渗流条件下重塑饱和黄土的渗透性劣化试验研究
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摘要
本文结合国家自然科学基金项目“黄土工程性质劣化机理与构筑物寿命预测研究”,以杨凌Q3黄土为研究对象,在总结和吸收前人成果的基础上,通过室内试验模拟自然状态下土坝等黄土构筑物所经历的长期渗流作用。对重塑饱和黄土样以乙酸溶液作为渗透液加速渗流劣化过程,测量其渗透系数随时间的变化过程,测定渗透期间的钙离子的淋失量和淋失率,探讨重塑饱和黄土样在长期渗流条件下损伤劣化的实质。
主要结论如下:
(1)在重塑饱和黄土渗流过程中,渗透系数k均随着渗透时间而持续减小;前期小颗粒运移频率大,k减小幅度较大;后期小颗粒运移频率降低,k减小幅度较小。
(2)渗透液中的氢离子和乙酸根离子与黄土中的盐分会发生复杂的化学反应,但主要以氢离子与碳酸盐的反应为主。常规渗透试验中,有一部分气体滞留在孔隙中使得渗透水流的有效通道降低。而在三轴渗透试验中,由于围压和反压的存在,渗透液中的氢离子与黄土中的碳酸盐反应也生成了碳酸,碳酸溶液很难分解成二氧化碳,因此,可以忽略气体对其渗透系数的影响。
(3)对于任一干密度的渗透试样,在小围压下,渗透系数随着渗透液PH值的增大而减小;不同PH值对应的渗透系数的方差也随着围压的增大而减小;当围压增值300kPa时,渗透系数不再遵循上述规律,围压对渗透系数的影响已经大于PH值对渗透性的影响。不同的初始干密度不同的固结渗透围压和不同PH值渗透液共同耦合决定着渗透系数的大小。
(4)长期渗流条件下黄土劣化的机理是渗透液体与黄土土粒的相互作用造成了孔隙比的不可逆的改变。主要体现在:渗透力引起的颗粒运移、渗透液带入的气体、颗粒间胶结物(主要是碳酸钙)的淋失使得颗粒黏聚力的不断丧失进一步引起颗粒运移。三者最终表现在引起了孔隙比沿渗流方向的不均匀分布,出现了最小孔隙比面,该面最终决定渗透系数的大小。对于三轴渗透试验,由于围压的存在,气体的影响可以忽略,对于常规渗透试验气体影响不能忽略。
(5)对于三轴渗透试验,孔隙比沿黄土渗流方向的分布或最小孔隙比面的孔隙比可作为黄土渗透劣化的损伤指标。笔者定义了最小孔隙比面的孔隙比与初始孔隙比的比值κ作为黄土渗流条件下的损伤率,以用来描述黄土在长期渗流条件下渗透性的劣化程度,并利用已有数据结合黏性土非线性渗透模型得出了重塑饱和黄土渗透性劣化公式。对于常规渗透试验渗透性劣化损伤率的定义,由于存在气体对渗透性的影响,除了考虑最小孔隙比还应考虑气体对渗流通道的影响。
This paper relies on the national natural science foundation project“The Research of Properties Deterioration Mechanism of Loess Engineering and Life Prediction of Loess Structures”.On the summary predecessors' achievements, by doing experiments in the laboratory to simulates natural condition of earth dam under long-term seepage effects using acid solution as penetration fluid accelerate the degradation process of remolded saturated loess samples, this paper explored the essence of degradation on remolded saturated loess samples under long-term seepage condition to research Q3 remolded loess in Yangling through the measurements of the permeability coefficient, the leaching quantity of calcium ions infiltration and its rate leaching rate.
The main conclusions are as follow:
(1) The permeability coefficient k reduces as the penetration processed during the Seepage of the remolded saturated loess. In the early stage, soil particles migration had a big frequency and k reduced in larger extent; while later soil particles migration had Small frequency and k reduced slowly.
(2) A complex chemical reactions happened between the salts of Loess and both hydrogen ions and acetic root ions of Penetration fluid, Mainly by hydrogen ions and carbonate reaction. Some gas is trapped in the pore which reduces the effective channel of penetration fliud in the conventional penetration test, but in the Triaxial penetration test, the effect of gas to permeability coefficient can be ignored because carbonic acid which was formed after the reaction of hydrogen ions and carbonate could hardly be decomposed into carbon dioxide gas owing to confining pressure and back pressure exists.
(3) For any dry density of penetration samples, the permeability coefficient reduce as the increase of PH value of the seepage fluid in lower confining pressure, The variance of the permeability coefficient corresponded with different PH value also decreases as confining pressure increasing and The permeability coefficient is no longer follow the above rules when the confining pressure increases at 300kPa, meanwhile the influence of the permeability coefficient on the confining pressure has exceeded the influence of the PH value. Different dry density and consolidation penetration confining pressure, different PH value mutual coupling determined the size of the permeability coefficient.
(4) After long-term seepage condition, the essence of loess degradation are the action between Penetration liquid and Loess particles which caused irreversible changes of porosity ratio. The main exemplifications are as follow: 1) The seepage force caused Particles migration; 2) The gas was bring in through permeability fluid; 3) Particles sticky gathered force was constantly lost through the loss of Cementation content among particles which caused a further particle migration. Three aspects eventually reflect that Uneven distribution of porosity ratio along the Seepage direction. Minimal porosity ratio face appeared which eventually determined The size of the permeability. the influence of gas can be ignored in the triaxial penetration tests, but it cannot be ignored in the Conventional penetration tests.
(5) Porosity ratio of the distribution along the seepage direction or the face of minimum porosity ratio can be used as the damage index of loess penetration degradation. the ratio between minimal porosity ratio and Initial porosity ratio is defined as the damage rate of loess seepage condition by the author ,which can be used to describe degradation degree of the loess permeability under long-term seepage condition. For the Conventional penetration tests, both the minimal porosity ratio and the influence of gas needed to be considered.
主要结论如下:
(1)在重塑饱和黄土渗流过程中,渗透系数k均随着渗透时间而持续减小;前期小颗粒运移频率大,k减小幅度较大;后期小颗粒运移频率降低,k减小幅度较小。
(2)渗透液中的氢离子和乙酸根离子与黄土中的盐分会发生复杂的化学反应,但主要以氢离子与碳酸盐的反应为主。常规渗透试验中,有一部分气体滞留在孔隙中使得渗透水流的有效通道降低。而在三轴渗透试验中,由于围压和反压的存在,渗透液中的氢离子与黄土中的碳酸盐反应也生成了碳酸,碳酸溶液很难分解成二氧化碳,因此,可以忽略气体对其渗透系数的影响。
(3)对于任一干密度的渗透试样,在小围压下,渗透系数随着渗透液PH值的增大而减小;不同PH值对应的渗透系数的方差也随着围压的增大而减小;当围压增值300kPa时,渗透系数不再遵循上述规律,围压对渗透系数的影响已经大于PH值对渗透性的影响。不同的初始干密度不同的固结渗透围压和不同PH值渗透液共同耦合决定着渗透系数的大小。
(4)长期渗流条件下黄土劣化的机理是渗透液体与黄土土粒的相互作用造成了孔隙比的不可逆的改变。主要体现在:渗透力引起的颗粒运移、渗透液带入的气体、颗粒间胶结物(主要是碳酸钙)的淋失使得颗粒黏聚力的不断丧失进一步引起颗粒运移。三者最终表现在引起了孔隙比沿渗流方向的不均匀分布,出现了最小孔隙比面,该面最终决定渗透系数的大小。对于三轴渗透试验,由于围压的存在,气体的影响可以忽略,对于常规渗透试验气体影响不能忽略。
(5)对于三轴渗透试验,孔隙比沿黄土渗流方向的分布或最小孔隙比面的孔隙比可作为黄土渗透劣化的损伤指标。笔者定义了最小孔隙比面的孔隙比与初始孔隙比的比值κ作为黄土渗流条件下的损伤率,以用来描述黄土在长期渗流条件下渗透性的劣化程度,并利用已有数据结合黏性土非线性渗透模型得出了重塑饱和黄土渗透性劣化公式。对于常规渗透试验渗透性劣化损伤率的定义,由于存在气体对渗透性的影响,除了考虑最小孔隙比还应考虑气体对渗流通道的影响。
This paper relies on the national natural science foundation project“The Research of Properties Deterioration Mechanism of Loess Engineering and Life Prediction of Loess Structures”.On the summary predecessors' achievements, by doing experiments in the laboratory to simulates natural condition of earth dam under long-term seepage effects using acid solution as penetration fluid accelerate the degradation process of remolded saturated loess samples, this paper explored the essence of degradation on remolded saturated loess samples under long-term seepage condition to research Q3 remolded loess in Yangling through the measurements of the permeability coefficient, the leaching quantity of calcium ions infiltration and its rate leaching rate.
The main conclusions are as follow:
(1) The permeability coefficient k reduces as the penetration processed during the Seepage of the remolded saturated loess. In the early stage, soil particles migration had a big frequency and k reduced in larger extent; while later soil particles migration had Small frequency and k reduced slowly.
(2) A complex chemical reactions happened between the salts of Loess and both hydrogen ions and acetic root ions of Penetration fluid, Mainly by hydrogen ions and carbonate reaction. Some gas is trapped in the pore which reduces the effective channel of penetration fliud in the conventional penetration test, but in the Triaxial penetration test, the effect of gas to permeability coefficient can be ignored because carbonic acid which was formed after the reaction of hydrogen ions and carbonate could hardly be decomposed into carbon dioxide gas owing to confining pressure and back pressure exists.
(3) For any dry density of penetration samples, the permeability coefficient reduce as the increase of PH value of the seepage fluid in lower confining pressure, The variance of the permeability coefficient corresponded with different PH value also decreases as confining pressure increasing and The permeability coefficient is no longer follow the above rules when the confining pressure increases at 300kPa, meanwhile the influence of the permeability coefficient on the confining pressure has exceeded the influence of the PH value. Different dry density and consolidation penetration confining pressure, different PH value mutual coupling determined the size of the permeability coefficient.
(4) After long-term seepage condition, the essence of loess degradation are the action between Penetration liquid and Loess particles which caused irreversible changes of porosity ratio. The main exemplifications are as follow: 1) The seepage force caused Particles migration; 2) The gas was bring in through permeability fluid; 3) Particles sticky gathered force was constantly lost through the loss of Cementation content among particles which caused a further particle migration. Three aspects eventually reflect that Uneven distribution of porosity ratio along the Seepage direction. Minimal porosity ratio face appeared which eventually determined The size of the permeability. the influence of gas can be ignored in the triaxial penetration tests, but it cannot be ignored in the Conventional penetration tests.
(5) Porosity ratio of the distribution along the seepage direction or the face of minimum porosity ratio can be used as the damage index of loess penetration degradation. the ratio between minimal porosity ratio and Initial porosity ratio is defined as the damage rate of loess seepage condition by the author ,which can be used to describe degradation degree of the loess permeability under long-term seepage condition. For the Conventional penetration tests, both the minimal porosity ratio and the influence of gas needed to be considered.
引文
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张伯平,党进谦.2006.土力学与地基基础.北京:中国水利水电出版社:29~33
王永焱,林在贯.1990中国黄土的结构特征及物理力学性质.北京:科学出版社:127~129
邓津等.2007.黄土显微结构特征与震陷性.岩土工程学报,29(4):543~549
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