小溪自然保护区非盐环境土壤嗜盐和耐盐菌多样性研究
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摘要
本研究从湖南小溪国家级自然保护区采集普通非盐环境(ordinary non-saline environment)土壤样品,用纯培养法(culture-dependent method)分离其中的嗜盐和耐盐原核生物,进而采用基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析(phylogenetic analysis)方法研究这些分离菌株的多样性,并对分离菌株进行抗菌活性筛选,以及对部分代表潜在新分类单元(potential new taxa)的菌株进行系统分类学(systematic taxonomy)研究,以期初步了解小溪自然保护区非盐土壤(non-saline soil)样品中的可培养嗜盐和耐盐细菌多样性,并从中发现一批具有开发潜力的抗菌物质产生菌株,以及利用多相分类方法(polyphasic taxonomic approach)确定部分潜在新类群的分类地位,为深入开展普通非盐环境中的嗜盐和耐盐原核生物资源的研究、保护及开发利用奠定基础。
用补充5～20%(w/v)NaCl的MA、ISP 2、ISP 5、NA和HAA培养基从湖南小溪国家级自然保护区非盐环境土壤样品中分离到114株细菌(含放线菌)菌株,其中18株为中度嗜盐菌,8株为轻度嗜盐菌,88株为耐盐菌。根据形态观察和部分生理生化实验结果去冗余,选取61个代表性菌株进行基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,这些分离菌株属于3个大的系统发育类群(门; phylum)(Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria)的16个科(Alteromonadaceae, Bacillaceae, Brevibacteriaceae, Chromatiaceae, Dermabacteraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Nocardiaceae, Planococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Thermomonosporaceae, Yaniellaceae)、18个属(Actinomadura, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Erwinia, Halobacillus, Jeotgalibacillus, Microbacterium, Microbulbifer, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Rheinheimera, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Yaniella),代表了41个物种。多数菌株属于Firmicutes门(38株,62.3%),其中芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)菌株有33株(54.1%),为优势科,Bacillus属(29株;47.5%)为优势属;其次是Actinobacteria门(18株,29.5%)和Proteobacteria门(5株,8.2%)。Shannon-winner多样性指数(H)为3.4968,均匀度指数(E)为0.9416,表明湖南小溪国家级自然保护区普通非盐环境土壤中可培养嗜盐及耐盐菌具有较高的物种多样性和均匀度。大多数菌株与其系统发育关系最密切的已知物种的典型菌株之间存在一定的遗传差异(16S rRNA基因序列相似性为96.9%～99.8%),其中有7个菌株(JSM 070026, JSM 081004, JSM 081006, JSM 081008, JSM 083058, JSM 083085和JSM 084035)代表7个潜在新种(potential novel species)。
以8个敏感菌株(3株革兰氏阳性菌、3株革兰氏阴性菌和2株真菌)作为指示菌,采用管碟法对分离菌株进行抗菌活性筛选,并对抗菌活性较强的菌株进行了基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析和生物学特性研究。结果显示,114个受试菌株中有74株的发酵产物具有抗菌活性,阳性率为64.9%,其中9个菌株的发酵产物抗菌活性较强、抗菌谱较广。综合分析形态特征、生理生化特征和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析数据,结果表明,9株具有较强抗菌活性的菌株分别属于Bacillus属(JSM 081049, JSM 082021-1, JSM 082056, JSM 082080, JSM 082081-1, JSM 082097)、Arthrobacter属(JSM 082018)、Brachybacterium属(JSM 082044)和Streptomyces属(JSM 082030)。
运用多相分类方法对部分潜在新分类单元进行了系统分类学研究。综合分析表型特征、化学分类特征、系统发育分析结果和DNA-DNA杂交数据,确立了4个分离菌株的分类地位,即菌株JSM 070026、JSM 081004、JSM 081008和JSM 083058已经被确定分别代表了4个属的4个新种,分别被命名为土壤阎氏菌(Yaniella soli),小溪芽孢杆菌(Bacillus xiaoxiensis),土壤泡菜芽孢杆菌(Jeotgalibacillus soli),湖南鞘胺醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas hunanensis)。
本研究结果表明,湖南小溪国家级自然保护区普通非盐环境土壤中存在较为丰富的嗜盐及耐盐菌多样性,并且潜藏着较多新的微生物类群(物种),且具有较高比例菌株能产生抗菌活性物质,是一类极有开发利用价值的微生物资源。
To investigate the diversity of culturable halophilic and halotolerant bacteria isolated from ordinary non-saline soil samples collected from Xiaoxi National Natural Reserve (28°42′15′′~28°53′15′′N, 110°6′50′′~110°21′35′′E), Hunan Province, PR China, bacteria were isolated from the samples by using the conventional culture-dependent method and were then investigated by using phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons. Then the antibacterial activities of the fermentation broth extracts from the isolates were detected on eight sensitive microorganisms in order to find some isolates exhibiting strong bioactivity. Finally, some potential new taxa were investigated using the polyphasic taxonomic approach to establish their precise taxonomic positions, and thereby the new taxa would be formally descripted and validly published, which would be helpful in the conservation and utilization of these microbial resources.
We isolated 114 bacterium strains (8 moderately halophilic bacteria, 19 slight halophilic bacteria, 87 halotolerant bacteria) from the samples on media (marine agar 2216, International Streotomyces Project medium 2 and 5, nutrient agar and humic acid agar) supplemented with 5~20% (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, we selected 61 strains to perform a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Our results showed that 61 isolates represented 41 species, belonging to 18 genera (Actinomadura, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Erwinia, Halobacillus, Jeotgalibacillus, Microbacterium, Microbulbifer, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Rheinheimera, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Yaniella) of 16 families (Alteromonadaceae, Bacillaceae, Brevibacteriaceae, Chromatiaceae, Dermabacteraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Nocardiaceae, Planococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Thermomonosporaceae, Yaniellaceae) in three phyla (Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria). The most abundant and diverse isolates were within the phylum Firmicutes (38 strains, 62.3%) and the phylum Actinobacteria (18 strains, 29.5%).Shannon-winner diversity index (H) was 3.4968,Pielou evenness index (E) was 0.9416。The phylogenetic distance matrix results suggested that there were obvious genetic divergences between most isolates and their closestly related type strains (16S rRNA gene sequence similarities ranged from 96.9% to 99.8%), and that, out of 61 isolates, at least 7 strains (JSM 070026, JSM 081004, JSM 081006, JSM 081008, JSM 083058, JSM 083085, JSM 084035) should represent 7 potential novel species within 6 characterized genera (Yaniella, Bacillus, Jeotgalibacillus, Sphingomonas, Rheinheimera, Microbulbifer).
The antimicrobial activity of the fermentation brothes of all 114 isolates, was screened using the cylinder-plate method on 8 indicator microorganisms, i.e. three Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus), three Gram-negative bacteria (Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris) and two fungi (Asperillus niger, Candida albican). The results showed that, out of 114 strains tested, 74 were positive in antimicrobial activity (64.9%), in which 9 strains exhibited strong antimicrobial activity. These 9 strains were submitted for 16S rRNA gene amplification and phylogenetic analysis after phenotypic characterization including morphological, biochemical and physiological tests. The results suggested that the 9 strains were within the phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, belong to the genera Bacillus (JSM 081049, JSM 082021-1, JSM 082056, JSM 082080, JSM 082081-1, JSM 082097), Arthrobacter (JSM 082018), Brachybacterium (JSM 082044) and Streptomyces (JSM 082030).
On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic distinctiveness, chemotaxonomic data and DNA-DNA relatedness, 4 strains were proposed to represent 4 novel species within 4 characterized genera., i.e. Yaniella soli sp. nov., with JSM 070026T (= DSM 22211T = KCTC 13527T) as the type strain; Bacillus xiaoxiensis sp. nov., with JSM 081004T (= CCTCC AA 208057T = DSM 21943T) as the type strain; Jeotgalibacillus soli sp. nov., with JSM 081008T (= DSM 22174T = KCTC 13528T) as the type strain; Sphingomonas hunanensis sp. nov., with JSM 083058T(= CCTCC AA 209011T = DSM 22213T) as the type strain. The articles describing these new taxa have been published or inpressed in international journals, i.e. IJSEM (International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology) and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology).
In conclusion, the results presented above show that there are abundant bacterial diversity and a number of potential new taxa in the ordinary non-saline soil collected from Xiaoxi National Natural Reserve, Hunan Province, and that strains isolated there are important resources for bioactive compounds.
用补充5～20%(w/v)NaCl的MA、ISP 2、ISP 5、NA和HAA培养基从湖南小溪国家级自然保护区非盐环境土壤样品中分离到114株细菌(含放线菌)菌株,其中18株为中度嗜盐菌,8株为轻度嗜盐菌,88株为耐盐菌。根据形态观察和部分生理生化实验结果去冗余,选取61个代表性菌株进行基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,这些分离菌株属于3个大的系统发育类群(门; phylum)(Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria)的16个科(Alteromonadaceae, Bacillaceae, Brevibacteriaceae, Chromatiaceae, Dermabacteraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Nocardiaceae, Planococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Thermomonosporaceae, Yaniellaceae)、18个属(Actinomadura, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Erwinia, Halobacillus, Jeotgalibacillus, Microbacterium, Microbulbifer, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Rheinheimera, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Yaniella),代表了41个物种。多数菌株属于Firmicutes门(38株,62.3%),其中芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)菌株有33株(54.1%),为优势科,Bacillus属(29株;47.5%)为优势属;其次是Actinobacteria门(18株,29.5%)和Proteobacteria门(5株,8.2%)。Shannon-winner多样性指数(H)为3.4968,均匀度指数(E)为0.9416,表明湖南小溪国家级自然保护区普通非盐环境土壤中可培养嗜盐及耐盐菌具有较高的物种多样性和均匀度。大多数菌株与其系统发育关系最密切的已知物种的典型菌株之间存在一定的遗传差异(16S rRNA基因序列相似性为96.9%～99.8%),其中有7个菌株(JSM 070026, JSM 081004, JSM 081006, JSM 081008, JSM 083058, JSM 083085和JSM 084035)代表7个潜在新种(potential novel species)。
以8个敏感菌株(3株革兰氏阳性菌、3株革兰氏阴性菌和2株真菌)作为指示菌,采用管碟法对分离菌株进行抗菌活性筛选,并对抗菌活性较强的菌株进行了基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析和生物学特性研究。结果显示,114个受试菌株中有74株的发酵产物具有抗菌活性,阳性率为64.9%,其中9个菌株的发酵产物抗菌活性较强、抗菌谱较广。综合分析形态特征、生理生化特征和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析数据,结果表明,9株具有较强抗菌活性的菌株分别属于Bacillus属(JSM 081049, JSM 082021-1, JSM 082056, JSM 082080, JSM 082081-1, JSM 082097)、Arthrobacter属(JSM 082018)、Brachybacterium属(JSM 082044)和Streptomyces属(JSM 082030)。
运用多相分类方法对部分潜在新分类单元进行了系统分类学研究。综合分析表型特征、化学分类特征、系统发育分析结果和DNA-DNA杂交数据,确立了4个分离菌株的分类地位,即菌株JSM 070026、JSM 081004、JSM 081008和JSM 083058已经被确定分别代表了4个属的4个新种,分别被命名为土壤阎氏菌(Yaniella soli),小溪芽孢杆菌(Bacillus xiaoxiensis),土壤泡菜芽孢杆菌(Jeotgalibacillus soli),湖南鞘胺醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas hunanensis)。
本研究结果表明,湖南小溪国家级自然保护区普通非盐环境土壤中存在较为丰富的嗜盐及耐盐菌多样性,并且潜藏着较多新的微生物类群(物种),且具有较高比例菌株能产生抗菌活性物质,是一类极有开发利用价值的微生物资源。
To investigate the diversity of culturable halophilic and halotolerant bacteria isolated from ordinary non-saline soil samples collected from Xiaoxi National Natural Reserve (28°42′15′′~28°53′15′′N, 110°6′50′′~110°21′35′′E), Hunan Province, PR China, bacteria were isolated from the samples by using the conventional culture-dependent method and were then investigated by using phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons. Then the antibacterial activities of the fermentation broth extracts from the isolates were detected on eight sensitive microorganisms in order to find some isolates exhibiting strong bioactivity. Finally, some potential new taxa were investigated using the polyphasic taxonomic approach to establish their precise taxonomic positions, and thereby the new taxa would be formally descripted and validly published, which would be helpful in the conservation and utilization of these microbial resources.
We isolated 114 bacterium strains (8 moderately halophilic bacteria, 19 slight halophilic bacteria, 87 halotolerant bacteria) from the samples on media (marine agar 2216, International Streotomyces Project medium 2 and 5, nutrient agar and humic acid agar) supplemented with 5~20% (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, we selected 61 strains to perform a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Our results showed that 61 isolates represented 41 species, belonging to 18 genera (Actinomadura, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Erwinia, Halobacillus, Jeotgalibacillus, Microbacterium, Microbulbifer, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Rheinheimera, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptomyces, Yaniella) of 16 families (Alteromonadaceae, Bacillaceae, Brevibacteriaceae, Chromatiaceae, Dermabacteraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Nocardiaceae, Planococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Streptomycetaceae, Thermomonosporaceae, Yaniellaceae) in three phyla (Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria). The most abundant and diverse isolates were within the phylum Firmicutes (38 strains, 62.3%) and the phylum Actinobacteria (18 strains, 29.5%).Shannon-winner diversity index (H) was 3.4968,Pielou evenness index (E) was 0.9416。The phylogenetic distance matrix results suggested that there were obvious genetic divergences between most isolates and their closestly related type strains (16S rRNA gene sequence similarities ranged from 96.9% to 99.8%), and that, out of 61 isolates, at least 7 strains (JSM 070026, JSM 081004, JSM 081006, JSM 081008, JSM 083058, JSM 083085, JSM 084035) should represent 7 potential novel species within 6 characterized genera (Yaniella, Bacillus, Jeotgalibacillus, Sphingomonas, Rheinheimera, Microbulbifer).
The antimicrobial activity of the fermentation brothes of all 114 isolates, was screened using the cylinder-plate method on 8 indicator microorganisms, i.e. three Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus aureus), three Gram-negative bacteria (Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris) and two fungi (Asperillus niger, Candida albican). The results showed that, out of 114 strains tested, 74 were positive in antimicrobial activity (64.9%), in which 9 strains exhibited strong antimicrobial activity. These 9 strains were submitted for 16S rRNA gene amplification and phylogenetic analysis after phenotypic characterization including morphological, biochemical and physiological tests. The results suggested that the 9 strains were within the phyla Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, belong to the genera Bacillus (JSM 081049, JSM 082021-1, JSM 082056, JSM 082080, JSM 082081-1, JSM 082097), Arthrobacter (JSM 082018), Brachybacterium (JSM 082044) and Streptomyces (JSM 082030).
On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic distinctiveness, chemotaxonomic data and DNA-DNA relatedness, 4 strains were proposed to represent 4 novel species within 4 characterized genera., i.e. Yaniella soli sp. nov., with JSM 070026T (= DSM 22211T = KCTC 13527T) as the type strain; Bacillus xiaoxiensis sp. nov., with JSM 081004T (= CCTCC AA 208057T = DSM 21943T) as the type strain; Jeotgalibacillus soli sp. nov., with JSM 081008T (= DSM 22174T = KCTC 13528T) as the type strain; Sphingomonas hunanensis sp. nov., with JSM 083058T(= CCTCC AA 209011T = DSM 22213T) as the type strain. The articles describing these new taxa have been published or inpressed in international journals, i.e. IJSEM (International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology) and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology).
In conclusion, the results presented above show that there are abundant bacterial diversity and a number of potential new taxa in the ordinary non-saline soil collected from Xiaoxi National Natural Reserve, Hunan Province, and that strains isolated there are important resources for bioactive compounds.
引文
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