基于生态功能评价的小尺度生态功能区划研究
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摘要
生态环境是人类赖以生存的基础,是保障经济发展和社会进步的必要前提。在长期的经济发展和社会进步中,人们仅仅从经济和社会的角度来考虑区域发展定位和开发方式。这种盲目的对生态环境和资源的开发带来了一系列生态环境问题,严重威胁到人们的生存,并影响着人类的生活水平和生活质量。随着我国和谐社会的提出,建立人与自然的和谐,从三效益最大化的角度进行确定区域发展定位成为很多学者和管理人员重点研究的对象。2007年我国已经基本完成大尺度的全国生态功能区划工作,而中尺度的省市级的生态功能区划工作还在研究阶段。由于大中尺度的生态功能区划只能从大的方针并打破行政区划的角度来确定区域发展定位,其实用性与可执行性不强。以乡镇为单位的小尺度的区县级生态功能区划则更具有可行性和可操作性。
本文在生态功能区划基础理论研究的基础上,及ARCGIS9.3和ERDAS9.1等软件的支持下,以乡镇为评价单元,运用定量和定性分析的方法,从生态环境现状、生态敏感性和生态服务功能三方面对江津区各乡镇的生态功能进行评价,并依据评价结果和江津区区域发展定位对江津区进行生态功能区划。
本文的研究主要包含以下几个阶段：
基础研究部分。主要分析本文选题背景和研究的意义,总结了有关生态功能区划的国内外研究进展及存在的研究不足、阐述了可持续发展理论、生态学理论及景观生态学理论等生态功能区划的相关理论,并分析了本文的研究内容和技术路线。这为本文的生态功能区划研究提供了理论依据。
研究区域分析阶段。确定本文的研究区域为重庆市江津区,研究对象为江津区的生态功能区划,并通过定量与定性结合的方法对江津区的地形地貌、气象水文、土壤状况等自然环境概况和江津区发展定位、经济状况及交通状况等人文和社会经济环境进行分析。
生态功能区划图件处理阶段。基础图件主要是2006年30m分辨率的Landsat TM遥感影像数据、1：10000的地形图、江津区地质灾害防治规划图等。此阶段主要工作是对遥感图像的解译,通过遥感图像的儿何纠正、直方图匹配、图像拼接与图像分割、图像增强与变换对遥感图像进行解译前的处理,然后通过监督分类进行解译,并通过实地抽样踏勘和土地利用现状变更数据进行精度检验,最后将解译后的地类进行整理、叠加、矢量处理、属性数据录入,形成生态功能区划的基础数据库。
生态功能评价是本文的重点研究内容之一。首先,通过层次分析法来确定生态功能评价指标体系,其一级指标有生态环境现状指标、生态敏感性指标和生态服务功能指标。其中生态环境现状指标包含土壤侵蚀强度、地均有效GDP、城乡差距系数、人均建设用地面积、水资源丰富度、生物多样性、地质灾害易发程度、绿地合理度、工业污染强度等9个二级指标,生态敏感性指标包含十壤侵蚀敏感性、生境敏感性、GDP农地弹性系数、单位GDP三废排放量和林地年度减少量等5个二级指标,生态服务功能指标是通过解译各地类的气体和气候调节、涵养水源、侵蚀控制、土壤形成、营养物质保持、废弃物处理、授粉、生物多样性保护、食物供应、原材料、基因资源和娱乐文化等功能值来体现：其次,通过因素成对比较法和特尔菲法来确定各指标的权重,并通过定性与定量结合分析法来确定各指标的标准分值和实际分值；最后汇总出各乡镇的生态功能总值。
生态功能区划阶段是本文的关键部分。在征求相关部门意见的基础上,依据生态功能总分值、各乡镇生态环境特征进行划分分值段和确定分区,并在综合分析区域生态环境特征和发展定位的前提下,最终形成北部沿江产业集聚生态维护区、中部丘陵现代农业生态建设区和南部山区原始生态保护区三个生态区。针对性的分析各生态区的特征、发展定位以及存在的生态环境问题,并依据存在的问题提出科学合理的生态保护与恢复建议。
Ecological environment is not only the basis of human existence, but also the necessary prerequisite of economic development and social progress. In the long-term of economic development and social progress, people chose the regional development orientation and development mode just from the traditional view of economic and society, which has brought a series of ecological and environmental problems to entironment and resource exploitation. It also has become a serious threat to human existence and has affected the quality of life and living standard of people. With the harmonious society to be projected, how to establish harmony between human and environment, and how to locate the regional development orientation from the view of economic, society and ecology have been paid much attention by many academics and managers. Large-scale national ecological function zoning work has been completed in 2007, and the scale of the ecological functions of provincial and municipal zoning work is still in research stage. However, the practicality and enforceability of the large and the medium-scale ecological functions is not strong. In my view, small-scale ecological function zoning districts is more feasible and operable.
In this paper, the evaluation of ecological functions in Jiangjing is by analysis the ecological environment situation, the ecologically sensitive and the ecosystem services, which bases on the studying of theory of ecological function zoning, in support of the software such as the ARCGIS9.3 and ERDAS9.1, setting the town as the evaluation unit, using the analysis of the quantitative analysis and the qualitative analysis, The ecological function zoning is Basing on the evaluation results and regional development orientation of Jiangjin.
This research mainly includes the following phases:
The fundamental research. This article analyzes the background and significance of the research topics, concluding the ecological function zoning research progress and the lack of existing research, elaborate theories of sustainable development, ecology and landscape ecology Progress in ecological function zoning and related theories, Besides which, this part analyzes the content and technical route of th
Study area analysis part. It takes Jiangjin as study area, and identifies Jiangjin's ecological function zoning as subjects. This part mainly analyzes Jiangjin topography, meteorology and hydrology, soil conditions and other natural prof
Map treatment process of eological function zoning. Basic maps are the 30m resolution Landsat TM remote sensing data of 2006,1:5000 topographic maps, and the map of geological disaster prevention planning in Jiangjin. This stage the main work is the interpretation of remote sensing images, the pre-interpretation of remote sensing image processing are remote sensing image geometric correction, histogram matching, image stitching and image segmentation, image enhancement and transformation. The Method of classification and interpretation is monitoring. Through the field sampling survey and investigation, and the land use change data to accuracy test. After classification, the Procedures are the sort, stack, vector processing, then enter tribute data, and forms the basis of ecological function zoning database.
The evaluation of ecological functions is one of the main research contents of this paper. First of all, through the analytic hierarchy process, it determines the ecological evaluation index system. The level indicators are include the indicators of ecological and environment state, the indicators ecological sensitivity and the indicators of ecosystem services. The ecological and environment state indicators includes soil erosion intensity, Economic effective of per land area, rural-urban gap coefficient, per capita construction land, abundance of water resources, biodiversity, geological hazard susceptibility, green reasonable degree, intensity of industrial pollution, status indicators of the ecological sensitivity includes the sensitivity of soil erosion, habitat sensitivity, GDP elasticity of agricultural land, the unit GDP annual forest waste emissions and reductions, Status indicators of the importance of ecosystem services includes the interpretation of parts type of gas and climate regulation, water conservation, erosion control, soil formation, nutrient conservation, waste treatment, pollination, biodiversity conservation, food supply, raw materials, genetic resources and entertainment and cultural values. Secondly, it determines the weight of each index through the way of paired comparison and Delphi method, and through the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis to determine the criteria score and the actual score of each index; Finaly, it gathers the total township value of the ecological functions.
Ecological function zoning stage is a key part of this article. It seeks the views of relevant departments, bases on the total score of ecological functions and the ecological characteristics of each town to determine the division of scores and the partition. And then, it analyzes the regional of ecological environment and development orientation. Ultimately it forms three ecological zones:agglomeration eco-maintenance areas of the north industries area which along the river, the modern agro-ecological construction area of central hilly and the original ecological protection zone in the southern mountainous. At last, it analyzes the specific features of ecological areas, development orientation and existing environmental problems, by which it makes scientific and rational ecological protection and restoration suggestions.
本文在生态功能区划基础理论研究的基础上,及ARCGIS9.3和ERDAS9.1等软件的支持下,以乡镇为评价单元,运用定量和定性分析的方法,从生态环境现状、生态敏感性和生态服务功能三方面对江津区各乡镇的生态功能进行评价,并依据评价结果和江津区区域发展定位对江津区进行生态功能区划。
本文的研究主要包含以下几个阶段：
基础研究部分。主要分析本文选题背景和研究的意义,总结了有关生态功能区划的国内外研究进展及存在的研究不足、阐述了可持续发展理论、生态学理论及景观生态学理论等生态功能区划的相关理论,并分析了本文的研究内容和技术路线。这为本文的生态功能区划研究提供了理论依据。
研究区域分析阶段。确定本文的研究区域为重庆市江津区,研究对象为江津区的生态功能区划,并通过定量与定性结合的方法对江津区的地形地貌、气象水文、土壤状况等自然环境概况和江津区发展定位、经济状况及交通状况等人文和社会经济环境进行分析。
生态功能区划图件处理阶段。基础图件主要是2006年30m分辨率的Landsat TM遥感影像数据、1：10000的地形图、江津区地质灾害防治规划图等。此阶段主要工作是对遥感图像的解译,通过遥感图像的儿何纠正、直方图匹配、图像拼接与图像分割、图像增强与变换对遥感图像进行解译前的处理,然后通过监督分类进行解译,并通过实地抽样踏勘和土地利用现状变更数据进行精度检验,最后将解译后的地类进行整理、叠加、矢量处理、属性数据录入,形成生态功能区划的基础数据库。
生态功能评价是本文的重点研究内容之一。首先,通过层次分析法来确定生态功能评价指标体系,其一级指标有生态环境现状指标、生态敏感性指标和生态服务功能指标。其中生态环境现状指标包含土壤侵蚀强度、地均有效GDP、城乡差距系数、人均建设用地面积、水资源丰富度、生物多样性、地质灾害易发程度、绿地合理度、工业污染强度等9个二级指标,生态敏感性指标包含十壤侵蚀敏感性、生境敏感性、GDP农地弹性系数、单位GDP三废排放量和林地年度减少量等5个二级指标,生态服务功能指标是通过解译各地类的气体和气候调节、涵养水源、侵蚀控制、土壤形成、营养物质保持、废弃物处理、授粉、生物多样性保护、食物供应、原材料、基因资源和娱乐文化等功能值来体现：其次,通过因素成对比较法和特尔菲法来确定各指标的权重,并通过定性与定量结合分析法来确定各指标的标准分值和实际分值；最后汇总出各乡镇的生态功能总值。
生态功能区划阶段是本文的关键部分。在征求相关部门意见的基础上,依据生态功能总分值、各乡镇生态环境特征进行划分分值段和确定分区,并在综合分析区域生态环境特征和发展定位的前提下,最终形成北部沿江产业集聚生态维护区、中部丘陵现代农业生态建设区和南部山区原始生态保护区三个生态区。针对性的分析各生态区的特征、发展定位以及存在的生态环境问题,并依据存在的问题提出科学合理的生态保护与恢复建议。
Ecological environment is not only the basis of human existence, but also the necessary prerequisite of economic development and social progress. In the long-term of economic development and social progress, people chose the regional development orientation and development mode just from the traditional view of economic and society, which has brought a series of ecological and environmental problems to entironment and resource exploitation. It also has become a serious threat to human existence and has affected the quality of life and living standard of people. With the harmonious society to be projected, how to establish harmony between human and environment, and how to locate the regional development orientation from the view of economic, society and ecology have been paid much attention by many academics and managers. Large-scale national ecological function zoning work has been completed in 2007, and the scale of the ecological functions of provincial and municipal zoning work is still in research stage. However, the practicality and enforceability of the large and the medium-scale ecological functions is not strong. In my view, small-scale ecological function zoning districts is more feasible and operable.
In this paper, the evaluation of ecological functions in Jiangjing is by analysis the ecological environment situation, the ecologically sensitive and the ecosystem services, which bases on the studying of theory of ecological function zoning, in support of the software such as the ARCGIS9.3 and ERDAS9.1, setting the town as the evaluation unit, using the analysis of the quantitative analysis and the qualitative analysis, The ecological function zoning is Basing on the evaluation results and regional development orientation of Jiangjin.
This research mainly includes the following phases:
The fundamental research. This article analyzes the background and significance of the research topics, concluding the ecological function zoning research progress and the lack of existing research, elaborate theories of sustainable development, ecology and landscape ecology Progress in ecological function zoning and related theories, Besides which, this part analyzes the content and technical route of th
Study area analysis part. It takes Jiangjin as study area, and identifies Jiangjin's ecological function zoning as subjects. This part mainly analyzes Jiangjin topography, meteorology and hydrology, soil conditions and other natural prof
Map treatment process of eological function zoning. Basic maps are the 30m resolution Landsat TM remote sensing data of 2006,1:5000 topographic maps, and the map of geological disaster prevention planning in Jiangjin. This stage the main work is the interpretation of remote sensing images, the pre-interpretation of remote sensing image processing are remote sensing image geometric correction, histogram matching, image stitching and image segmentation, image enhancement and transformation. The Method of classification and interpretation is monitoring. Through the field sampling survey and investigation, and the land use change data to accuracy test. After classification, the Procedures are the sort, stack, vector processing, then enter tribute data, and forms the basis of ecological function zoning database.
The evaluation of ecological functions is one of the main research contents of this paper. First of all, through the analytic hierarchy process, it determines the ecological evaluation index system. The level indicators are include the indicators of ecological and environment state, the indicators ecological sensitivity and the indicators of ecosystem services. The ecological and environment state indicators includes soil erosion intensity, Economic effective of per land area, rural-urban gap coefficient, per capita construction land, abundance of water resources, biodiversity, geological hazard susceptibility, green reasonable degree, intensity of industrial pollution, status indicators of the ecological sensitivity includes the sensitivity of soil erosion, habitat sensitivity, GDP elasticity of agricultural land, the unit GDP annual forest waste emissions and reductions, Status indicators of the importance of ecosystem services includes the interpretation of parts type of gas and climate regulation, water conservation, erosion control, soil formation, nutrient conservation, waste treatment, pollination, biodiversity conservation, food supply, raw materials, genetic resources and entertainment and cultural values. Secondly, it determines the weight of each index through the way of paired comparison and Delphi method, and through the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis to determine the criteria score and the actual score of each index; Finaly, it gathers the total township value of the ecological functions.
Ecological function zoning stage is a key part of this article. It seeks the views of relevant departments, bases on the total score of ecological functions and the ecological characteristics of each town to determine the division of scores and the partition. And then, it analyzes the regional of ecological environment and development orientation. Ultimately it forms three ecological zones:agglomeration eco-maintenance areas of the north industries area which along the river, the modern agro-ecological construction area of central hilly and the original ecological protection zone in the southern mountainous. At last, it analyzes the specific features of ecological areas, development orientation and existing environmental problems, by which it makes scientific and rational ecological protection and restoration suggestions.
引文
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