大变形破碎岩体中锚杆的支护作用及应用技术研究
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摘要
随着国民经济的迅速发展、西部大开发战略的实施,公路建设向地形、地质条件复杂的山岭地区发展,穿越大变形破碎岩体的长、大隧道不断涌现,对其采取有效合理的支护措施显得十分紧迫与重要。而锚杆作为地下工程主要支护形式之一,对隧道稳定起着重要作用,特别是在节理、裂隙发育的破碎岩体中,其对岩体的加固作用明显。然而,对锚杆支护技术及理论的研究仍处于发展阶段,特别是在大变形破碎岩体中其作用机理还需要作进一步的研究分析。
本文以FLAC 3D数值模拟为主要研究手段,对锚杆在大变形破碎岩体中支护作用进行研究分析,主要结论如下：
1、通过选用不同材料本构模型进行数值模拟,对隧道开挖后变形及塑性区进行比较分析,得出大变形破碎岩体选用应变硬化-软化模型能够更好反映围岩变形特征。
2、通过大变形破碎岩体条件下锚杆的数值模拟分析,得出了锚杆在大变形破碎岩体中支护作用明显,能够有效控制隧道变形,在该条件下锚杆的作用机理是组合拱作用与悬吊作用共同作用的结果。
3、通过对锚杆在实际工程中的应用效果进行分析,验证了锚杆在大变形破碎岩体中支护作用；同时通过数值模拟与监控量测对比分析,得出了两者存在的差异并对其原因进行归纳总结。
With the rapid development of the national economy and the implementation of the western development strategy, the highway construction is developing to the mountain area with the complex topography, complex geological conditions; big tunnel is emerging through the large deformation broken rock; it is very urgent and important to adopt effective measures to support the tunnel. While rock bolt is one of the main forms maintaining tunnel stability in underground engineering, it plays an important role in the tunnel, especially through the large deformation broken rock; the reinforcement effect of the rock bolt is obvious. However, supporting technology and theory research on the rock bolt is still on the stage of development, and it is in need of further research and analysis, especially in large deformation mechanism of tunnel.
The main research method is based on the numerical simulation calculation of FLAC 3D, and the research content is the mechanism analysis of rock bolt in the tunnel through the large deformation broken rock. The conclusion is mainly in the following aspects:
1、According to compare the size of the tunnel deformation and the plastic zone by the numerical simulation calculation based on the selection of different material constitutive model, it is achieved that the strain hardening-softening model is appropriate to reflect the character of the tunnel deformation for the large deformation broken rock.
2、Through the numerical simulation calculation of rock bolt, determine that the support role of rock bolt is notable, and it is effective to control tunnel deformation. The support mechanism of the rock bolt under this condition is the results of common action by combination arch action and suspension action.
3、By analyzing the application effect of rock bolt in the practical engineering, validate the support role of rock bolt. According to comparing the results of the numerical simulation calculation with the results of the monitoring and measuring, achieve the difference and sum up the reason of tht difference.
本文以FLAC 3D数值模拟为主要研究手段,对锚杆在大变形破碎岩体中支护作用进行研究分析,主要结论如下：
1、通过选用不同材料本构模型进行数值模拟,对隧道开挖后变形及塑性区进行比较分析,得出大变形破碎岩体选用应变硬化-软化模型能够更好反映围岩变形特征。
2、通过大变形破碎岩体条件下锚杆的数值模拟分析,得出了锚杆在大变形破碎岩体中支护作用明显,能够有效控制隧道变形,在该条件下锚杆的作用机理是组合拱作用与悬吊作用共同作用的结果。
3、通过对锚杆在实际工程中的应用效果进行分析,验证了锚杆在大变形破碎岩体中支护作用；同时通过数值模拟与监控量测对比分析,得出了两者存在的差异并对其原因进行归纳总结。
With the rapid development of the national economy and the implementation of the western development strategy, the highway construction is developing to the mountain area with the complex topography, complex geological conditions; big tunnel is emerging through the large deformation broken rock; it is very urgent and important to adopt effective measures to support the tunnel. While rock bolt is one of the main forms maintaining tunnel stability in underground engineering, it plays an important role in the tunnel, especially through the large deformation broken rock; the reinforcement effect of the rock bolt is obvious. However, supporting technology and theory research on the rock bolt is still on the stage of development, and it is in need of further research and analysis, especially in large deformation mechanism of tunnel.
The main research method is based on the numerical simulation calculation of FLAC 3D, and the research content is the mechanism analysis of rock bolt in the tunnel through the large deformation broken rock. The conclusion is mainly in the following aspects:
1、According to compare the size of the tunnel deformation and the plastic zone by the numerical simulation calculation based on the selection of different material constitutive model, it is achieved that the strain hardening-softening model is appropriate to reflect the character of the tunnel deformation for the large deformation broken rock.
2、Through the numerical simulation calculation of rock bolt, determine that the support role of rock bolt is notable, and it is effective to control tunnel deformation. The support mechanism of the rock bolt under this condition is the results of common action by combination arch action and suspension action.
3、By analyzing the application effect of rock bolt in the practical engineering, validate the support role of rock bolt. According to comparing the results of the numerical simulation calculation with the results of the monitoring and measuring, achieve the difference and sum up the reason of tht difference.
引文
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[2]杨双锁.回采巷道围岩控制理论及锚固结构支护原理.煤炭工业出版社,2004
[3]漆泰岳.锚杆与围岩相互作用的数值模拟.中国矿业大学出版社,2002.5
[4]江波.锚杆支护理论发展与现状.山西建筑,2007(21).7
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[6]王建宇.隧道工程的技术进步.中国铁道出版社,2004.3
[7]徐则民、黄润秋.深理特长隧道及其施工地质灾害[M].西南交通大学出版社,2000.13
[8]何满潮、景海河、孙晓明.软岩工程力学.科学出版社,2002
[9]卞国忠.浅谈隧道围岩大变形的判据及处理措施[J].科学技术通讯,1998
[10]李天斌、干兰生等.高地应力条件下隧道大变形的机制、预测及防治研究科研报告[R],2005.12
[11]王希宝.都汶公路龙溪隧道围岩大变形机制及防治研究.成都理工大学硕士论文,2008
[12]朱永全,宋玉香.隧道工程.中国铁道出版社,2006
[13]岳志平.岩土锚固的作用机理研究及应用.中南大学硕士论文,2004
[14]董方庭等.巷道围岩松动圈支护理论及应用技术.煤炭工业出版社,2001
[15]王明恕等.全长锚固锚杆的力学模型及其应用.金属矿山,1983(4)：21-24
[16]汤雷,鄢建华,陈仲先.围岩大变形锚杆加固与安全监测.中国水利水电出版社,2006
[17]Kimura F, Okabayashi N &kavamoto T. Tunneling Through Squeezing Rock in Two Large Fault Zone of Enasan Tunnel 11 [J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 20,1987:151-166
[18]Y.Tazawaet. An Effect of rock bolts and thin linings as tunnel supports in soft rock. Proceeding of the International symposium on weak rock; A.Balkema.Rotterdam,Netherland.1981:757-762
[19]姜云、李永林等.隧道工程围岩大变形类型与机制研究.地质灾害与环境保护,2004.12
[20]朱汉华等.隧道预支护原理与施工技术.人民交通出版社,2008.9
[21]刘特洪、林天键.软岩工程设计理论与施工实践.中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[22]卿三惠,黄润秋.乌鞘岭特长隧道软弱围岩大变形特性研究.现代隧道技术,2005.4
[23]Aydan o., AkagiT. &KawamotoT. The Squeezing Potential of Rocks Around Tunnels:Theory and Prediction[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 26,1993,26(4):137-163.
[24]Yue Cai, Tetsuro Esaki, Yujing Jiang. An analytical model to predict axial loading routed rock bolt for soft rock tunneling. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2004,VOI.19:607-618
[25]He Y N. Analysis of loose zone around the roadway in soft rock[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 1991,16(2):63-69
[26]孙学毅.高应力地区和软弱围岩地下工程砂浆锚杆.煤炭学报,1984(2)：61-69
[27]汤雷.锚固力作用机理及锚固技术研究.中国矿业大学,1998
[28]张洋.隧道工程软弱围岩大变形控制技术研究.西南交通大学硕士论文,2006
[29]刘波、韩彦辉.FLAC原理、实例与应用指南[M].人民交通出版社,2005
[30]Ito. Y. Design and Construction by NATM. Through Chofiezawa Fault Zone for Enasan Tunnel on Central Motorway. Tunnels and Underground.1983(14):7-14.
[31]C.S.Desai, Interaction Analysis of Anchor soil system, J.Geoteeh.Eng.112,1986:537-P553,
[32]S. Sakurai, K. Takeuchi, Back-analysis Measured Displacements of Tunnel[J],Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol.16,1983.
[33]JiangY J,Esaki T,Yokota Y. The mechanical effect of grouted rock bolts on tunnel stability in soft rock[J] Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, JSCE,1997,561:19-31
[34]石家庄铁道学院.乌鞘岭隧道岭脊地段现场测试阶段成果报告[R].石家庄铁道学院,2005
[35]中铁一局集团.乌鞘岭隧道控制变形的快速施工方法及工艺研究阶段成果汇报[R].中铁一局集团,2005
[36]彭文斌.FLAC 3D实用教程.机械工业出版社,2007.8
[37]Li C, Stillborg B.Analytical models for rock bolts[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36:1013-1029
[38]Yue Cai, Esaki Tesuro, Whittle J A. A rock bolt and rock mass interaction model[J].Rock and Mining Sciences.2004,41:1055-1067
[39]苟彪,杨有海,王长虹.乌鞘岭隧道F7断层大变形施工对策探讨[A].铁路长大隧道设计施工技术研讨会论文集[C],2004：40～44
[40]铁道第一勘察设计院等.乌鞘岭隧道岭脊地段复杂应力条件下的变形控制技术研究阶段成果总报告[R].铁道第一勘察设计院,2004
[41]赵旭峰,王春苗.乌鞘岭隧道F7软弱断层大变形控制技术.施工技术,2006.2
[42]张志强等.软岩发生大变形的破坏机理研究.西南交通大学.2000
[43]俞喻.挤压性围岩支护大变形的机理及判定方法[J].世界隧道,1998.2,(1).
[44]张祉道.家竹等隧道施工中支护大变形的整治.世界隧道,1987,(1)
[45]W.J.Gale. Overview of strata Control Issues Affecting Roadway Reinforcement and Pillar Design[J], The Australian Coal Journal,1994(43).
[46]D.N.Bighy Developments in British Rock bolting Technology. Coal International. May,1997.
[47]HurtK. New development in rock bolting. Colliery Guardian.1994,7(1):134-143.
[48]Bjurstrom S. Shear strength of hard rock joints reinforced by grouted untensioned bolts. Proc.Ⅲ. Int. Congr. Rock Mechanies. Denver,1974.
[49]Christopher Mark. Design of bolt System[A]. Proceedings:New Technology for Coal Mine Roof Suport[C].U.S.DHHS(NIOSH)Publcation,2000.111-131.
[50]公路隧道设计规范(JTG.D70-2004).人民交通出版社,2004.8
[51]杨其新.地下工程施工与管理.西南交通大学出版社,2005
[52]关宝树.隧道工程设计要点集.人民交通出版社,2003
[53]王后裕,陈上明,言志信.地下工程动态设计原理.化学工业出版社,2008.1
[54]孙钧.地下工程设计理论与实践.上海科学技术出版社,1996
[2]杨双锁.回采巷道围岩控制理论及锚固结构支护原理.煤炭工业出版社,2004
[3]漆泰岳.锚杆与围岩相互作用的数值模拟.中国矿业大学出版社,2002.5
[4]江波.锚杆支护理论发展与现状.山西建筑,2007(21).7
[5]陆士良,汤雷,杨新安.锚杆锚固力与锚固技术.煤炭工业出版社,1998
[6]王建宇.隧道工程的技术进步.中国铁道出版社,2004.3
[7]徐则民、黄润秋.深理特长隧道及其施工地质灾害[M].西南交通大学出版社,2000.13
[8]何满潮、景海河、孙晓明.软岩工程力学.科学出版社,2002
[9]卞国忠.浅谈隧道围岩大变形的判据及处理措施[J].科学技术通讯,1998
[10]李天斌、干兰生等.高地应力条件下隧道大变形的机制、预测及防治研究科研报告[R],2005.12
[11]王希宝.都汶公路龙溪隧道围岩大变形机制及防治研究.成都理工大学硕士论文,2008
[12]朱永全,宋玉香.隧道工程.中国铁道出版社,2006
[13]岳志平.岩土锚固的作用机理研究及应用.中南大学硕士论文,2004
[14]董方庭等.巷道围岩松动圈支护理论及应用技术.煤炭工业出版社,2001
[15]王明恕等.全长锚固锚杆的力学模型及其应用.金属矿山,1983(4)：21-24
[16]汤雷,鄢建华,陈仲先.围岩大变形锚杆加固与安全监测.中国水利水电出版社,2006
[17]Kimura F, Okabayashi N &kavamoto T. Tunneling Through Squeezing Rock in Two Large Fault Zone of Enasan Tunnel 11 [J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 20,1987:151-166
[18]Y.Tazawaet. An Effect of rock bolts and thin linings as tunnel supports in soft rock. Proceeding of the International symposium on weak rock; A.Balkema.Rotterdam,Netherland.1981:757-762
[19]姜云、李永林等.隧道工程围岩大变形类型与机制研究.地质灾害与环境保护,2004.12
[20]朱汉华等.隧道预支护原理与施工技术.人民交通出版社,2008.9
[21]刘特洪、林天键.软岩工程设计理论与施工实践.中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[22]卿三惠,黄润秋.乌鞘岭特长隧道软弱围岩大变形特性研究.现代隧道技术,2005.4
[23]Aydan o., AkagiT. &KawamotoT. The Squeezing Potential of Rocks Around Tunnels:Theory and Prediction[J].Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 26,1993,26(4):137-163.
[24]Yue Cai, Tetsuro Esaki, Yujing Jiang. An analytical model to predict axial loading routed rock bolt for soft rock tunneling. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology,2004,VOI.19:607-618
[25]He Y N. Analysis of loose zone around the roadway in soft rock[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 1991,16(2):63-69
[26]孙学毅.高应力地区和软弱围岩地下工程砂浆锚杆.煤炭学报,1984(2)：61-69
[27]汤雷.锚固力作用机理及锚固技术研究.中国矿业大学,1998
[28]张洋.隧道工程软弱围岩大变形控制技术研究.西南交通大学硕士论文,2006
[29]刘波、韩彦辉.FLAC原理、实例与应用指南[M].人民交通出版社,2005
[30]Ito. Y. Design and Construction by NATM. Through Chofiezawa Fault Zone for Enasan Tunnel on Central Motorway. Tunnels and Underground.1983(14):7-14.
[31]C.S.Desai, Interaction Analysis of Anchor soil system, J.Geoteeh.Eng.112,1986:537-P553,
[32]S. Sakurai, K. Takeuchi, Back-analysis Measured Displacements of Tunnel[J],Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol.16,1983.
[33]JiangY J,Esaki T,Yokota Y. The mechanical effect of grouted rock bolts on tunnel stability in soft rock[J] Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, JSCE,1997,561:19-31
[34]石家庄铁道学院.乌鞘岭隧道岭脊地段现场测试阶段成果报告[R].石家庄铁道学院,2005
[35]中铁一局集团.乌鞘岭隧道控制变形的快速施工方法及工艺研究阶段成果汇报[R].中铁一局集团,2005
[36]彭文斌.FLAC 3D实用教程.机械工业出版社,2007.8
[37]Li C, Stillborg B.Analytical models for rock bolts[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36:1013-1029
[38]Yue Cai, Esaki Tesuro, Whittle J A. A rock bolt and rock mass interaction model[J].Rock and Mining Sciences.2004,41:1055-1067
[39]苟彪,杨有海,王长虹.乌鞘岭隧道F7断层大变形施工对策探讨[A].铁路长大隧道设计施工技术研讨会论文集[C],2004：40～44
[40]铁道第一勘察设计院等.乌鞘岭隧道岭脊地段复杂应力条件下的变形控制技术研究阶段成果总报告[R].铁道第一勘察设计院,2004
[41]赵旭峰,王春苗.乌鞘岭隧道F7软弱断层大变形控制技术.施工技术,2006.2
[42]张志强等.软岩发生大变形的破坏机理研究.西南交通大学.2000
[43]俞喻.挤压性围岩支护大变形的机理及判定方法[J].世界隧道,1998.2,(1).
[44]张祉道.家竹等隧道施工中支护大变形的整治.世界隧道,1987,(1)
[45]W.J.Gale. Overview of strata Control Issues Affecting Roadway Reinforcement and Pillar Design[J], The Australian Coal Journal,1994(43).
[46]D.N.Bighy Developments in British Rock bolting Technology. Coal International. May,1997.
[47]HurtK. New development in rock bolting. Colliery Guardian.1994,7(1):134-143.
[48]Bjurstrom S. Shear strength of hard rock joints reinforced by grouted untensioned bolts. Proc.Ⅲ. Int. Congr. Rock Mechanies. Denver,1974.
[49]Christopher Mark. Design of bolt System[A]. Proceedings:New Technology for Coal Mine Roof Suport[C].U.S.DHHS(NIOSH)Publcation,2000.111-131.
[50]公路隧道设计规范(JTG.D70-2004).人民交通出版社,2004.8
[51]杨其新.地下工程施工与管理.西南交通大学出版社,2005
[52]关宝树.隧道工程设计要点集.人民交通出版社,2003
[53]王后裕,陈上明,言志信.地下工程动态设计原理.化学工业出版社,2008.1
[54]孙钧.地下工程设计理论与实践.上海科学技术出版社,1996