摘要
贵州省位于中国西南部云贵高原东部,北接四川,南接广西,东邻湖南,西与云南毗连。介于东经103°36′--109°31′,北纬24°37′--29°13′之间。面积17.61km~2。地属亚热带高原山区,气候温暖湿润,适于各种植物生长发育,而且地势起伏剧烈,地貌类型多样,植被类型较多,植物种类丰富,区系成分亦十分复杂。本文针对贵州省油藓目(Hookeriales)植物进行研究,主要探讨其物种多样性及区系特点。以期为加强西南地区的苔藓植物区系与生态学研究,能够为西南藓类植物分类累积资料,为林业、环境等部门提供一些参考。
通过对贵州省油藓目植物较详尽的野外考察、标本采集、物种鉴定和系统整理,现知贵州省共有油藓目植物4科、10属、22种、2变种。其中包括2个贵州新纪录种,分别为小雉尾藓Cyathophorella intermedia和九洲雉尾藓Cyathophorella kyusyuensis。同时,根据标本和资料编制了贵州省油藓目植物科、属、种检索表,并详细描述了每个种的形态特征、分布等。并对部分种进行了拍照和绘图。另通过对油藓科Hookeriaceae植物传统的九个属进行了聚类分析,将灰果藓属移进灰藓科Hypnaceae,本文作者将中国油藓科植物重分为3亚科,将假黄藓属和小黄藓属归为Daltonioideae,强肋藓属、拟油藓属、毛柄藓属、黄藓属、圆网藓属归为Callicostoideae,另将油藓属作为Hookerioideae。
根据Takhtajan(1992)世界植物区系划分的观点,将贵州油藓目植物区系划分为5大类11类型,5大类分别为泛北极成分(Holarctis elements)、古热带成分(Palaeotropis elements)、新热带域共有成分(Neotropis and others elements)、澳大利亚成分(Australis elements)、中国特有成分(Endemic to elements)。通过分析,贵州省油藓目植物主要地理成分是东亚成分和东亚、印度-马来西亚共有成分,占总数的33.3%。中国特有成分,占总数的20.8%。古热带成分占总数的16.7%。其中新热带域共有成分和澳大利亚成分不为重要成分。
本文通过与我国其它18个省份油藓目植物进行丰富性比较,贵州省油藓目植物区系丰富性在与我国其他有油藓目植物分布的省份中比较排第四位,其中贵州、云南和四川等西南省份的油藓目植物丰富性远高于其他省份,这也再一次的佐证了西南部也是中国油藓目植物现代分布的一个多度中心。经过比较,贵州省油藓目植物与云南省相似性最高,其次是四川,与海南、台湾、广东、广西等相似性较低一些,与北部省份的相似性在20%以下。
为了研究油藓目植物与环境的关系,本文对对贵州省油藓目植物的生长基质、海拔及分布地进行了统计,得出的结论是,生长基质对油藓目植物产生的影响不是很大,湿度和郁闭度对油藓目植物影响较大,对于部分贵州省油藓目植物来说,海拔高度对其分布影响不大。通过对贵州省油藓目15个分类单位进行茎横切解剖研究,以探讨藓类植物茎形态结构与水分的关系,结果证明了藓类植物的茎表皮细胞的形态结构与水分的获取有关,而中轴的分化与否,与中轴起到水分疏导作用无直接关系。
Guizhou province (103°36'-109°31'N, 24°37'-29°13'E) is situated in the east of Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau in southwest of China. Namely, It is north to Sichuan, south to Guangxi, east to Hunan, and west to Yunnan province with an area of 17.61km~2. In addition, Guizhou province is attached to the subtropics plateau mountainous area where is warm and moist suitable for many kinds of plant growth. Moreover, due to the fluctuant topography, various landform types, multiplex cover types and plolific plant species, the plant flora in the area is very complex. This article is mainly conducts to the research of Hookeriales in Guizhou province, including the species diversity and the characteristics of this plant flora. Therefore, this research is expected to increase the research of moss flora and ecology in the southwest of China in order to accumulate material for the southwest moss classification and supply references of forest and environment department.
By means of field studying, sample gathering, species identification and system organizing, there are 4 families, 10genera and 24 species, including 2 variety species of Hookeriales in Guizhou Province. .In this research, two new records of Guizhou Province have also been discovered they are Cyathophorella intermedia and Cyathophorella kyusyuensis. At the same time, according to the sample and the material, we established the Guizhou Province Hookeriales branch, the kind of retrieval table, and described each kind of shape characteristics, and the distribution in detail. In addition, photograph and cartography are carried on partly. Through cluster analysis on Hookeriaceae,suggested divide the Hookeriaceae into 3 families. And Chaetomitrium is transferred to Hypnaceae and put the Daltonia and Actinodontium into Daltonioideae combinated the Callicostella、Hookeriopsis、Calyptrochaeta、Distichophyllum、Cyclodictyon to Callicostoideae, put the Hookeria in a separate family-Hookerioideae.
According to the opinion of Takhtajan in 1992, the flora of Hookeriales in Guizhou Province are devided to 5 types, including Holarctis elements, Palaeotropis elements, Neotropis and others elements, Australis elements and Endemic to elements. Through the analysis, the Guizhou Province Hookeriales main geography ingredient exudes the Holarctis elements, accounts for the total 33.3%, Endemic to elements is for 20.8%, and 16.7% for Palaeotropis elements. Among them, Neotropis and others elements and Australis elements are not the important composition.
Comparing with the other 18 provinces in the flora richness, the result are that Guizhou Province Hookeriales is the fourth. Guizhou, Yunnan and Sichuan the Hookeriales abundances of southwest province is more higher than the other provinces.,It is the evidence that the southwest was also modern distributed center of Hookeriales in China . After the comparison, the Guizhou Province Hookeriales and the Yunnan Province similarity are highest, but Sichuan Hainan, Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi are lower, with northern province similarity below 20%.
In order to study the relationships between Hookeriales and the environment, this paper statistics the growth matrix and elevation. The results show that growth matrix do not influence Hookeriales, but the humidity and the shade density influence the Hookeriales significantly. Regarding to a part Guizhou Province Hookeriales, the altitude above sea level is not big to its distribution influence. In order to discuss the relation between the plant stem shape structure with the water, the author selected the stems of 15 species of Hookeriales to cut. The result was that the stem of mosses epidermal cell's shape structure and the moisture content gain related, but middle axle's differentiation or not, which plays the moisture content unblocking role not direct relation with the middle axle.
引文
1.中国科学院植物研究所.中国高等植物图鉴(第一册)[M].科学出版社,1972.
2.中国科学院西北植物研究所.秦岭植物志.第三卷[M].科学出版社,1978.
3.中国科学院昆明植物研究所.云南植物志.第十九卷[M].科学出版社,2005.
4.中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队.横断山区苔藓志[M].科学出版社,2000.
5.辽宁省林业土壤研究所.东北藓类植物志[M].科学出版社,1977.
6.王孜昌,王宏艳.贵州省气候特点与植被分布规律简介[J].贵州林业科技,2002,30(4):46-49.
7.王玛丽,任毅,张满祥等.秦岭藓类植物新纪录属种[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2002,32(1):74-76.
8.王诚吉,李登武,党坤良.陕西天华山自然保护区苔藓植物区系研究[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(12):2472-2477.
9.王虹,阿布都拉·阿巴斯,范兆田等.四种旱生藓类植物的比较结构学观察[J].云南植物研究,2000,22(1):38-40.
10.王虹,姜彦成,苏俊.一号冰川地区4种藓类的解剖学研究[J].植物研究,2008,28(1):25-27.
11.王荷生.植物区系地理[M].科学出版社.1992.
12.王晓宇,李燕,杨朝东.贵州六冲河下游苔藓植物的鉴定及分类[J].山地农业生物学报,2003,22(4):310-316.
13.王晓宇.贵州格凸河景区藓类植物研究[J].山地农业生物学报,2004,23(5):412-416.
14.左家哺,傅得志,彭代文.植物区系的数值分析[M].中国科学出版社,1996.
15.安丽,曹同,俞鹰浩.苔藓植物与环境重金属污染监测[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(2):201-206.
16.刘冰,姜业芳,李菁等.贵州梵净山森林树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓分布格局研究[J].云南植物研究,2006,28(2):169-174.
17.李秀芹,赵建成,李琳等.苔藓植物的药用研究进展[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28(6):626-631.
18.李高阳.苔藓植物形态、遗传多样性及其与环境的关系研究[D].四川大学硕士学位论文,2004.
19.李粉霞,王幼芳,刘丽等.浙江西天目山苔藓植物物种多样性的研究[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(2):192-196.
20.李敏.河北省小五台山苔藓植物研究[D].河北师范大学硕士学位论文,1999.
21.李燕.贵州青藓科分类及区系研究[D].贵州大学硕士学位论文,2002.
22.朱俊,王幼芳.从鹭峰山东麓苔鲜区系论东亚苔鲜分布路线[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,3:115-120.
23.何林.渝东南地区苔藓植物物种多样性初步研究[D].贵州大学硕士学位论文,2006.
24.何祖霞,严岳鸿,陈辉敏等.产自齐云山的江西藓类植物新纪录[J].植物研究,2008,28(5):527-533.
25.吴玉环.中国柳叶藓科植物的研究-分类、区系和生态[D].中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所博士学位论文,2000.
26.吴玉环,高谦,程国栋等.苔藓植物对全球变化的响应及生物指示意义[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(7):895-900.
27.吴征镒,王荷生.中国自然地理·植物地理(上)[M].科学出版社,1983.
28.吴鹏程主编.中国苔藓植物志(第六卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2002.
29.吴鹏程.苔藓植物生物学[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
30.吴鹏程,贾渝.中国苔藓植物的地理分区及分布类型[J].植物资源与环境学报,2006,15(1):1-8.
31.吴翠珍.湘西北地区苔藓植物物种多样性及区系研究[D].贵州大学硕士学位论文,2006.
32.张连永,杜桂森,汪楣芝.数值分类在藓类植物中的应用[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,22(4):48-55.
33.张华海,龙启德,廖德平主编.兴义坡岗自然保护区综合科学考察集[M].贵州科技出版社,2006.
34.张华海,周庆,张金国主编.湄潭百面水自然保护区综合科学考察集[M].贵州科技出版社,2006.
35.张家树.河北省北部苔藓植物研究[D].河北师范大学硕士学位论文,2000.
36.张朝晖.贵州茂兰喀斯特林区藓类植物名录[J].贵州师范大学学报(自然科学版),1993,11(1):33-42.
37.季梦成,王静,陈拥军.江西马头山苔藓植物资源研究[J].亚热带植物科学,2002,31(2):6-12.
38.杨志平.鄂西南地区苔藓植物分类、区系研究[D].贵州大学硕士学位论文,2006.
39.杨宁.麻阳河黑叶猴地区苔藓植物区系研究[D].贵州大学硕士学位论文,2007.
40.周艳.雷公山自然保护区生物多样性研究[D].贵州大学硕士学位论文,2007.
41.林邦娟,李植华.西藏苔藓植物志[M].科学出版社,1985.
42.林齐维.茂兰喀斯特林区苔藓植物初步调查报告[J].茂兰喀斯特森林科学考察集:贵州人民出版社,1986,244-259.
43.杨武,郭水良,方芳.不同生境下30种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(4):440-446.
44.杨武,郭水良,方芳.论藓类植物适应环境的形态与解剖学基础[J].安庆师范学院学报(自然科学报),2007,13(3):56-60.
45.陈邦杰.The genus Cyathophorella in China[J].Journ.West China Bord.Res.Soc.16(ser.B):142-148.
46.陈邦杰.中国藓类植物属志(上)[M].北京:科学出版社,1963.
47.陈邦杰.中国藓类植物属志(下)[M].北京:科学出版社,1978.
48.姜业芳.贵州黎平自然保护区苔藓植物研究[D].贵州大学硕士学位论文,2004.
49.姜业芳,吴翠珍.湖南小溪国家级自然保护区苔藓植物区系调查[J].山地农业生物学报,2007,26(2):142-145.
50.胡人亮.苔藓植物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1987.
51.钟本固,姜守忠.贵州梵净山苔藓植物的初步研究[J].贵州林业科技,1983,4:10-371.
52.施春蕾,曹同,王东升等.中国大陆苔藓植物新记录种-芒尖小黄藓(Daltonia aristifolia)[J].上海师范大学学报(自然科学版),2007,36(2):90-92.
53.郭水良,曹同.长白山地区森林生态系统树附生苔藓植物群落分布格局研究[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(4):442-450.
54.郭水良,曹同.长白山地表藓类分布格局与环境因子的关系[J].植物学报,2001,43(6):631-643.
55.高谦.中国苔藓志.第1卷[M].北京:科学出版社,1994.
56.贾渝,吴鹏程,罗健馨.广西九万山藓类植物区系分析及其对划分热带、亚热带分界线的意义[J].植物分类学报,1995,33(5):461-468.
57.贾渝,吴鹏程,罗健馨.广西九万山藓类植物区系分析及其对划分热带、亚热带分界线的意义(续)[J].植物分类学报,1995,33(6):556-571.
58.徐海清,刘文耀.云南哀牢山山地湿性常绿阔叶林附生植物的多样性和分布[J].生物多样性,2005,13(2):137-147.
59.钱迎倩.生物多样性的几个问题[J].植物学通报,1998,15(5):1-15.
60.曹同,高谦,付星.苔藓植物的生物多样性及其保护[J].生态学杂志,1997,16(2):47-52.
61.曹同,路勇,吴玉环等.苔藓植物对鞍山市环境污染生物指示的研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6):635-639.
62.曹同,郭水良,高谦.应用排序分析藓类植物分类群分布与气候因素的关系[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(5):680-686.
63.黄士良,王晓蕊,赵建成等.苔藓植物对石家庄市区大气污染的指示作用研究[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28(6):615-619.
64.彭小馨,骆强.贵阳地区石灰岩苔藓的种类及生境[J].贵州科学,2003,21(4):85-88.
65.韩留福.7种国产提灯藓科(Mniaceae)植物业叶片的比较解剖学研究[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,23(2):255-258.
66.曾国驱,林邦娟.粤北石灰岩地区的藓类植物[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2001,9(2):113-122.
67.熊源新,罗应春.贵州藓类植物区系研究[J].贵州农学院学报,1997,16(4):1-48.
68.熊源新.贵州藓类植物研究回顾[J].山地农业生物学报,1999,18(6):431-440.
69.熊源新.贵州丹霞地貌藓类植物研究[J].贵州科学,2001,19(4):54-64.
70.熊源新主编.黔渝湘鄂交界地区苔藓植物物种多样性研究[M].贵州科技出版社,2007.
71.熊源新,闫晓丽.贵州红河谷地区苔藓植物区系研究[J].广西植物,2008,28(1):37-46.
72.Alpert P.,Oechel WC.1985.Carbon balance limits the microdistribution of Grimmia laevigata,a desiccation tolerant plant.Ecology,66(3):660-669.
73.Benito C.Tan.Winona H.welch herbarium of Hookeriaceae.Brittonia,1990,42(2):125-137.
74.Benito C.T.,Lin Q.W.,Crosby M.R..A report on the 1991 Sino-American Bryological Expedition to Guizhou Province China:New and Noteworthy Addition of Chinese Moss Taxa[J].Bryologist,1994,96(2):127-1371.
75.Brotherus V.F.Hookeriales.In:A.Engler& K.Prantl,Die natiidichen Pflanzenfamilien,ed.1925,2(11):214-278.
76.Buck W.R.& Vitt D.H..Suggestions for a new familial classification ofpleurocarpous mosses.Taxon 1986,35:21-60.
77.Cao T,Gao C.A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Grimmia and Schistdium (Bryopsida;Grim-miaceae) in China[J].Hatt Bot Lab,1986,(61):123-2471.
78.Crosby.Toward a revised classification of the Hookeriaceae(Musci).J.Hattori Bot.Lab.1974,38:129-141.
79. Gao C,Cao T.. Studies of Chinese Biyophytes the family Theliaeae(Musci) [J]. J Hatt Bot Lab,1992,(71):367-5051.
80. Glime J.M ,Iwatsuki Z. Geothermal communities of Ponponyama,Hokkaido,Japan. J Hattori BotLab,1994,75:133-147.
81. Gangulee H.C.,Se D., F.N.A.Professor of Botany,University of Calcutta,Mosses of eastern India and Adjacent Regions,CALUTTA T00019,INDIA,1982,1463-1545.
82. Howard A.Crum and Lewise.Anaderson Mosses of Eastern north America[M]. Columbia University press. 1981,2:821-829.
83. JI.CAI Jianguo,ENROTH Johannes. Leucomium (Leucomiaceae),a moss genus new to Jiangxi Province[M]. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agricl & Life Sci.),2006,32 (6) :683-686.
84. Lai M.Z. Bryophyte indicator for environment In:Wu P.C ed.Bryological Biology,Introduction and Diverse Branches[M]. Beijing:Science Press. 1998.318-328 .
85. Lewinsky Haapasaari J.,Crosby M.R. Orthomitrium tuberculatum (Orthotrichaceae)a new genus and species form Guizhou ,China [J]. Novon ,1995,6(1) :l-5.
86. Lin P. J. A study on Chinese Calymperaceae [J]. J Hatt BotLab, 1984,(55) :267-2721.
87. Lin P. J. ,Reese W.D. A further study on Chinese Calymperaceae [J]. Bryologist,1989,(92):170-1731.
88. Lin P.J,Benito C.T.. Contribution to the Bryoflora of China(12) A taxonomic Revision of Chinese Hookeriaceae (Musci) [J]. J Hatt Bot Lab. 1996,(71) :367-3951.
89. Li Y.H. Physiological ecology of bryophytes. In:WuP-C ed.Bryological Biology,Introduction and Diverse Branch-es.Beijing :Sciences Press. 1998,131-147.
90. Li Z.H. A revision of the Chinese species of Fissidens[J]. Acta Bot Fennica,1985 ,(129) :165.
91. Luo X.J,T Koponen. A revision of Arechum in China[J]. Ann Bot Fennici ,1986 (23) :33-471.
92. Miller,H.A. An overview of the Hookeriales. Phytologia 1971,21: 243-252.
93. Richardson D.H.S. The Biology of Mosses. LondonrBlackwell Scientific Publications.1981.,17-27.
94. Sharp,Crum,Eckel. The moss flora of Mexico, 1994,766-834.
95. Tyler G. Bryophytes and heavy metals:a literature review. Bot J Linn Soc, 1990,104(2):231-253.
96.William R.,Buck.Taxonomic and nomenclatural rearrangement in the Hookeriales with notes on west Indian taxa.Brittonia,1987,39(2):210-224.
97.Wu P.C,Luo J.X..Bryophytes in air pollution monitoring.Envi ron Sci,1979,3(1):68-72.