. G. Sullivan & H. R. Parsaei, editors, Concurrent Engineering, Contemporary Issues and Modem Design Tools, pp. 248-263, Chapman and Hall, 1993.
[41] Miles L. Techniques of Value Analysis and Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1972.
[42] Hazelrigg, G. I. A Framework for Decision Based Design. In ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, V120(4), 1998.
[43] Dept. of Navy. Productability Measurement Guidelines, Final Draft, Dec 1991.
[44] 李桂青，罗持久．工程设计专家系统的原理与程序设计方法．北京：气象出版社，1991．