长期施肥下太湖地区水稻土不同团聚体颗粒组的酶活性及微生物生物量研究
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摘要
微生物通过参与土壤物质的生物化学循环在土壤生态系统中起着重要作用,土壤的环境条件及农业生产管理都会引起农业土壤微生物群落结构及功能活性的变化,从而影响土壤养分循环及整体土壤质量。
土壤是由许多大小不一的团聚体和原生土壤颗粒组成,土壤团聚体是矿物质、有机质、生物质相互作用在特定条件下的组合,是行使土壤功能的基本结构。由于不同团聚体中养分、通气和水分状况存在很大差异,从而造成这些微域生境中由微生物和酶参与的养分转化的差异,因而从土壤微域环境角度研究酶活性及微生物生物量可以更加客观的反映田间土壤的生物过程。
本文以太湖地区长期肥料试验田为研究对象,采用低能量超声波物理分散法分离土壤团聚体,研究长期不同施肥处理下(化肥与秸秆配施、化肥与猪粪配施、单施化肥和不施肥)耕层土壤不同团聚体中酶活性及微生物生物量氮分布特征及对农田施肥措施的响应,探讨农田管理措施对土壤微域环境生物学特性的影响,为保持和提高土壤生物功能提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：
1、供试土壤(水稻土)中不同团聚体粒组以2000-200μm和20-2μm粒组所占比例较高。化肥配施猪粪显著提高2000-200μm组所占比例,同时20-2μm粒组比例显著减少。由此可见,有机肥的施用有利于土壤小颗粒进一步团聚形成较大团聚体；
2、各种酶活性在不同团聚体中活性变化存在差异。脲酶和蔗糖酶主要在<2μm的粘粒粒组中活性最高,纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性则以2000-200μm粗砂粒中最高。肥料的施用特别是化肥与有机肥的配合施用显著提高2000-200μm粒组中蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶和FDA水解酶的活性,而且由于粒径的不同造成的酶活性的变化大于施肥处理所引起的变化。总体比较,2000-200μm的粗团聚体酶活性对土壤总酶活性的贡献率较高,该粒组在土壤养分循环及环境过程中起着至关重要的作用。
3、微生物生物量氮在不同团聚体中含量变化存在差异.<2μm的粘粒组中微生物生物量氮含量最高,而200-20μm的细砂粒组中微生物生物量氮含量最低。化肥与有机肥配施特别是化肥与猪粪配施显著提高了团聚体颗粒组中的微生物生物量氮含量。但微生物量生物量氮在微域环境中的分布受颗粒组成的影响较大；
4、计算五种酶活性的几何平均数(GMea)作为酶活性综合指标,发现施肥显著提高了2000-200μm大团聚体的酶综合活性。由此可见大团聚体中土壤的酶活性对施肥措施具有敏感响应,施肥尤其是有机和无机肥配合施用可以通过促进大团聚体的形成和提高大团聚体中酶活性来提高整体土壤的生物功能；
5、将GMea／MBN作为微生物对土壤酶活性功能影响的指标。不同施肥处理下微生物量氮对酶活性的贡献均在大团聚体中较大。与单施化肥和不施肥处理下不同,化肥与有机肥配施处理下GMea／MBN变化趋势与GMea不同,表现为2000-200μm和<2μm两粒组酶综合活性均较高,但微生物量氮对酶活性的贡献却在大颗粒粒组中较大。这可能说明两粒组维持酶活性的机理不同。
Microorganism plays a great part in soil ecosystem by involving in soil biochemical cycle. Both soil environment and agricultural production management can lead to changes in soil microbial community and function, which then has an impact on the cycle of soil nutrient as well as soil quality.
Soil is consisted of large numbers of different sizes of particle size fractions and original particles. Soil particle size fractions, the basic functional cells of soil, are formed through binding of soil minerals with organic matter and/or soil organisms with varying strengths as a process of interaction of mineral, organic matter and biota in soils. It is the great differences in nutrient, aeration and water among different fractions in size that results in the variation in microbe and enzymes-involved nutrient transformation in the microhabitat. Therefore, research on enzyme activities and microbial biomass from the angle of soil microhabitat can reflect a more objective biological process in filed.
In this paper, variation of enzyme activity and microbial biomass nitrogen in particle size fractions and their responses to fertilization practices were studied in a paddy soil under a long-term fertilizer application trial, including the treatments of chemical fertilizer with straw return (CFS), chemical fertilizer plus pig manure (CFM), chemical fertilizer alone (CF) and no fertilizer application (NF). Particle size fractions (2000-200,200-20,20-2 and <2μm) were obtained by low-energy sonication along with a combination of wet sieving and centrifugation. The main results were as follows:
1. The aggregates were dominated by the size fractions of 2000-200μm and 20-2μm. However, the size fraction of 2000-200μm was increased and that of 20-2μm decreased under the fertilization treatment of chemical fertilizer plus pig manure compared to that under no fertilization, which showed that the use of organic fertilizer benefits the formation of small particles to large ones.
2. The predominance of enzyme activities in different particle size fractions differed from each other. Urease and invertase activity were mainly found in the clay fraction (<2μm), whereas the coarse sand particle accumulated the higher amounts of cellulase, polyphenoloxidase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis activity. Moreover, the use of fertilizer, especially combined fertilization of inorganic and organic fertilizers, significantly increased the activities of urease, invertase, cellulase and FDA hydrolase in the coarse sand fractions. And the size difference of the fraction exerted a greater effect on the variation of the enzyme activities than the fertilization treatment did. Overall, the size fraction of 2000-200μm had higher contribution to total enzyme activity in bulk soil, which may make the coarse size fraction significant in soil nutrient cycling and environmental process.
3. The content of microbial biomass nitrogen in different size fractions differed from each other. The size fraction of<2μm contained the highest microbial biomass nitrogen, while the 200-20μm fraction accumulated the least. Furthermore, the combined fertilization of inorganic and organic fertilizers, especially the chemical fertilizer plus pig manure dramatically increased the content of microbial biomass nitrogen in particles. However, soil fraction has a greater effect on the content of microbial biomass nitrogen in different size fractions than fertilization does, which is the same as enzyme activities.
4. The geometric mean of the assayed enzymes (GMea) was used as a combined soil enzyme activities index, which was higher in the size fraction of 2000-200μm and significantly increased by fertilization as well, indicating a high sensitivity of enzyme activity in larger aggregates to fertilization practices. Soil bio-function was enhanced by the combined fertilization of inorganic and organic fertilizers through the formation of larger aggregates and the increase of enzyme activities in them.
5. GMea/MBN was considered as an indicator to evaluate the influence on enzymatic function by soil microbes. The contribution of the microbial biomass nitrogen to enzyme activities was greater in larger particle size fractions under different fertilization treatments. The trend of GMea/MBN was different from GMea in the treatments of CFM and CFS, whereas that similar in NF and CF. The size fractions of 2000-200μm and<2μm both had higher GMea, while GMea/MBN is higher only in larger fractions, possibly implying the different mechanisms maintaining enzyme activities in the two size fractions.
土壤是由许多大小不一的团聚体和原生土壤颗粒组成,土壤团聚体是矿物质、有机质、生物质相互作用在特定条件下的组合,是行使土壤功能的基本结构。由于不同团聚体中养分、通气和水分状况存在很大差异,从而造成这些微域生境中由微生物和酶参与的养分转化的差异,因而从土壤微域环境角度研究酶活性及微生物生物量可以更加客观的反映田间土壤的生物过程。
本文以太湖地区长期肥料试验田为研究对象,采用低能量超声波物理分散法分离土壤团聚体,研究长期不同施肥处理下(化肥与秸秆配施、化肥与猪粪配施、单施化肥和不施肥)耕层土壤不同团聚体中酶活性及微生物生物量氮分布特征及对农田施肥措施的响应,探讨农田管理措施对土壤微域环境生物学特性的影响,为保持和提高土壤生物功能提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：
1、供试土壤(水稻土)中不同团聚体粒组以2000-200μm和20-2μm粒组所占比例较高。化肥配施猪粪显著提高2000-200μm组所占比例,同时20-2μm粒组比例显著减少。由此可见,有机肥的施用有利于土壤小颗粒进一步团聚形成较大团聚体；
2、各种酶活性在不同团聚体中活性变化存在差异。脲酶和蔗糖酶主要在<2μm的粘粒粒组中活性最高,纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和荧光素二乙酸酯(FDA)水解酶活性则以2000-200μm粗砂粒中最高。肥料的施用特别是化肥与有机肥的配合施用显著提高2000-200μm粒组中蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶和FDA水解酶的活性,而且由于粒径的不同造成的酶活性的变化大于施肥处理所引起的变化。总体比较,2000-200μm的粗团聚体酶活性对土壤总酶活性的贡献率较高,该粒组在土壤养分循环及环境过程中起着至关重要的作用。
3、微生物生物量氮在不同团聚体中含量变化存在差异.<2μm的粘粒组中微生物生物量氮含量最高,而200-20μm的细砂粒组中微生物生物量氮含量最低。化肥与有机肥配施特别是化肥与猪粪配施显著提高了团聚体颗粒组中的微生物生物量氮含量。但微生物量生物量氮在微域环境中的分布受颗粒组成的影响较大；
4、计算五种酶活性的几何平均数(GMea)作为酶活性综合指标,发现施肥显著提高了2000-200μm大团聚体的酶综合活性。由此可见大团聚体中土壤的酶活性对施肥措施具有敏感响应,施肥尤其是有机和无机肥配合施用可以通过促进大团聚体的形成和提高大团聚体中酶活性来提高整体土壤的生物功能；
5、将GMea／MBN作为微生物对土壤酶活性功能影响的指标。不同施肥处理下微生物量氮对酶活性的贡献均在大团聚体中较大。与单施化肥和不施肥处理下不同,化肥与有机肥配施处理下GMea／MBN变化趋势与GMea不同,表现为2000-200μm和<2μm两粒组酶综合活性均较高,但微生物量氮对酶活性的贡献却在大颗粒粒组中较大。这可能说明两粒组维持酶活性的机理不同。
Microorganism plays a great part in soil ecosystem by involving in soil biochemical cycle. Both soil environment and agricultural production management can lead to changes in soil microbial community and function, which then has an impact on the cycle of soil nutrient as well as soil quality.
Soil is consisted of large numbers of different sizes of particle size fractions and original particles. Soil particle size fractions, the basic functional cells of soil, are formed through binding of soil minerals with organic matter and/or soil organisms with varying strengths as a process of interaction of mineral, organic matter and biota in soils. It is the great differences in nutrient, aeration and water among different fractions in size that results in the variation in microbe and enzymes-involved nutrient transformation in the microhabitat. Therefore, research on enzyme activities and microbial biomass from the angle of soil microhabitat can reflect a more objective biological process in filed.
In this paper, variation of enzyme activity and microbial biomass nitrogen in particle size fractions and their responses to fertilization practices were studied in a paddy soil under a long-term fertilizer application trial, including the treatments of chemical fertilizer with straw return (CFS), chemical fertilizer plus pig manure (CFM), chemical fertilizer alone (CF) and no fertilizer application (NF). Particle size fractions (2000-200,200-20,20-2 and <2μm) were obtained by low-energy sonication along with a combination of wet sieving and centrifugation. The main results were as follows:
1. The aggregates were dominated by the size fractions of 2000-200μm and 20-2μm. However, the size fraction of 2000-200μm was increased and that of 20-2μm decreased under the fertilization treatment of chemical fertilizer plus pig manure compared to that under no fertilization, which showed that the use of organic fertilizer benefits the formation of small particles to large ones.
2. The predominance of enzyme activities in different particle size fractions differed from each other. Urease and invertase activity were mainly found in the clay fraction (<2μm), whereas the coarse sand particle accumulated the higher amounts of cellulase, polyphenoloxidase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis activity. Moreover, the use of fertilizer, especially combined fertilization of inorganic and organic fertilizers, significantly increased the activities of urease, invertase, cellulase and FDA hydrolase in the coarse sand fractions. And the size difference of the fraction exerted a greater effect on the variation of the enzyme activities than the fertilization treatment did. Overall, the size fraction of 2000-200μm had higher contribution to total enzyme activity in bulk soil, which may make the coarse size fraction significant in soil nutrient cycling and environmental process.
3. The content of microbial biomass nitrogen in different size fractions differed from each other. The size fraction of<2μm contained the highest microbial biomass nitrogen, while the 200-20μm fraction accumulated the least. Furthermore, the combined fertilization of inorganic and organic fertilizers, especially the chemical fertilizer plus pig manure dramatically increased the content of microbial biomass nitrogen in particles. However, soil fraction has a greater effect on the content of microbial biomass nitrogen in different size fractions than fertilization does, which is the same as enzyme activities.
4. The geometric mean of the assayed enzymes (GMea) was used as a combined soil enzyme activities index, which was higher in the size fraction of 2000-200μm and significantly increased by fertilization as well, indicating a high sensitivity of enzyme activity in larger aggregates to fertilization practices. Soil bio-function was enhanced by the combined fertilization of inorganic and organic fertilizers through the formation of larger aggregates and the increase of enzyme activities in them.
5. GMea/MBN was considered as an indicator to evaluate the influence on enzymatic function by soil microbes. The contribution of the microbial biomass nitrogen to enzyme activities was greater in larger particle size fractions under different fertilization treatments. The trend of GMea/MBN was different from GMea in the treatments of CFM and CFS, whereas that similar in NF and CF. The size fractions of 2000-200μm and<2μm both had higher GMea, while GMea/MBN is higher only in larger fractions, possibly implying the different mechanisms maintaining enzyme activities in the two size fractions.
引文
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