美国反补贴实体法律实施问题研究
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摘要
自2004年4月加拿大对中国产室外烧烤架发起反倾销反补贴调查以来,美国、南非、澳大利亚等各国纷纷效仿。据中国商务部统计,2004～2010年5月,我国共遭遇50起反补贴调查,居WTO各成员之首,成为全球反补贴调查的最大受害者。2009年,中国遭遇13起反补贴调查,创历年之最。其中,美国启动10起,高居榜首,占比高达76.9%;澳大利亚、加拿大和印度各启动1起。反补贴调查成为中国贸易摩擦的新领域、新热点之一,不再仅仅是一个理论探讨问题,更是中国政府和出口企业面临的一个实际问题。反补贴调查直接挑战中国宏观经济政策,严重影响中国经济政策的稳定性和相关产业的国际竞争力。中国面临的反补贴应对形势严峻。
在对中国采取反补贴措施的WTO成员方中,美国是发起案件数量最多,频率最高的国家。在金融危机的影响下,美国国内的贸易保护主义抬头,寻求对本国产业更多保护的压力日益加剧。美国钢铁工人联合会等工会组织频频向中国产品发难,预计美国对中国产品发起的反补贴案件数量在短期内仍将快速上升。美国作为中国的第二大贸易伙伴,其反补贴调查将成为中国反补贴调查应对工作的重中之重。但是,目前国内对美国反补贴法仍然缺乏较为系统和详细的论述。因此,本文以美国的反补贴法为研究对象,通过多个案例,研究其实体规则和在案件(包括对华案件)中的具体实施问题,以期为有关各界研究和处理相关问题提供一定的支持和参考。
本文共分为六章。
第一章为补贴和反补贴的经济政治分析。本章首先梳理了各种关于补贴和反补贴的理论流派,并根据分析立足点不同,对各流派大致分为全球、补贴方、受补贴影响方以及补贴方与受补贴影响方相互关系等四个角度加以总结。随后,基于微观经济学的分析工具,详细说明补贴和反补贴措施的基本影响路径及效应。最后,在经济分析基础上加入政治分析手段,描述了美国反补贴规则形成背后的贸易政治背景,即由于贸易保护措施诉求集团与为其支付代价群体之间的政治失衡。那些受到进口产品(包括接受出口补贴的进口产品)冲击的所谓“进口竞争集团”由于利益集中,便能采取强有力的游说行动,向国会和政府施加压力,必然导致反补贴规则的产生并成为美国保护贸易主义的重要组成部分。
第二章为美国反补贴规则的演变及与多边规则的相互作用。本章回顾了美国反补贴法的历史演变,结合GATT/WTO补贴和反补贴规则的形成和发展过程,探讨美国反补贴法和多边规则的相互影响关系。美国是世界上最早制定反补贴法的国家,也是世界上使用反补贴措施最多的国家,无论在理论体系的完整性还是在反补贴实践的技术操作和运用方面,都是WTO其它成员方所无法比拟的。而且,从GATT/WTO反补贴规则的历史来看,美国的反补贴制度对于前者的形成和发展起到了非常重要的作用。许多重要的制度,例如:补贴分类、补贴认定中的专向性标准(specificity test)、实质性损害(material injury)认定标准、累积评估(cumulate analysis)等均来源于美国国内实践。在多哈回合谈判中,美国试图将前几轮谈判中没有解决的自然资源和能源定价(Natural Resource and Energy Pricing)等问题重回多边体制的框架,以满足美国限制其他成员方补贴政策的需要。
第三章为美国反补贴规则中的补贴认定问题。本章讨论美国反补贴规则中的核心问题,即“补贴”。主要讨论补贴的定义和三要素的具体认定,并就美国反补贴规则在实践中发展出来的专向性标准、上游补贴(upstream subsidy)和私有化过程中的利益传递(pass of benefit)问题进行专门探讨。通过本章研究发现,美国反补贴法在这一核心问题上采用了原则规定的办法,赋予调查机关极大的自由裁量权进行解释和认定,被申请方抗辩的难度较大。在补贴认定上,美国调查机关也存在扩大范围的倾向,具体体现在,由于作为可抵消补贴(countervailable subsidy)判断标准之一的专向性标准的一些关键性词语没有具体规定,使得调查机关很容易得出补贴具有专向性进而构成可抵消补贴的认定。对于政府通过私人机构提供补贴的情况,美国调查机关也倾向于扩大化解释,以避免这类间接补贴成为规避美国反补贴法的突破口。
第四章为美国反补贴规则中的损害和因果关系认定问题。讨论反补贴调查案件三要素中的损害和因果关系(causal link)判断问题。对于损害,选择同类产品(like product)和国内产业(domestic industry)以及美国反补贴法首创的累积评估问题进行论述;对于因果关系,主要讨论其历史演变、具体案件中的认定方法和不归因问题。由于美国对损害判定实行累计评估和宽松的因果关系标准,导致了损害和因果关系的成立相对容易,保证了反补贴调查的进行和最终措施的采取。
第五章为美国对华产品反补贴调查中的法律问题。概述美国反补贴法对中国产品的适用历程和原因,并梳理2006年以来美国对华产品的反补贴案例和存在的主要问题。本章研究表明,在具体案件中,美国调查机关在中国国有企业性质认定和计算利益使用的外部基准(benchmark)等方面都存在一定程度的偏差,对中国企业有失公平,这些做法与美国以往的反补贴实践和WTO争端解决的规则和判例存在不符之处。
第六章为中国应对策略分析,在梳理美国对华反补贴案件涉案补贴和国内类似补贴的基础之上,提出我国的应对策略和未来研究空间。笔者发现,我国国内还存在大量类似于美国反补贴案件涉案措施的专向性补贴,包括地理、行业专向性补贴、出口补贴和进口替代补贴,这些在未来的美国对华反补贴案件中都将可能成为调查的对象。为此中国政府应对现有补贴政策进行梳理,及早构建国内补贴政策信息库,向不可诉补贴方向调整已有补贴政策,适时采取对外产品反补贴调查等反制措施,并积极利用国内和国际救济途径,在多边规则中争取更多话语权,力争从规则层面根本解决问题。
Since Canada initiated anti-dumping and countervailing investigation against Chinese outdoor grills on April 2004, the United States, South Africa, Australia and other countries followed. According to Chinese Ministry of Commerce, from 2004 to 2008, China suffered 24 countervailing investigation cases, accounts for 51.1% of the total number of cases within the world (47 cases), which made China the WTO member suffered most from countervailing investigations, and the WTO member most severely suffered in 3 subsequent years (2006, 2007 and 2008). In 2009, China suffered 13 (the highest annual amount) countervailing investigations, including 10 initiated by United States (accounts for 76.9% of the 13 cases), 1 by Australia, Canada and India each. Countervailing investigations has become one of the new areas and hotspots of Chinese trade frictions, which is no only a theoretical topic, but also a practical problem faced by Chinese government and export enterprises. Countervailing investigations directly challenge Chinese macro-economic policy, which seriously affect the stability of Chinese economic policy and international competitiveness of related industries. The situation China faces is grim.
Among all WTO members who applied countervailing measures against Chinese products, the United States initiated the most countervailing investigations with the highest frequency. With the influence of the financial crisis, trade protectionism in US rises, and the pressure seeking more protection over domestic industries is increasing. Trade unions such as the United Steelworker Unions challenge against Chinese products frequently. It is expected that countervailing cases against Chinese products will increase rapidly in the near future. The United States is the second largest trade partner of China, its countervailing investigations will be one of the top priorities in China’s response to countervailing investigations. However, there is still lack of systematic and detailed research of US countervailing laws in China. This thesis, taking US countervailing laws as its object, through a large number of practical cases, to study its substantive rules & provisions and its application in cases (including cases against China), with the intention to provide some support and reference for relevant sectors to research and resolve related issues.
This thesis is composed of six chapters.
ChapterⅠconsists of economic and political analysis of subsidies and countervailing duty measures. Various academic genres are set out in the beginning of the chapter, which was briefly summarized from four different angels: global, subsidy providing party, affected party, and relations between the providing party and the affected party. Subsequently, based on analytical tools of micro-economy, this chapter expresses the basic route and effectiveness of subsidy and countervailing duty measures. Finally in this chapter, with the political and economic analysis, describes the political background behind the formation of US’rules on countervailing duty measure, which is the imbalance between trade protectionism seeking camp and the group who bear expense for the previous camp. So called“Import Competition Group”, who is directly affected by imported products (including imported products accepting export subsidy), could canvass the Congress and government with great pressure. And such actions will necessarily lead to the occurrence of countervailing duty measures as one of the important parts of US’trade protectionism.
ChapterⅡrefers to the historical evolution of US countervailing rules and its interactions with multi-lateral rules. This chapter reviews the historical evolution of the US countervailing laws, combined with formation and development of subsidy and countervailing rule in GATT / WTO rules, discuss the interaction between the U.S. countervailing law and multilateral rules. United States is the first country who established countervailing laws and the country applied the most countervailing measures in the world, no other WTO member could compete with the US, whether in perspective of the integrity of theoretical system or the practical operation and application of countervailing practice. Furthermore, the US countervailing system played a very important role in the formation and development of the history of GATT/WTO countervailing rules. Many important rules, including subsidies classification, specificity test in subsidy identification, material injury, cumulate analysis, came from the US domestic practice. In the negotiation of Doha Round, the US tried to bring issues remain unresolved in last rounds, such as Nature Resource and Energy Pricing, back to the multi-lateral framework, to limit other members’subsidy policies.
ChapterⅢrefers to subsidies identification in the US countervailing rules. This chapter discusses the core issue of the US countervailing rules, subsidy. It mainly discuss the definition of subsidy, classification of the three elements, and specificity test, upstream subsidy, pass of benefit in privatize process. This chapter finds out that the US countervailing law states general provisions on this core issue, provides investigation authority with enormous discretionary power, and leave defendants with great difficulty. On the identification of subsidies, there exists a trend of scope enlargement in US investigation authority. For instance, being lack of detailed provisions on some key expressions over specificity test, which is one of the judgment standards of countervailable subsidy, the investigation authority could easily conclude a subsidy is a specific one, and therefore the subsidy is a countervailable subsidy. As for subsidies provided by government through private organizations, US officers also prefer to interpret with enlargement, in order to prevent US countervailing laws been avoided by such indirect subsidies.
ChapterⅣrefers to the identification problem of injury and the identification of causal link in the US countervailing rules. For injury, the following questions are analyzed: like product, domestic industry and cumulate valuation which was invented by US countervailing laws. For the causal link, the following issues are mainly discussed: its historical evolvement, approaches of identification in practical cases, and the problem of non-attribution. Because cumulate valuation and loose standards on causal link is applies in US, the composition of injury and causal link is comparatively easy, which secured the carrying out of countervailing investigation and the final measures.
ChapterⅤrefers to legal problems resulting from the US’countervailing investigations against Chinese products. The evolution and the reasons of application of US countervailing laws to Chinese products are summarized, and the cases of US against Chinese products and major problems are listed. As a conclusion of this chapter, in practical cases, there are deviation on a certain degree in US investigations on aspects such as identification of Chinese state-owned enterprise, specification of loans from commercial banks, benchmarks used in profit calculation. Such deviation are not fair to Chinese enterprises, and are inconsistent with US’former countervailing practice, nor rules and cases of WTO rules on dispute settlement.
ChapterⅥrefers to the strategy of China’s response. Based on the analysis of subsidies in US countervailing cases against Chinese products, and similar domestic subsidies, the strategy of China’s response and the space of future research is stated. The author finds out there exists large quantities of subsidies with specificity in china, including geographic and industrial specific subsidies, export subsidies and import replacement subsidies. Above mentioned subsidies could be targets of investigation in the future US countervailing cases. It is suggested that: Chinese government shall sort out present subsidy policies, set up a database on domestic subsidy policy as soon as possible, adjust existing subsidy policies on subsidy providing parties which can not be sued, initiate countervailing investigations and other measures to strike back on appropriate time. Chinese government shall also actively make use of domestic and international remedy methods, take effort for more Chinese voices in multi-lateral rules, and try to achieve a thorough resolution on the layer of rules.
在对中国采取反补贴措施的WTO成员方中,美国是发起案件数量最多,频率最高的国家。在金融危机的影响下,美国国内的贸易保护主义抬头,寻求对本国产业更多保护的压力日益加剧。美国钢铁工人联合会等工会组织频频向中国产品发难,预计美国对中国产品发起的反补贴案件数量在短期内仍将快速上升。美国作为中国的第二大贸易伙伴,其反补贴调查将成为中国反补贴调查应对工作的重中之重。但是,目前国内对美国反补贴法仍然缺乏较为系统和详细的论述。因此,本文以美国的反补贴法为研究对象,通过多个案例,研究其实体规则和在案件(包括对华案件)中的具体实施问题,以期为有关各界研究和处理相关问题提供一定的支持和参考。
本文共分为六章。
第一章为补贴和反补贴的经济政治分析。本章首先梳理了各种关于补贴和反补贴的理论流派,并根据分析立足点不同,对各流派大致分为全球、补贴方、受补贴影响方以及补贴方与受补贴影响方相互关系等四个角度加以总结。随后,基于微观经济学的分析工具,详细说明补贴和反补贴措施的基本影响路径及效应。最后,在经济分析基础上加入政治分析手段,描述了美国反补贴规则形成背后的贸易政治背景,即由于贸易保护措施诉求集团与为其支付代价群体之间的政治失衡。那些受到进口产品(包括接受出口补贴的进口产品)冲击的所谓“进口竞争集团”由于利益集中,便能采取强有力的游说行动,向国会和政府施加压力,必然导致反补贴规则的产生并成为美国保护贸易主义的重要组成部分。
第二章为美国反补贴规则的演变及与多边规则的相互作用。本章回顾了美国反补贴法的历史演变,结合GATT/WTO补贴和反补贴规则的形成和发展过程,探讨美国反补贴法和多边规则的相互影响关系。美国是世界上最早制定反补贴法的国家,也是世界上使用反补贴措施最多的国家,无论在理论体系的完整性还是在反补贴实践的技术操作和运用方面,都是WTO其它成员方所无法比拟的。而且,从GATT/WTO反补贴规则的历史来看,美国的反补贴制度对于前者的形成和发展起到了非常重要的作用。许多重要的制度,例如:补贴分类、补贴认定中的专向性标准(specificity test)、实质性损害(material injury)认定标准、累积评估(cumulate analysis)等均来源于美国国内实践。在多哈回合谈判中,美国试图将前几轮谈判中没有解决的自然资源和能源定价(Natural Resource and Energy Pricing)等问题重回多边体制的框架,以满足美国限制其他成员方补贴政策的需要。
第三章为美国反补贴规则中的补贴认定问题。本章讨论美国反补贴规则中的核心问题,即“补贴”。主要讨论补贴的定义和三要素的具体认定,并就美国反补贴规则在实践中发展出来的专向性标准、上游补贴(upstream subsidy)和私有化过程中的利益传递(pass of benefit)问题进行专门探讨。通过本章研究发现,美国反补贴法在这一核心问题上采用了原则规定的办法,赋予调查机关极大的自由裁量权进行解释和认定,被申请方抗辩的难度较大。在补贴认定上,美国调查机关也存在扩大范围的倾向,具体体现在,由于作为可抵消补贴(countervailable subsidy)判断标准之一的专向性标准的一些关键性词语没有具体规定,使得调查机关很容易得出补贴具有专向性进而构成可抵消补贴的认定。对于政府通过私人机构提供补贴的情况,美国调查机关也倾向于扩大化解释,以避免这类间接补贴成为规避美国反补贴法的突破口。
第四章为美国反补贴规则中的损害和因果关系认定问题。讨论反补贴调查案件三要素中的损害和因果关系(causal link)判断问题。对于损害,选择同类产品(like product)和国内产业(domestic industry)以及美国反补贴法首创的累积评估问题进行论述;对于因果关系,主要讨论其历史演变、具体案件中的认定方法和不归因问题。由于美国对损害判定实行累计评估和宽松的因果关系标准,导致了损害和因果关系的成立相对容易,保证了反补贴调查的进行和最终措施的采取。
第五章为美国对华产品反补贴调查中的法律问题。概述美国反补贴法对中国产品的适用历程和原因,并梳理2006年以来美国对华产品的反补贴案例和存在的主要问题。本章研究表明,在具体案件中,美国调查机关在中国国有企业性质认定和计算利益使用的外部基准(benchmark)等方面都存在一定程度的偏差,对中国企业有失公平,这些做法与美国以往的反补贴实践和WTO争端解决的规则和判例存在不符之处。
第六章为中国应对策略分析,在梳理美国对华反补贴案件涉案补贴和国内类似补贴的基础之上,提出我国的应对策略和未来研究空间。笔者发现,我国国内还存在大量类似于美国反补贴案件涉案措施的专向性补贴,包括地理、行业专向性补贴、出口补贴和进口替代补贴,这些在未来的美国对华反补贴案件中都将可能成为调查的对象。为此中国政府应对现有补贴政策进行梳理,及早构建国内补贴政策信息库,向不可诉补贴方向调整已有补贴政策,适时采取对外产品反补贴调查等反制措施,并积极利用国内和国际救济途径,在多边规则中争取更多话语权,力争从规则层面根本解决问题。
Since Canada initiated anti-dumping and countervailing investigation against Chinese outdoor grills on April 2004, the United States, South Africa, Australia and other countries followed. According to Chinese Ministry of Commerce, from 2004 to 2008, China suffered 24 countervailing investigation cases, accounts for 51.1% of the total number of cases within the world (47 cases), which made China the WTO member suffered most from countervailing investigations, and the WTO member most severely suffered in 3 subsequent years (2006, 2007 and 2008). In 2009, China suffered 13 (the highest annual amount) countervailing investigations, including 10 initiated by United States (accounts for 76.9% of the 13 cases), 1 by Australia, Canada and India each. Countervailing investigations has become one of the new areas and hotspots of Chinese trade frictions, which is no only a theoretical topic, but also a practical problem faced by Chinese government and export enterprises. Countervailing investigations directly challenge Chinese macro-economic policy, which seriously affect the stability of Chinese economic policy and international competitiveness of related industries. The situation China faces is grim.
Among all WTO members who applied countervailing measures against Chinese products, the United States initiated the most countervailing investigations with the highest frequency. With the influence of the financial crisis, trade protectionism in US rises, and the pressure seeking more protection over domestic industries is increasing. Trade unions such as the United Steelworker Unions challenge against Chinese products frequently. It is expected that countervailing cases against Chinese products will increase rapidly in the near future. The United States is the second largest trade partner of China, its countervailing investigations will be one of the top priorities in China’s response to countervailing investigations. However, there is still lack of systematic and detailed research of US countervailing laws in China. This thesis, taking US countervailing laws as its object, through a large number of practical cases, to study its substantive rules & provisions and its application in cases (including cases against China), with the intention to provide some support and reference for relevant sectors to research and resolve related issues.
This thesis is composed of six chapters.
ChapterⅠconsists of economic and political analysis of subsidies and countervailing duty measures. Various academic genres are set out in the beginning of the chapter, which was briefly summarized from four different angels: global, subsidy providing party, affected party, and relations between the providing party and the affected party. Subsequently, based on analytical tools of micro-economy, this chapter expresses the basic route and effectiveness of subsidy and countervailing duty measures. Finally in this chapter, with the political and economic analysis, describes the political background behind the formation of US’rules on countervailing duty measure, which is the imbalance between trade protectionism seeking camp and the group who bear expense for the previous camp. So called“Import Competition Group”, who is directly affected by imported products (including imported products accepting export subsidy), could canvass the Congress and government with great pressure. And such actions will necessarily lead to the occurrence of countervailing duty measures as one of the important parts of US’trade protectionism.
ChapterⅡrefers to the historical evolution of US countervailing rules and its interactions with multi-lateral rules. This chapter reviews the historical evolution of the US countervailing laws, combined with formation and development of subsidy and countervailing rule in GATT / WTO rules, discuss the interaction between the U.S. countervailing law and multilateral rules. United States is the first country who established countervailing laws and the country applied the most countervailing measures in the world, no other WTO member could compete with the US, whether in perspective of the integrity of theoretical system or the practical operation and application of countervailing practice. Furthermore, the US countervailing system played a very important role in the formation and development of the history of GATT/WTO countervailing rules. Many important rules, including subsidies classification, specificity test in subsidy identification, material injury, cumulate analysis, came from the US domestic practice. In the negotiation of Doha Round, the US tried to bring issues remain unresolved in last rounds, such as Nature Resource and Energy Pricing, back to the multi-lateral framework, to limit other members’subsidy policies.
ChapterⅢrefers to subsidies identification in the US countervailing rules. This chapter discusses the core issue of the US countervailing rules, subsidy. It mainly discuss the definition of subsidy, classification of the three elements, and specificity test, upstream subsidy, pass of benefit in privatize process. This chapter finds out that the US countervailing law states general provisions on this core issue, provides investigation authority with enormous discretionary power, and leave defendants with great difficulty. On the identification of subsidies, there exists a trend of scope enlargement in US investigation authority. For instance, being lack of detailed provisions on some key expressions over specificity test, which is one of the judgment standards of countervailable subsidy, the investigation authority could easily conclude a subsidy is a specific one, and therefore the subsidy is a countervailable subsidy. As for subsidies provided by government through private organizations, US officers also prefer to interpret with enlargement, in order to prevent US countervailing laws been avoided by such indirect subsidies.
ChapterⅣrefers to the identification problem of injury and the identification of causal link in the US countervailing rules. For injury, the following questions are analyzed: like product, domestic industry and cumulate valuation which was invented by US countervailing laws. For the causal link, the following issues are mainly discussed: its historical evolvement, approaches of identification in practical cases, and the problem of non-attribution. Because cumulate valuation and loose standards on causal link is applies in US, the composition of injury and causal link is comparatively easy, which secured the carrying out of countervailing investigation and the final measures.
ChapterⅤrefers to legal problems resulting from the US’countervailing investigations against Chinese products. The evolution and the reasons of application of US countervailing laws to Chinese products are summarized, and the cases of US against Chinese products and major problems are listed. As a conclusion of this chapter, in practical cases, there are deviation on a certain degree in US investigations on aspects such as identification of Chinese state-owned enterprise, specification of loans from commercial banks, benchmarks used in profit calculation. Such deviation are not fair to Chinese enterprises, and are inconsistent with US’former countervailing practice, nor rules and cases of WTO rules on dispute settlement.
ChapterⅥrefers to the strategy of China’s response. Based on the analysis of subsidies in US countervailing cases against Chinese products, and similar domestic subsidies, the strategy of China’s response and the space of future research is stated. The author finds out there exists large quantities of subsidies with specificity in china, including geographic and industrial specific subsidies, export subsidies and import replacement subsidies. Above mentioned subsidies could be targets of investigation in the future US countervailing cases. It is suggested that: Chinese government shall sort out present subsidy policies, set up a database on domestic subsidy policy as soon as possible, adjust existing subsidy policies on subsidy providing parties which can not be sued, initiate countervailing investigations and other measures to strike back on appropriate time. Chinese government shall also actively make use of domestic and international remedy methods, take effort for more Chinese voices in multi-lateral rules, and try to achieve a thorough resolution on the layer of rules.
引文
2数据来源:同脚注1。
1《积极面对挑战增强必胜信心权力做好应对贸易摩擦工作》,中国商务部进出口公平贸易局局长周晓燕在2009年全国应对贸易摩擦工作会议上的讲话。
2 Terence P. Stewart, Amy S. Dwyer, and Marta M Prado, Antidumping, Countervailing Duties and Trade Remedies:“Let’s Make A Deal”Views From a Domestic Practitioner, 37 Int’l L. 764, 2003.
1王贵国著:《世界贸易组织法》,法律出版社2002年版,内容简介。
1李巍:《美国反补贴法对非市场经济体的适用研究》,复旦大学硕士学位论文,2006年,第8-11页。
1王传丽著:《国际贸易法——政府管理贸易的法律与制度》,中国政法大学出版社2002版,第3—26页。
2当年日本对钢铁、半导体行业的扶持,美国对军工产业的扶持以及欧盟对高利技产业的政府扶持都可作为这一理论的现实证明。
1 J.A. Brander and B. J. Spencer, Imitational R&D Rivalry and industrial Strategy, Review of Economic Studies 50. 1983, pp. 707-722.
2王玉华:《补贴与反补贴的效应分析及其对我国的启示》,湖北大学硕士学位论文,2005年,第10—11页。
1范荷芳:《补贴与反补贴:国外的发展动态与我国的应对策略》,上海大学硕士学位论文,2008年,第8-10页。
2甘瑛著:《国际货物贸易中的补贴与反补贴法律问题研究》,法律出版社2005年版,第16-17页。
1 Richard Diamond, A Search for Economic and Financial Principles in the Administration of United States Countervailing Duty Law, Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 21, 1990, pp. 533-540,转引自甘瑛著:《国际货物贸易中的补贴与反补贴法律问题研究》,法律出版社2005年版,第16—17页。
2 Larry D. Qiu, Why Can’t Countervailing Duties Deter Export subsidization? , Journal of International Economics, 1995, (39), pp. 249-272.
1乔小勇、何海燕、赵飞:《两国厂商相互出口条件下出口补贴与反补贴的经济效应研究》,载《浙江工商大学学报》2009年第2期。
2李小明:《对国际贸易中补贴与反补贴措施的法律经济学解析》,载《财经理论与实践》2007年第7期。
1具体理论假定可参见:【美】保罗·克鲁格曼、茅瑞斯·奥伯斯法尔德著:《国际经济学(第五版)》,海闻等译校,中国人民大学出版社2002版,第178-181页。
1范荷芳:《补贴与反补贴:国外的发展动态与我国的应对策略》,上海大学硕士学位论文,2008年,第22页。
2这正是传统的自由贸易理论反对补贴的核心依据,即没有扭曲的贸易使得贸易双方都得益,而尽管合理的反补贴可以部分纠正补贴所造成的影响,但仍然属于自由贸易的一种扭曲。
1传统贸易理论基本都假定市场为完全竞争市场,但在当前经济,不完全竞争和规模报酬递增在很多行业都存在。因此,如果将现实情况考虑到上面的比较静态模型中来的话,就需要采用战略贸易理论的分析工具。本节仅仅是给出一个简单经济分析以便对补贴的经济效应有一个直观的理解。
2一般均衡分析核心是将整个经济视为一个系统,当某一行业发生政策变动时,不仅考虑政策对该行业的影响,还考虑行业之间的相互影响,各种影响在整个经济系统中相互作用相互抵消的情况下,求解最终均衡实现时政策的效应。
1至于对补贴效应的量化,包括对产业产出、出口的影响以及对其他各行业的影响以致对整个国民经济和社会福利的影响等等,可以采用目前国际通用的可算一般均衡模型(CGE)来进行模拟。
1这里的局部均衡分析结果也验证了感谢信流派的观点,即进口国会因为进口产品中含有补贴而增加福利。
2 Chad P. Bown and Meredith A. Crowley, Trade deflection and trade depression, Journal of International Economics, Volume 72, Issue 1, May 2007, figure 2.
1有些学术著作或文章对这种现象也称为贸易转移。为了方便论述并避免引起不必要的混淆,在此用贸易偏转。
1邢立娟:《美国对外贸易法的政治经济分析》,东北财经大学博士学位论文,2007年,第25页。
2【美】丹尼斯C·缪勒著:《公共选择理论》,杨春学等译,中国社会科学出版社1999年版,第4页。
1朱敏:《西方公共选择理论初探》,载《世界经济文汇》1990年第6期。
2 Gene M. Grossman, Elhanan Helpman, Interest Groups and Trade Policy , Princeton University Press, 2002.
3黄鹏:《基于货物贸易的贸易运行监控研究》,上海社科院博士学位论文,2006年,第78—81页。
1李淑俊:《美国贸易保护主义的政治基础研究—以中美贸易摩擦为例》,复旦大学博士学位论文,2008年,第4页。
2【美】戴斯勒著:《美国贸易政治》,王恩冕、于少蔚译,中国市场出版社2005年版,第3页。
1这也是美国国会建立反对各种保护主义的抗衡方法,转移和应对限制贸易压力的手段,事实证明,上述手段构成的“1934年体制”不仅促进了美国的战后繁荣,也由于美国市场的开放确立了美国在全球经济中的领先地位,更重要的是促进了1949年末达成并执行了近50年的关贸总协定。
1早在1897年美国就颁布法令,对别国政府向其国内某个行业或企业提供的津贴或补助,如受其影响的美国利益集团提出请求,美国政府有权征收数量相当于外国补贴的反补贴税。
1【美】戴斯勒著:《美国贸易政治》,王恩冕、于少蔚译中国市场出版社2005年版,第137—139页。
1 Wendy L. Hansen Thomas J. Prusa, The Role of The Median Legislator In U.S. Trade Policy: A Historical Analysis,Economic Inquiry, Volume 35 Issue 1.
2 P.Ashley, Modern Tariff History 158(1905),转引自Peter Buck Feller, Mutiny against the Bounty: An Examination of Subsidies, Border Tax Adjustments, and the Resurgence of the Countervailing Duty Law, 1 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. (1969), footnote 19.
1 Tariff Act of 1890,ch. 1244, Sec. 237,26 Stat. 584.
2《1894年关税法》第182条。
3转引自【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第388页脚注1。
4【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第392页脚注11。
1 Peter Buck Feller, Mutiny against the Bounty: An Examination of Subsidies, Border Tax Adjustments, and the Resurgence of the Countervailing Duty Law, 1 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. (1969)。
2【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第392页脚注11。
3 S.REP. No. 1298, 93d Cong. 2d Sess. 183(1974).
4【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第400页。
2 Trade Act of 1974, Sec 331(a),adding 19 U.S.C. Section 1303(a)(4).
3 Trade Act of 1974, Sec 331(b)(6),adding 19 U.S.C. Section 1303.
4 Trade Act of 1974, Sec 331(b),amending 19 U.S.C. Section 1516(a)(1970).
5 Hammond Lead Products, Inc. v. United States, 306 F. Supp. 460 (Cust. Ct 1969).
1【美】布鲁斯·E.·克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第400页。
2 Trade Act of 1974, Sec 331(a),adding 19 U.S.C. Section 1303(a)(2).
3 The Congress of the United States Congressional Budget office: How the GATT influence the us antidumping and countervailing duty law, September 1994, p. 26.
4 Overview and Compilation of The Us Trade Statute,p. 97.
5 John H. Jackson: The Trading System—Law and Policy of International Economic Relation(2d Edit. 1997), p. 293,转引自赵维田著:《世界贸易(WTO)的法律制度》,吉林大人民出版社2001年版,第310页。
1 Agreement On Interpretation And Application Of Articles Vi, Xvi And Xxiii Of The General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade, Part I, Articles 1-6.
2 Joseph E. Pattison, Aantidumping and Countervailing Duty Laws,§6:1, from the WestLaw database, 2009 version.
3 19. U.S.C Section 1677(10),(1990).
4 Section 703, 705, 733 and 735 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended by 19 U.S.C.Section 1671b, 1671d, 1673b, 1673d; 93 Stat. 152, 159, 163, 169.
1 Peter Buck Feller, Preface Observations on the New Countervailing Duty Law, 11 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. (1979)
2 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended by 19 U.S.C.Section 1675, 93 Stat. 175.
3当时的美国财政部倾向自由贸易,而DOC则更容易被当成是美国产业的代言人。
4 Exec.Order No. 12188, January 4, 1980, 44 Fed. Reg.69273.
5 Certain Steel Products from Belgium: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 47 Fed Reg 39304 (September 7, 1982).
6 Options to Improve the Trade Remedy Laws: Hearings Before the Subcomm. On Trade, House Committee on Ways and Means, 98 th Cong. 1st Sess. 222(1983),转引自Judith Hippler Bello and Alan F. Holmer , The Trade And Tariff Act of 1984: Principal Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Provisions, International Lawyer , Spring, 1985, note 3.
1 19. U.S.C. Section 1677-11; 98 Stat.3035, Sec.613.
2 Options to Improve the Trade Remedy Laws: Hearings Before the Subcomm. On Trade, House Committee on Ways and Means, 98 th Cong. 1st Sess. at 103 (1983)(Statement of Sol C. Chaikin),转引自Judith Hippler Bello and Alan F. Holmer , The Trade And Tariff Act of 1984: Principal Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Provisions, International Lawyer , Spring, 1985, footnote 68.
3 The Congress of the United States Congressional Budget office: How the GATT influence the us antidumping and countervailing duty law, September 1994, page 28, 19. U.S.C. Section 1677; 98 Stat.3034, Sec.612(a)(2)(A).
4 Section 612(a)(2)(B) of The Trade And Tariff Act Of 1984.
5 Section 612(a)(1) and 626(c) of The Trade And Tariff Act Of 1984.
1 19. U.S.C. Section 1339; 98 Stat.7989, Sec.221.
2这些裁定包括调查机关根据19. U.S.C. Section 1671b(b)和1673b(b)(1982)作出的否定性初裁等。
3根据当时的法律规定,DOC反补贴调查的初裁是立案后85天,终裁是初裁作出后75天,而反倾销调查的时限则较长,初裁时限是立案后160天,终裁是初裁后75天。
4周忠菲:《如何应对美国贸易保护主义——论东亚集体行动的可选择性》,载《亚太经济》2007年第2期。
5 Alan F. Holmer and Judith Hippler Bello, U.S Trade Law and Policy Series No. 14 The 1988 Trade Bill: Savior or Scourge of the International Trade System? 23 International Lawyer 1989 530.
6 Section 1312 of The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.
1 Section 1313 of The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.
2 Section 1315 of The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.
3 19. U.S.C. Section 1677; 102 Stat.1192, Sec.1319-21, 1323, 1326, 1327.反规避条款的产生更多地是来自当时美国对日本韩国电视机、打字机等产品反倾销案件所引发的实践问题。
1 H.R. REP. 103-826(Ⅰ), H.R. Rep. No. 826(Ⅰ), 103RD Cong., 2ND Sess. 1994, 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3773. Julie Dunne, Delverde and the WTO's British Steel Decision Foreshadow More Conflict Where the WTO Subsidies Agreement, Privatization, and United States Countervailing Duty Law Intersect, American University Internationl Law Review, Vol 17, 2001 note109 at p. 104.
1 RENATO RUGGIERO. Keynete Opening Address[M]// Launching New Global Trade Talks: An Action Agenda. Washington P.C: Institute for International Economics.转引自任勤著:《WTO框架下的贸易保护问题研究》,西南财经大学出版社2008年版,第193页脚注1。
2 Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Joanna Shelton Erb, Subsidies in international trade, Washington, D.C. : Institute for International Economics ; Cambridge, Mass. : Distributed by MIT Press, 1984, table 1.1.
1【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第395页。
2关贸总协定,《1988年关贸总协定活动》,1989年,第47页,转引自王贵国著:《世界贸易组织法》,法律出版社2002年版,第397页脚注2。
3 Terence P. Stewart Editor, The GATT Uruguay Round A Negotiating History(1986-1992), Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, pp. 824-832.
1张文彬著:《论私法对国际法的影响》,法律出版社2001年版,第7页。
2【英】费尔萨姆著:《外交手册》(第4版),胡其安译,中国对外翻译出版公司1984年版,第117页。
3 Terence P. Stewart Editor, The GATT Uruguay Round A Negotiating History(1986-1992), Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, pp. 899-901.
1《多哈宣言》第28段,该宣言还强调进行旨在促进WTO渔业补贴的谈判,由于渔业补贴在本文论述范围之外,在此不予讨论。
2孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,人民出版社2005年版,第205页。
1 US Seeks to Put Hold On Antidumping, Subsidy Negotiations In WTO, Vol 19, No 40, Inside U.S Trade, Oct 5 2001.
2 Section 3802(b)(14) of Bipartisan Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002.
3 http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/wto-multilateral-affairs/wto-doha-negotiations/rules-negotiations/trade-remedies, 2009年10月15日访问。
1 See TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
2 TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
3 TN/RL/W/98, 6 May 2003.
4 TN/RL/GEN/129, 24 April 2006.
1甘瑛著:《WTO补贴与反补贴法律与实践研究》,法律出版社2009年版,第136页。
1 TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
2 TN/RL/GEN/94, 16 January 2006.
3 TN/RL/GEN/146, 5 June 2007.
1张斌:《多哈回合规则谈判中补贴利益及其计算基准问题评析》,载《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2009年第7期第19页。
2 TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
1 TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
2同上。
1 TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
1 TN/RL/GEN/59, 13 July 2005.
2 TN/RL/GEN/128, 24 April 2006.
3 TN/RL/GEN/4, TN/RL/W/148/Rev.1, 14 July 2004.
1 TN/RL/GEN/12, TN/RL/W/157/Rev.1, 14 July 2004.
2 TN/RL/GEN/45, 3 June 2005.
3 TN/RL/GEN/130, 24 April 2006.
1 TN/RL/W/50, 4 February 2003.
2同上。
3 TN/RL/GEN/29, 8 February 2005.
4 TN/RL/GEN/106, 6 March 2006.
1参见甘瑛著:《WTO补贴与反补贴法律与实践研究》,法律出版社2009年版,第150页。
1 TN/RL/GEN/15, 15 September 2004.
2 TN/RL/GEN/132, 24 April 2006.
3 TN/RL/GEN/13, TN/RL/W/162/Rev.1, 14 July 2004.
4 TN/RL/GEN/90, 17 November 2005.
5 TN/RL/GEN/25, 20 October 2004.
6 TN/RL/GEN/108, 6 March 2006.
7 TN/RL/GEN/133, 24 April 2006.
1【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第382页。可参见三个具有代表性的案例:United States v. Hills Bros, 107 F. 107(2d Cir. 1901),Downs v. United States, 187 U.S.496(1903)和Nicholas & Co. v. United States, 249 U.S. 34(1919)。
2 S.REP. No. 249, 96d Cong. 1d Sess. 84(1977),
2 19. U.S.C. Section 1677(5)(B).
3 19. U.S.C. Section 1671(a)(1988).
4 Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 57 Fed.Reg.22570(May 28, 1982).
5 Leather from Argentina: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order, 55 Fed. Reg. 40212(October 2, 1990).
6 Lamb Meat from New Zealand: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Oder, 50 Fed. Reg. 37708 (September 17, 1985).
7 Oil Country Tubular Goods From Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 46776(November 28, 1984).
1 Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Spain: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 19551(May 8, 1984).
2 Certain Steel Products from Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determinations, 58 Fed. Reg. 37338, 37339(July 9, 1993).
3 SAA at 926.
4 Countervailing Duties, 63 Fed. Reg., 65348, 65349.
5 Panel Report, United States—Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsidies, WT/DS194/R, para. 8.29.
1 Panel Report , United States—Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea , WT/DS296/R, para. 7.31.
2 Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea , WT/DS296/AB/R, para. 13.
3 Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea ,WT/DS296/AB/R, para.116.
4李晓玲:《WTO框架下的农业补贴纪律》,华东政法学院博士学位论文,2007年,第68页。
5 Panel Report , United States—Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsidies,WT/DS194/R.
1朱榄叶编著:《世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析1995——2002》(下册),法律出版社2004年版,第568页。
2 Countervailing Duties Final Rule,19 CFR Part 351, 63 Fed. Reg. 65348(November 25, 1998),为美国反补贴现行行政法规。
3 Panel Report, Korea—Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels,WT/DS273/R.
1 Panel Report, Korea—Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels,WT/DS273/R, para 8.40.
2 Overview and Compilation of the Us Trade Statute, p. 102.
1分别为United States—Preliminary Determinations with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada ,WT/DS236和United States—Final Countervailing Duty Determination with respect to certain Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS/257。
2 Panel Report, United States—Preliminary Determinations with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada ,WT/DS236/R,paras. 7.71-7.72,7.74.
3 GATT Pane Report on US-Canada Pork, DS7/R,BISD38S/30.
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(5)(F) (1994).
1 Notice of Final Modification of Agency Practice Under Section 123 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, 68Fed. Reg, 37125 (June 23, 2003).
3 Delverde, SrL v. United States, 202 F.3d 1360, 1362-63.另外参见DOC在Inland Steel Bar Co. v. United States,155 F.3d 1370 (Fed.Cir.1998)中的说明。
4 United States—Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon SteelProducts Originating in the United Kingdom, WT/DS/138/R(1999年12月23)和WT/DS/138/AB/R (2000年5月10日)。另参见韩立余编著：《WTO案例及评析》（2000），中国人民大学出版社2001年版，第383-415页。
5 Delverde, SrL v. United States, 202 F.3d 1360, 1362-63 (C.A.Fed.,2000. February 02, 2000).
1 Final Results of Redeterrmation Pursuant to Court Remand(Dec.4 2000) Delverde, SrL v. United States, Consol. Court No 96-08-01997, Remand Order.
2 Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products from the European Communities,WT/DS212/AB/R.
3 Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products from the European Communities,WT/DS212/AB/R.
1 Panel Report, United States– Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products From The European Communities, Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the European Communities, WT/DS212/RW.
2参见:白巴根:《国有企业的私有化与反补贴税——“欧共体钢铁案”专家组和上诉机构报告通过后之美国商务部的动态》,载《太平洋学报》2006年第10期。
1 Further Issues Identified Under The Anti-Dumping and Subsidies Agreements for Discussion by the Negotiating Group On Rules, Communication from the United States,TN/RL/W/130.
2 Benefit Pass-through, Communication from Canada, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/7, 14 July 2004.
3例如Benefit Pass-through, Communication from Brazil, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/193, 16 November 2005.
4 Benefit Pass-through, Communication from Canada, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/86, 17 November 2005
5 New Draft Consolidated Chair Texts of The Ad And Scm Agreements, TN/RL/W/236,
1单一著:《WTO框架下补贴与反补贴法律制度与实务》,法律出版社2009年版,第115页。
2 Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 437 US 443, 445-446 (June 21, 1978).
3 Laurie A. Gameron and Gerald C.Berg, The U.S. Countervailing Duty Law and the Principle of General Availability, 19 Journal of World Trade Law, vol.5, 506 (1985) .
4《东京回合守则》第11条第3段。
1 19. U.S.C. Section 1677(5)(B) (1982).
2 Bethlehem Steel Corp v. United States, 590 F. Supp. 1237 (1984).
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(5)(B)(1992).
1 Lamb Meat from New Zealand: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Oder, 50 Fed. Reg. 37708 (September 17, 1985)。DOC在该案中认定新西兰政府通过1976年所得税法第174节提供的家畜鼓励计划是专向性的,因为该计划只适用于有家禽的农民,但同时认定新西兰农业渔业部所实施的化肥价格补贴因为可以广泛为农业生产者所使用而不具有专向性。
2 Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 57 Fed. Reg 22570(May 28, 1992), 22583、22584.
3 John A Ragosta and Howard M Shanker, Specificity of Subsidy Benefits in U.S. Department of Commerce Countervailing Duty Determinations, 25 Law & Pol’y Int’l Bus. 653 1993-1994.
1 HR. Rep. No. 40, 100 th Cong., 1st Sess. Pt.1, at 124(1987),转引自John A Ragosta and Howard M Shanker, Specificity of Subsidy Benefits in U.S. Department of Commerce Countervailing Duty Determinations, 25 Law & Pol’y Int’l Bus. 650 1993-1994, footnote 76.
2 Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 57 Fed. Reg 22570(May 28, 1992), 22583.
3 Certain Fresh Cut Flowers from Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Israel and the Netherlands, Inv. No. 701-TA-275 to-278, USITC Pub. 1956 (1987).
4 DOC在Certain Fresh Cut Flowers from Netherlands: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 52 Fed. Reg. 3301(February 3, 1987)案中也拒绝了类似请求,虽然园艺产业生产60余种不同的产品,但它是农业的一个分部门,可以被认定为是针对某一特定企业或产业的。
5 Issues and Decision Memorandum: Final Results of the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, 67 FR 15545(April 2, 2002).
1 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.
2 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.111.
3 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.119-7.121.
4吕晓杰:《SCM协议中的专向性要件》,载《法学》2008年第9期。参见Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.121, 7.116。
5 Panel Report, United States–Subsidies on Upland Cotton, WT/DS267/R, para. 7.1142.
1 Commerce Department Speaks on Import and Export Administration, 1984 at 319, 476-77 footnote 26.
2 Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 51 Fed.Reg. 37453 (October 22, 1986). See also Countervailing Duties: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 54 Fed.Reg. 23366, 23379 (May 31, 1989).
1 Issues and Decision Memorandum: Final Results of the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, 67 Fed. Reg. 15545(April 2, 2002).
2 John H. Jackson and Alan O. Sykes, Implementing the Uruguay Round, Clarendon Press, OXFORD 1997, p. 238.
3 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R,29 August 2003, para. 4.54.
1 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.123.
2参见John A Ragosta and Howard M Shanker, Specificity of Subsidy Benefits in U.S. Department of Commerce Countervailing Duty Determinations, 25 Law & Pol’y Int’l Bus. 655-675 1993-1994,甘瑛著:《国际货物贸易中的补贴与反补贴法律问题研究》,法律出版社2005年版,第80—81页,单一著:《WTO框架下补贴与反补贴法律制度与实务》,法律出版社,第140—141页。
3 Certain Carbon Steel Products From Brazil: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 49 Fed. Reg. 5160(February 10, 1984).
1 Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat-Rolled Products and Carbon Steel Structural Shapes from Korea: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 47284 (December 3, 1984), 47289.
2 Certain Steel Products from Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Dterminations, 58 Fed. Reg. 37338 (July 9, 1993).
3对于这个方法,DOC在《最终反补贴规则》的说明部分专门进行解释,认为在这系列案件中之所以采用与广泛经济比较的方法,是因为韩国系列钢铁案中的补贴项目涉及政府使用广泛经济层面的银行系统向钢铁业提供直接贷款,所以需要进行广泛的分析,但这种做法不具有普遍性。Countervailing Duties, Final Rule- 19 CFR Part 351, International Trade Administration, the US Department of Commerce, 63 Fed. Reg. 65347, 65359(Nov 25 1998).
4 Stainless Steel Plate in Coils from Belgium: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 64 Fed.Reg. ,15570(March 31, 1999).
1 Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 51 Fed.Reg.37453 (October 22, 1986), 37456.
3 Saudi Iron and Steel Co. (Hadeed) v. United States, 675 F. Supp. 1362, 1367 (CIT 1987).
1 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 4.95.
2 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.116.
3 Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors from the Republic of Korea.
1 JieYing Ni,“Specificity”Test In the Agreement of Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, MILE Thesis 7 of World Trade Insitute, pp. 36-38.
2 Carbon Steel Wireless Rod from Saudi Arabia: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order,51 Fed. Reg. 4206 (February 3, 1986).
1 Certain Steel Products from Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determinations, 58 Fed. Reg. 37346 (July 9, 1993), 37347.
2 British Steel plc v. United States, 941 F. Supp 119 (CIT 1996) (British Steel II), at 133-35, AK Steel Corp. v. Unite States, 192 F.3d 1367(1999).
3 Countervailing Duties: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Request for Public Comments, 54 Fed.Reg.23366(May 31, 1989), 23379-23380.该规则从未正式生效,但直至1998年《最终反补贴》规则制定前DOC一直都遵照该规则进行反补贴调查。
1 Agriculture Tillage Tools from Brazil: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 50 Fed. Reg. 24270 (June 10, 1985), 24272.
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(4)(A)(2008).
2值得注意的是,根据美国法律,DOC和ITC都分别负责同类产品的认定,但两个机构认定同类产品的目的是不同的。DOC认定的主要是外国同类产品,用于倾销确定中计算正常价格或构成价格,而ITC认定的是国内同类产品,目的是在调查产业损害时对损害调查范围———即对受到损害的产品进行界定。如果没有特别指出,本文在这里所讨论的“同类产品”都为国内同类产品。
3 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(10)(2008).
1 Torrington Co. v. United States, 938 F.2d 1278, 1280 (Fed.Cir.1991), (adopting14 Ct. Int'l Trade 648, 747 F.Supp. 744 (1990)); NMB Singapore Ltd. v. United States, 288 F.Supp.2d 1306, 1313 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2003); Timken Co. v. United States, 913 F.Supp. 580, 584 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1996).
2 Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 19 Ct. Int'l Trade 450, 455 (1995).
3 Certain Tissue Paper Prods. from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-1070B (Final), USITC Pub. 3758 (March 2005).
1 Cleo Inc v. United States, Nos. 2007-1036, 2007-1037.Sept. 10, 2007, 501 F.3d 1291, 1298.
2 Sorbitol From France, Inv. No. 731-TA-44 (Final), USITC Pub. 1441(October 1983).
3肖伟主编:《国际反倾销法律与实务——美国卷》,知识产权出版社2005年版,第155—156页。
5 Motorcycle Batteries from Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-42 (Final), USITC Pub. 1228 (October. 1981).
6 Bruce M. Steen, Economically Meaningful Markets: An Alternative Approach To Defining“Like Product”And“Domestic Industry”Under The Trade Agreements Act Of 1979, Virginia Law Review,Nov, 1987, at page 1483.
7 Appellate Body Report, Japan-taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS8/AB/R,WT/DS10/AB/R; Appellate Body Report, Korea-taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS75/AB/R.
3 Artists’Canvas from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-1091(Final), USITC Pub. 3853 (May 2006) at 6.
1 United States Steel Group v. United States, 873 F.Supp 673, 681-84(Ct Int Trade 1994), aff’d 96 F.3d 1532(Fed. Cir 1996).
2 Antidumping and countervailing duty handbook, 13th edition,USITC, Publishcation 4056, December 2008, II 34.
1 Diamond Sawblades and Parts thereof from China and Korea, Inv. No. 731-TA-1092-1093 (Final), USITC Pub. 3862(July 2006).
2 Diamond Sawblades and Parts thereof from China and Korea, Inv. No. 731-TA-1092-1093 (Final), USITC Pub. 3862(July 2006)., pp. 6-11.
3 DRAMS and DRAM Modules from Korea, Inv. No. 701-TA-431 (Final), USITC Pub. 3616(August 2003).
4 DRAMS and DRAM Modules from Korea, Inv. No. 701-TA-431 (Final), USITC Pub. 3616(August 2003), pp. 6-11.另外参见DRAMs from Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-811 (Final), USITC Pub. 3256 (December 1999), pp. 7-9 and Certain All Terrain Vehicles from Japan, Inv. No. 731-TA-388(final), USITC Pub. 2163(March 1989), pp. 13-14.
5早在1985年Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories from Japan案件(Inv No. 731-TA-288, USITC Publication No. 1628, 1985)中ITC就表示了这样的观点。
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(4)(B) (1988).
2 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(4)(B) (2008).
3 SAA at 188.
1 Melamine Institutional Dinnerware from China, Indonesia, and Taiwan, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-741-743 (Final), USITC Pub. 3016 (February 1997) at 14, footnote 81.
2 Bell Bearings from China, Inv No. 731-TA-989(Final), USITC Pub. 3593(April 2003).
3 Michael Y. Chung, U.S. Antidumping Laws: A Look at The New Legislation, North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation Summer, 1995, p. 510.
4 19 U.S.C Section 1677(4)(C)(2008).
1SAA at 191.
2 Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. United.State, 35 F.3d 1535, C.A.Fed., 1994. September 15, 1994.
3 Portland Hydraulic Cement from Australia and Japan, Inv. No. 731-TA-108 and 109 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1310 (November 1982) (99%); Sugars and Sirups from Canada, Inv. No. 731-TA-3 (Final), USITC Pub. 1047 (March 1980) (96.7%); Offshore Platform Jacket and Piles from the Republic of Korea and Japan, 701-TA-248, 731-TA-259 and 260 (Final), USITC Pub. 1848 (May 1986) (100%).
4 Certain Welded Carbon Pipes and Tubes from the Philippines and Singapore, Inv. No. 731-TA 293, 294 and 296 (Final), USITC Pub. 1907 (November 1986).
5 Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. U.S., CIT 1993, 822 F.Supp. 773, 17 C.I.T. 428, affirmed 35 F.3d 1535.
1 Senator Report No 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess., 1979, p. 83.
2 19 U.S.C.Section 1677(4)(E)(1988).对于这种特殊安排,ITC的委员持不同看法,认为其他类型的国内产业原材料提供商也会遇到同样的问题,没有理由对于将农业单独出来。参见Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice from Brazil, Inv. No. 731-TA-326(Final) USITC Pub. (April 1987), p. 33, footnote 3.
3 Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice from Brazil, Inv. No. 731-TA-326(Final), USITC Pub. 1970(April 1987).
4 Sugar Content of Certain Articles from Australia, Inv. No. 104-TA-26, USITC Pub. 1748(September 1985).
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1671(a) (2008).
2 ASCM第15条“损害的确定”的脚注中指出:“在本协定项下,‘损害’一词,除非另有规定,否则应理解为指对一国内产业的实质损害、对一国内产业的实质损害威胁或对此类产业建立的实质阻碍,并依照本条的规定予以解释。”
3 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(A) (2008).
4 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(B) (2008) .
5 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(C)(i) (2008).
6 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(C)(ii) (2008).
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(C)(iii) (2008).
2 Raj Bhala, Rethinking antidumping law, George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics, 1995.
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(F)(i) (2008).
2 Certain Rail Passenger Cars and Parts Thereof From Canada, Inv. No. 701-TA-182 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1277(August 1982).
1 See Antidumping and countervailing duty handbook, 13th edition,USITC, Publishcation 4056, December 2008, II 31.
2 Bmt Ccommodity Corp., Delca Distribu-tors, Inc. V. United States, United States International Trade Commission, 11 C.I.T. 524, 667 F.Supp. 880, 1987.
3 Prakash Narayanan, Injury Investigations in“Material Retardation”Antidumping Cases, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Fall 2004.
1 Potassium Chloride from Canada, France and West Germany, Inv. No AA1921-58,59 and 60, USITC Pub. 303(November 1969) at 7.
2 William B.T. Mock, Jr., Cumulation of Import Statistics In Injury Investigations Before The International Trade Commission, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Spring/Summer, 1986.
1 See William B.T. Mock, Jr., Cumulation of Import Statistics In Injury Investigations Before The International Trade Commission, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Spring/Summer, 1986.
2 Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from India, Taiwan, Turkey and Yugoslavia, Inv. No. 701-TA-251 through 253 (Preliminary) and 731-TA-271 through 274 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1742(August 1985); Certain Cast-Iron Pipe Fittings from Brazil, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-278 and 280 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1753 (September 1985).
3譬如,在欧盟“铸铁管”反倾销措施一案中,专家组提出了认定“竞争”的四个标准:1、同类产品的确定;2、进口产品的数量;3、进口产品价格的演变和削减的水平;4、销售渠道的相似性。参见Panel Report, European Communities - Anti-Dumping Duties on Malleable Cast Iron Tube or Pipe Fittings from Brazil , WT/DS219/R, para. 7.242,7.249,7.267.
4 William B.T. Mock, Jr., Cumulation Of Import Statistics In Injury Investigations Before The International Trade Commission, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Spring/Summer, 1986.
1宋和平主编:《反倾销法律制度概论》,中国检察出版社2007年版,第74页。
2 Antidumping and countervailing duty handbook, 13th edition,USITC, Publishcation 4056, December 2008,Ⅱ39.
3 Possibly Relevant criteria Regarding Conditions of Competition for Consideration in Deciding Whether a Cumulative Assessment of the Effects of Imports is Appropriate in Light of Those Condition G/ADP/AHG/W/93/Rev.1s.
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(G)(i) (2008).
2肖伟主编:《国际反倾销法律与实务——美国卷》,知识产权出版社2005年版,第216页。
3 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(24)(A)(i) (2008).
4 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(G)(ii)(1998).
5 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(24)(A)(1998).
1 Antidumping and countervailing duty handbook, 13th edition,USITC, Publishcation 4056, December 2008, II 40.
3 ASCM第15.3条规定:“如来自一个以上国家的一产品的进口同时接受反补贴税调查,则调查主管机关只有在确定以下内容后,方可累积评估此类进口产品的影响:(a)对来自每一国家的进口产品确定的补贴金额大于第11条第9款定义的微量水平,且自每一国家的进口量并非可忽略不计;及(b)根据进口产品之间的竞争条件和进口产品与国内同类产品之间的竞争条件,对进口产品的影响所作的累积评估是适当的。”
4魏璐、甘杨:《美国外贸法与WTO规则中累积评估制度的比较及启示》,载《湖北经济学院学报》(人文社会科学版)),2008年7月第5卷第7期。
1 House Comm. on Ways & Means, Trade Remedies Reform Act of 1984, H.R. REP. NO. 725, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 37, reprinted in 1984 U.S. CODE CONG. & ADMIN. NEWS 5127, at 37.
2 USITC General Counsel Memorandum GC-F-345 (Oct. 1982).
3 USITC General Counsel Memorandum GC-I-082 (May 1985); USITC General Counsel Memorandum GC-I-060 (Apr. 1985).
4 Certain Carbon Steel Products from Australia, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden and Veneauela, Inv. No. 701-TA-225 through 234 and 731-TA-213 through 217, 219, 221 through 226, and 228 through 235 at 39, 44-47, USITC Pub.1642(February 1985).
5 Certain Carbon Steel Products from Australia, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden and Veneauela, Inv. No. 701-TA-225 through 234 and 731-TA-213 through 217, 219, 221 through 226, and 228 through 235 at 43-44, USITC Pub.1642(February 1985).
6 Bingham & Taylor, Div., Virginia Industries, Inc. v. United.States, 10 C.I.T. 67, 627 F.Supp. 793,CIT,1986.
1 Iron Construction Castings from Brazil, Canada, India, and the People's Republic of China, Inv. No. 701-TA-249 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1720(June 1985), at 12.
2 Bingham & Taylor Div., Virginia Industries, Inc. v. United.States, 815 F.2d 1482, 8 ITRD 2057, 5 Fed. Cir. (T) 90 (Fed.Cir. Mar 31, 1987) (NO. 86-1440).
3 19 U.S.C. Section 1671(a) (1998).
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(B)(1998).
2美国法的用语为“the injury is to be“by reason of imports of the merchandise with respect to which the administering authority has made an affirmative determination as to dumping or subsidization.”,而多边规则的用语为“It must be demonstrated that the subsidized imports are, through the effects of subsidies, causing injury within the meaning of this Agreement.”(ASCM第15.2条)。
3 19 U.S.C. Section 2252(b)(1)(A)(1998).
4 Elazar, Antidumping Rules following the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, Journal of World Trade, No 5, 1999, p. 54.
5肖伟主编:《美国反倾销法律与实务——美国卷》,知识产权出版社2005年版,第228页。
1 M. Jean Anderson and Gregory Husisian, The Subsidies Agreement, In The World Trade Organization: Multilateral Trade Framework For The 21 Century and US. Implementing Legislation(Terence P. Stewart ed. 1996, American Bar Association), p. 335.
2 Edwin A Vermulst,Anti-dumping Law and Practice in the United States and the European Communities:A Compara-tive Analysis,Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,1987,p.559。类似的案例还可以参见British Steel Corp. v. U.S., CIT 1984, 593 F.Supp. 405, 8 C.I.T. 86; Atlantic Sugar, Ltd. v. U. S., CIT 1981, 519 F.Supp. 916, 2 C.I.T. 18
3 S. Rep. No. 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 88, reprinted in 1979 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 474.
1 M. Jean Anderson and Gregory Husisian, The Subsidies Agreement, In The World Trade Organization: Multilateral Trade Framework For The 21 Century and US. Implementing Legislation(Terence P. Stewart ed. 1996, American Bar Association), p. 335.
2 Edwin A Vermulst,Anti-dumping Law and Practice in the United States and the European Communities:A Compara-tive Analysis,Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,1987,p.559。类似的案例还可以参见British Steel Corp. v. U.S., CIT 1984, 593 F.Supp. 405, 8 C.I.T. 86; Atlantic Sugar, Ltd. v. U. S., CIT 1981, 519 F.Supp. 916, 2 C.I.T. 18
3 S. Rep. No. 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 88, reprinted in 1979 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 474.
1 Bicycles from Taiwan, Inv.No. 731-TA-111, USITC Pub. 1417(March 1983).
2 A. Paul Victor, Injury Determinations By The United States International Trade Commission In Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Proceedings, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics,Spring,1984, p. 766.
3 Lloyd Granet, ITC Injury Determination In Countervailing Duty Investigations, Law and Policy International Business, 1983, p1003 and footnote 73.
2 Certain Carbon Steel Products From Spain, Inv. No. 701-TA-155, 157, 158, 159, 160, and 162 (Final), USITC Pub. 1331(December 1982) (views of Commissioner Stern).
3 US International Trade Commission, General Counsel Memorandum (No GE-C-065) at 2 (Mar. 17, 1981),转引自罗昌发著:《美国贸易救济制度》,中国政法大学出版社2003版,第192页脚注72。
4 Certain Carbon Steel Products From Spain, Investigations Nos. 701-TA-155, 157, 158, 159, 160, and 162 (Final), USITC Pub. 1331(December 1982).
5 Hyundai Pipe Co., Ltd v. United States, 8 ITRD 2044, Slip op. 87-18( Feb. 23, 1987).
6 Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Pub. L. No. 103-465, s 222(b)(1)(B), 108 Stat. at 4870 (codified at 19 U.S.C. s 1677(7)(C)(iii)(V) (1994)).
1参见ASCM第15.5条和《反倾销协定》第3.5条。
2 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(B)(ii)(1988).
1 S. REP. NO. 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 88, reprinted in 1979 U.S. CODE CONG. & AD. NEWS 460
2 Bratsk Aluminium Smelter v. United States, 444 F.3d 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006),1375.
3 Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 132 F.3d 716, 717 (Fed. Cir. 1997).
4 Magnesium from China, Russia and Ukraine, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-696-698, USITC Pub. 2885(May 1995).
5 Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 20 C.I.T. 1065, 937 F.Supp. 930 CIT, 1996, at 932-933.
6 ITC此后重新评估了从乌克兰进口的倾销产品和从俄罗斯进口的非倾销产品对国内产业的影响,推翻了原先的结论,认定从乌克兰进口的纯镁没有对美国国内产业造成损害,参见Magnesium From Ukraine, Inv. No. 731-TA-698(Remand), USITC Pub. 3113(June 1998).
7 Bratsk Aluminium Smelter v. United.States, 444 F.3d 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
8 Silicon Metal From Russia, Inv. No. 731-TA-991 (Final), USITC Pub. 3584 (March 2003).
1 Bratsk Aluminium Smelter v. United States, 444 F.3d 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006),1375.
2 Silicon Metal From Russia, Inv. No. 731-TA-991 (Final)(Second Remand),USITC Pub. No. 3910(March 2007).
3 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(B)(ii)(1988):“……may consider such other economic factors as are relevant to the determination regarding whether there is material injury by reason of imports”.
4 S. REP. NO. 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 88, reprinted in 1979 U.S. CODE CONG. & AD. NEWS 460
1 Matthew J. Gaziano, Bratsk Aluminum Smelter v. United States: Strengthening The Standard for Antidumping Causation Or Causing Confusion? Federal Circuit Bar Journal, 2009, p. 343.
2 Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United.States, 132 F.3d 716, C.A.Fed.,1997, at 722;see also Nippon Steel Corp., 345 F.3d at 1381;U.S. Steel Group v. United States, 96 F.3d 1352, 1361-62 (Fed.Cir.1996).
3 Silicon Metal From Russia, Inv. No. 731-TA-991 (Final)(Second Remand),USITC Pub. No. 3910(March 2007), pp. 3-7.
4 Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Line Pipe from China, Inv. No. 701-TA-455 (Final), USITC Pub.4055(January 2009)和Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From China and Mexico, Inv. No. 731-TA-1174-1175(Preliminary), USITC Pub. 4116(November 2009).
1 Textiles, Apparel, and Related Products From the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 48 Fed. Reg. 46600(October 13, 1983).
2 Textiles, Apparel, and Related Products From the People's Republic of China: Temination of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 48 Fed. Reg. 55492-03(December 13, 1983).王世春著:《论公平贸易》,商务印书馆2006年版,第237页。
4 Oscillating and Ceiling Fans From the People's Republic of China: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 57 Fed. Reg. 24018(June 5, 1992).
5 Chrome-Plated Lug Nuts and Wheel Locks From the People's Republic of China ("PRC"): Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 57 Fed. Reg. 10459-02(March 26, 1992).
6 Coated Free Sheet Paper From the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 71 Fed. Reg. 68546(November 27, 2006).
1数据来源:美国统计署网站http://www.census.gov。关于中美贸易平衡问题历来存在争议,其中美国忽视转口和转口值增加是对华贸易巨额逆差的重要原因。具体参见1997年《关于中美贸易平衡问题》白皮书,http://jgdj.qingdao.gov.cn/jggw/jggw.nsf/e1705fb0589ffbe448256a070026e6f1/46b530baac4bc80448256a47000c76f2?OpenDocument,2009年10月17日访问。
1高永富:《中美反补贴争端的起源与发展趋势》,载《世界经济研究》2007年第10期。
1 http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/ad_init_rep_exp_e.xls,2009年10月18日访问。
2 http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/ad_sect_distrib_init_exp_country_e.xls,2009年10月18日访问。
1参见1986年《国务院关于鼓励外商投资的规定》第8条。
2转引自梅新育:《美对华反补贴动机复杂》,载《瞭望》2007年第16期。
1 Bicycles from Czechoslovakia: Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 25 Fed. Reg. 6657(July 14,1960) .
2 Ja1ousie-Louvre-Sized Sheet Glass from Czechoslovakia: Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 27 Fed. Reg. 8457(August 23, 1962)和Portland Cement form Polan:Fair Value Determination, 28 Fed. Reg. 6660(Jun. 27, 1963).
3 Senate Report on the 1974 Act, S.Rept. 93-1298.
2 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, SEC. 1316(b).
1 Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Poland: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 48 Fed. Reg. 56419(December 21, 1983).
2 Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Preliminary Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 6773(Feb. 23, 1984). Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Poland: Preliminary Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 6768(February 23, 1984).
3 Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination , 49 Fed. Reg. 19370(May 7, 1984). Carbon Steel Wire Rod from Poland: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 19374(May 7, 1984).
1 Continental Steel Corp. v. United States, 9 C.I.T. 340, 614 F.Supp. 548 CIT,1985.
2 Continental Steel Corp. v. United States, 9 C.I.T. 340, 614 F.Supp. 548 CIT,1985, at 342.
3 Continental Steel Corp. v. United States, 9 C.I.T. 340, 614 F.Supp. 548 CIT,1985, at 347.
1 Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 4 Fed. Cir. (T) 143 (1986).
2 United States v. Zenith Radio Corp., 562 F.2d 1209, 1219 (CCPA 1977), aff'd,437 U.S. 443, 98 S.Ct. 2441, 57 L.Ed.2d 337 (1978).
3 Potassium Chloride From the Soviet Union: Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed. Reg. 23428(June 6, 1984). Potassium Chloride From the German Democratic Republic, Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed. Reg. 23428(June 6, 1984).
4周艳:《对非市场经济国家适用反补贴的法律思考——主要以美国反补贴法为视角》,北京大学硕士学位论文,2008年,第20页。
1 Oscillating Fans and Ceiling Fans From the People's Republic of China: Final Determinations of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 56 Fed. Reg. 55271 (October 25, 1991).
3 Greige Polyester Cotton Print Cloth from China: Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 48 Fed. Reg. 9897 (March 9,1983).
1 Application of the Countervailing Duty Law to Imports From the People's Republic of China: Request for Comment, 71 Fed. Reg. 75507 (Dec. 15, 2006). DOC共收到包括中国商务部、通用等大型跨国公司和一些行业协会在内的共47份评论意见,都可以在
1 Government of the People's Republic of China v. United States, 483 F.Supp.2d 1274,CIT 2007.该案法官以对案件没有管辖权驳回了案件,没有对抗辩双方的实体争议进行审查。
3参见Whether the Countervailing Duty Law Should Be Applied to Imports from China, Comments of the Bureau of Fair Trade for the Imports and Exports of the Ministry of Commerce, the People's Republic of China, Page 3,以及铜版纸案(2006)终裁备忘录Comment 1,第16页。
4 Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 1318, 4 Fed. Cir. (T) 143 (1986).
1曹和平、王宏:《美加对华适用反补贴法及中国的对策》,载《法学评论》(武汉)2008年第4期(总第150期),第107页。
1在这种情况下使用替代国方法,通常会提高被调查产品的正常价值,进而提高倾销幅度,但这种结果是与补贴无关的,因此对于这种不合理本文不展开论述。
1参见Coated Free Sheet Paper from the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Postponement of Final Determination, 72 Fed. Reg. 30758 (June 4 , 2007), 30761和铜版纸案(2006)反倾销终裁备忘录Comment 2(第10—13页)。
2铜版纸案(2006)反倾销终裁备忘录Comment 2(第13—16页)。
3如碳素钢管案反倾销终裁备忘录Comment 6(第21—22页),轮胎案反倾销终裁备忘录Comment 2(第13—16页),管线管案反倾销终裁备忘录Comment 14(第35—37页)等。
4 Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 4 Fed. Cir. (T) 143 (1986),1316.
1例如Low Enriched Uranium From France: Notice of Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 69 Fed.Reg. 46501 (August 3, 2004), 46506.
1 Gpx International Tire Corpora-Tion and Hebei Starbright Tire Co., Ltd., v. United States, AFL-CIO-CLC, Slip Op. 09-103.Court No. 08-00285.
2在轮胎案中DOC同样认定中国国有商业银行具有“当局”性质,本部分的论述同样适用于国有商业银行的情况。
2 Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. United States, 391 F. Supp. 2d 1337, (CIT 2005).
1 Appellate Body Report, United States– Countervailing Duty Investigation On Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (Drams) From Korea, WT/DS296/AB/R, para. 112, footnote 179.
1薄壁矩形管案终裁备忘录Comment 6(第27—28页)。
2厨房用金属架筐案终裁备忘录Comment 4(第43页)。
2参见《国家对国际不法行为的责任的条款草案》第四条第五条。
3参见联合国文件:Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries 2001, page 48。源自http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf.
1 ASCM使用的是“Public Body”一词,但两者的含义是相同的。
2 Panel Report, Korea—Measures Affecting Trade In Commercial Vessels, WT/DS273/R, para7.50.
3 Black’s Law Dictionary, 8th ed, 2004, West Publishing Co.
4郝洁、武建华:《国家及其财产豁免中有关国有企业的问题》,载《法律适用》2003/6总第207期。
1 Panel Report, Korea—Measures Affecting Trade In Commercial Vessels, WT/DS273/R, para. 7.50-7.55.
1张斌:《对华反补贴价格比较基准:基于美国和加拿大案例的比较研究》,载《国际商务研究》2009年第1期。
1 Steel Wire Rod from Venezuela: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 62 Fed. Reg. 55014-01(October, 1997), 55021.
1 Appellate Body Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada , WT/DS257/AB/R, para 80.
1 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para 7.51-7.65.参见朱榄叶编著:《世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析2003-2006》,法律出版社2008年版,第331—332页。
2 Appellate Body Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada , WT/DS257/AB/R, para. 87-91.
3 Appellate Body Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada , WT/DS257/AB/R, para 102-103.
2厨房用金属架筐案终裁备忘录,第51页。
2 Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate from the Republic of Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 64 FR 73176(December 29, 1999), 73184 (“Plate from Korea”).
1例如编织袋案终裁备忘录Comment 10(第58页)。
2例如编织袋案终裁备忘录Comment 10(第59页)。
3例如轮胎案终裁备忘录Comment H.7(第190页)。
1铜版纸案(2006)终裁备忘录Comment 10。
2铜版纸案(2006)终裁备忘录第5-8页。
1 Wentong Zheng, The Pitfalls of The (Perfect) Market Benchmark: The Case Of Countervailing Duty Law, Minnesota Journal of International Law Winter 2010.
1 Wentong Zheng, The Pitfalls of The (Perfect) Market Benchmark: The Case Of Countervailing Duty Law, Minnesota Journal of International Law Winter 2010, Table 1.
1事实上,美国对外部基准的适用也与被调查国是否为非市场经济国家无关,只是在非市场经济的条件下适当外部基准的可能性更大。
1陈利强、屠新泉:《美国对华实施“双轨制反补贴措施”问题研究》,载《国际贸易问题》2010年第2期,第122—124页。
2铜版纸案(2006)、编织袋案、热敏纸案、未加工橡胶磁案、管线管案、柠檬酸案、草地维护设备案、油井管。
3铜版纸案(2006)、薄壁矩形管、轮胎案、柠檬酸案、草地维护设备案、未加工橡胶磁案、热敏纸案。根据《外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》(1991年)第7条和1991年国务院第85号令第71条的规定,位于沿海经济开发区、经济特区、经济和技术开发区等特定区域的外商投资企业可降低所得税税率至15—24%。
1中国在2006年4月13日向WTO补贴与反补贴委员会(CSCM)提供补贴通报(G/SCM/N/123/CHN)中第1到13项涉及的都是对外商投资企业的优惠政策。
1《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第57条。
2《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第25条。
3《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第28条。
4《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第27条。
5《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第31条。
7《中华人民共和国企业所得税法实施条例》(中华人民共和国国务院令第512号,2007年)第92条。
4草地维护设备案。同“对进口设备免征关税和增值税”。
5参见财税【2008】176号《财政部、国家税务总局关于停止外商投资企业购买国产设备退税政策的通知》。
1参见:http://www.hngs.org/news/read.php?id=155。
2薄壁矩形管案、管线管案、环形焊管案、柠檬酸盐案、草地维护设备案、热敏纸案、轮胎案、未加工橡胶磁案、油井管。
3参见ASCM第1条脚注1。
1铜版纸案(2006)、轮胎案、未加工橡胶磁案、油井管案。
2热敏纸案,由于有关的裁决公告没有披露具体措施的法律依据,无法详细说明补贴政策内容。
3柠檬酸案。由于有关的裁决公告没有披露具体措施的法律依据,补贴做法为笔者根据裁决书整理。在案件初裁中,DOC认为没有确切的信息证明其是具有法律上的专向性,但DOC认为企业经市政府推荐后才能获得资助,政府在项目的早期阶段有选择企业的自由裁量权,排除掉了部分企业,有事实专向性,在终裁中DOC认为中国没有提供足够的信息,采用对中方不利的信息认定该措施具有事实上的专向性。
4热敏纸案。
5热敏纸案,由于有关的裁决公告没有披露具体措施,无法详细说明补贴政策内容。
6管线管案。
7柠檬酸案。
1管线管案。
2管线管案、油井管案。DOC在对华反补贴案件中认为中国控制了银行体系,国有商业银行不能被认为是商业银行,因此其提供的贷款构成了财政资助。参见铜版纸案(2006)终裁备忘录Comment 8和热敏纸案终裁备忘录Comment 6。
3管线管案。
4参见辽发改工业〔2007〕395号《辽宁省发展和改革委员会、辽宁省财政厅、辽宁省对外开放工作领导小组办公室关于印发<辽宁省“五点一线”沿海经济带园区产业项目贴息资金管理办法>的通知》。
5参见《五点一线”项目贴息计划出台》,http://www.lnzxb.gov.cn/n21430c75.aspx,2010年3月23日访问。
6 Request for Consultations by the United States and for Consultations by Mexico, China—Grants, Loans and Other Incentives, WT/DS/387/1, WT/DS388/1.
1热敏纸案、厨房用金属架筐案和油井管案。
2参见薄壁矩形管案终裁备忘录第11页。
3截止2010年3月31日,上述案件只做出了初裁。另外,在钢格板案和镁碳砖案的初裁中,DOC要求根据进一步信息判断电力是否构成可抵消补贴。
4编织袋案、轮胎案、薄壁矩形管案、未加工橡胶磁案、热敏纸案、管线管案、油井管案。
2虽然中美双方关于国有银行提供的贷款是否属于政府财政资助有争议,但DOC在案件中通常认为中国的四大国有商业银行提供的贷款属于中国政府的财政资助。
3例如,2009 Report To Congress of The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission One Hundred Eleventh Congress First Session (November 2009) and 2004 Report To Congress of The U.S.-China Economic And Security Review Commission One Hundred Eleventh Congress First Session (JUNE 2004), available from http://www.uscc.gov.
1参见19 U.S.C. Section 1677(5B)(B).
1 China—Value Added Tax on Integrated Circuits, WT/DS/309.
1参见《中国入世议定书》第10条第3款。
1国家计委经济研究所课题组:《加入WTO对我国高新技术产业税收政策的影响》,载《财贸经济》2001年第7期,第29页。
1胡晓红:《国外对华产品实施反补贴的法律反思》,载《法学家》2007年第4期,第160页。
2参见:《商务部公告2009年第40号对原产于美国和俄罗斯的进口取向电工钢进行反倾销立案调查》和《商务部公告2009年第41号对原产于美国的进口取向电工钢进行反补贴立案调查》。
3参见:《商务部公告2009年第75号对原产于美国的进口白羽肉鸡产品进行反补贴立案调查》和《商务部公告2009年第84号对原产于美国的排气量在2.0升及2.0升以上进口小轿车和越野车进行反补贴立案调查》。
1、王贵国著:《世界贸易组织法》,法律出版社2002年版。
2、王传丽著:《国际贸易法——政府管理贸易的法律与制度》,中国政法大学出版社2002版。
3、甘瑛著:《国际货物贸易中的补贴与反补贴法律问题研究》,法律出版社2005年版。
4、【美】保罗?克鲁格曼、茅瑞斯?奥伯斯法尔德著:《国际经济学(第五版)》,海闻等译校,中国人民大学出版社2002版。
5、【美】丹尼斯C?缪勒著:《公共选择理论》,杨春学等译,中国社会科学出版社1999年版。
6、【美】戴斯勒著:《美国贸易政治》,王恩冕、于少蔚译,中国市场出版社2005年版。
7、【美】布鲁斯?E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版。
8、【美】雅各布?瓦伊纳:《倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题》,沈瑶译、熊性美校,商务印书馆2003年版。
9、赵维田著:《世界贸易(WTO)的法律制度》,吉林大人民出版社2001年版。
10、任勤著:《WTO框架下的贸易保护问题研究》,西南财经大学出版社2008年版。
11、张文彬著:《论私法对国际法的影响》,法律出版社2001年版。
12、【英】费尔萨姆著:《外交手册》(第4版),胡其安译,中国对外翻译出版公司1984年版。
13、甘瑛著:《WTO补贴与反补贴法律与实践研究》,法律出版社2009年版。
14、单一著:《WTO框架下补贴与反补贴法律制度与实务》,法律出版社2009年版。
15、韩立余译:《美国关税法》,法律出版社1996年版。
16、罗昌发著:《美国贸易救济制度》,中国政法大学出版社2003版。
17、王世春著:《论公平贸易》,商务印书馆2006年版。
1、孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,人民出版社2005年版。
2、朱榄叶编著:《世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析1995——2002》(下册),法律出版社2004年版。
3、韩立余编著:《WTO案例及评析》(2000),中国人民大学出版社2001年版。
4、肖伟主编:《国际反倾销法律与实务——美国卷》,知识产权出版社2005年版。
5、宋和平主编:《反倾销法律制度概论》,中国检察出版社2007年版。
6、高永富、陈晶莹主编:《国际贸易法论丛》(第4卷),北大出版社2009年版。
7、朱榄叶编著:《世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析2003-2006》,法律出版社2008年版。
1、张玉卿:《补贴与反补贴的国际规范—试析1994年总协定的补贴与反补贴守则》,载《国际贸易》1994年第4期。
2、张玉卿:《补贴与反补贴的国际规范—试析1994年总协定的补贴与反补贴守则(续完)》,载《国际贸易》1994年第7期。
3、郭婷婷:《并非优惠补贴——我国出口退税政策辨析》,载《国际贸易》2000年第6期。
4、赵维田:《对补贴要履行的三项义务_解读_中国加入世贸组织议定书_第10条》,载《国际贸易》2002年第9期。
5、乔小勇、何海燕、赵飞:《两国厂商相互出口条件下出口补贴与反补贴的经济效应研究》,载《浙江工商大学学报》2009年第2期。
6、李小明:《对国际贸易中补贴与反补贴措施的法律经济学解析》,载《财经理论与实践》2007年第7期。
7、朱敏:《西方公共选择理论初探》,载《世界经济文汇》1990年第(6)期。
8、周忠菲:《如何应对美国贸易保护主义——论东亚集体行动的可选择性》,载《亚太经济》2007年第2期。
9、张斌:《多哈回合规则谈判中补贴利益及其计算基准问题评析》,载《世界贸易组织动态与研究》,2009年第7期。
10、白巴根:《国有企业的私有化与反补贴税——“欧共体钢铁案”专家组和上诉机构报告通过后之美国商务部的动态》,载《太平洋学报》2006年第10期。
11、吕晓杰:《SCM协议中的专向性要件》,载《法学》2008年第9期。
12、魏璐、甘杨:《美国外贸法与WTO规则中累积评估制度的比较及启示》,载《湖北经济学院学报》(人文社会科学版))2008年7月第5卷第7期。
13、高永富:《中美反补贴争端的起源与发展趋势》,载《世界经济研究》2007年第10期。
14、梅新育:《美对华反补贴动机复杂》,载《瞭望》2007年第16期。
15、曹和平、王宏:《美加对华适用反补贴法及中国的对策》,载《法学评论》(武汉),2008年第4期(总第150期)。
16、郝洁、武建华:《国家及其财产豁免中有关国有企业的问题》,载《法律适用》2003/6总第207期。
17、张斌:《对华反补贴价格比较基准:基于美国和加拿大案例的比较研究》,载《国际商务研究》2009年第1期。
18、陈利强、屠新泉:《美国对华实施“双轨制反补贴措施”问题研究》,载《国际贸易问题》2010年第2期。
19、国家计委经济研究所课题组:《加入WTO对我国高新技术产业税收政策的影响》,载《财贸经济》2001年第7期。
1、陆业:《从美国反补贴法修改看中国对外贸易补贴问题及对策研究》,安徽大学硕士学位论文,2006年。
2、许建军:《美国反补贴法的晚近发展与中国应取的对策研究》,苏州大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
3、同晓芬:《美国反补贴法的修改及中国的法律应对》,西北大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
4、于海霞:《欧盟、美国反补贴立法及对策研究》,黑龙江大学硕士学位论文,2004年。
5、蒋春艳:《美国对中国铜板纸反补贴案初裁的法律分析与思考》,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
6、姜淑芹:《美国对华同时使用反倾销反补贴的法律分析及对策选择》,华东政法大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
7、李巍:《美国反补贴法对非市场经济体的适用研究》,复旦大学硕士学位论文,2006年。
8、王玉华:《补贴与反补贴的效应分析及其对我国的启示》,湖北大学硕士学位论文,2005年。
9、范荷芳:《补贴与反补贴:国外的发展动态与我国的应对策略》,上海大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
10、邢立娟:《美国对外贸易法的政治经济分析》,东北财经大学博士学位论文,2007年。
11、黄鹏:《基于货物贸易的贸易运行监控研究》,上海社科院博士学位论文,2006年。
12、李淑俊:《美国贸易保护主义的政治基础研究—以中美贸易摩擦为例》,复旦大学博士学位论文,2008年。
13、李晓玲:《WTO框架下的农业补贴纪律》,华东政法学院博士学位论文,2007年。
14、周艳:《对非市场经济国家适用反补贴的法律思考——主要以美国反补贴法为视角》,北京大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
1、Certain Steel Products from Belgium: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 47 Fed. Reg. 39304 (September 7,1982).
2、Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 57 Fed.Reg.22570(May 28,1982).
3、Leather from Argentina: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order, 55 Fed. Reg. 40212(October 2, 1990).
4、Certain Steel Products from Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determinations, 58 Fed. Reg. 37338 (July 9, 1993).
5、Certain Softwood Products From Canada: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 48 Fed. Reg. 24159(May 31, 1983).
6、Lamb Meat from New Zealand: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Oder, 50 Fed. Reg. 37708 (September 17, 1985).
7、Certain Fresh Cut Flowers from Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Israel and the Netherlands, Inv. No. 701-TA-275 to-278, USITC Pub. 1956 (Novermber 1987).
8、Certain Fresh Cut Flowers from Netherlands: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 52 Fed. Reg. 3301(February 3, 1987).
9、Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Notice of Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determination, 67 FR 15545 (April 2, 2002).
10、Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 51 Fed.Reg.37453 (October 22, 1986).
11、Certain Carbon Steel Products From Brazil: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 49 Fed. Reg. 5160, (February 10, 1984).
12、Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat-Rolled Products and Carbon SteelStructural Shapes from Korea: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 47284 (December 3, 1984).
13、Stainless Steel Plate in Coils from Belgium: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 64 Fed.Reg. 15570(March 31, 1999).
14、Carbon Black from Mexico: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order, 48 Fed. Reg. 29568(June 27, 1983).
15、Carbon Steel Wireless Rod from Saudi Arabia: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order,51 Fed. Reg. 4206 (February 3, 1986).
16、Agriculture Tillage Tools from Brazil: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 50 Fed. Reg. 24270 (June 10, 1985).
17、Certain Tissue Paper Prods.from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-1070B (Final), USITC Pub. 3758 (March 2005).
18、Sorbitol From France, Inv. No. 731-TA-44 (Final), USITC Pub. 1441 (October 1983).
19、Motorcycle Batteries from Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-42 (Final), USITC Pub. 1228 (October 1981).
20、Artists’Canvas from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-1091(Final), USITC Pub. 3853 (May 2006).
21、Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From China and Korea, Inv. No. 731-TA-1092-1093 (Final), USITC Pub. 3862(July 2006).
22、DRAMS and DRAM Modules From Korea, Inv. No. 701-TA-431 (Final), USITC Pub. 3616(August 2003).
23、DRAMs from Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-811 (Final), USITC Pub. 3256 (December 1999).
24、Certain All Terrain Vehicles from Japan, Inv. No. 731-TA-388(final), USITC Pub. 2163(March 1989).
25、Melamine Institutional Dinnerware from China, Indonesia, andTaiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-741-743 (Final), USITC Pub. 3016 (February 1997).
26、Bell Bearings from China, Inv No. 731-TA-989(Final), USITC Pub. 3593(April 2003).
27、Portland Hydraulic Cement from Australia and Japan, Inv. No. 731-TA-108 and 109 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1310 (November 1982).
28、Sugars and Sirups from Canada, Inv. No. 731-TA-3 (Final), USITC Pub. 1047 (March 1980).
29、Offshore Platform Jacket and Piles from the Republic of Korea and Japan, Inv. No.701-TA-248, 731-TA-259 and 260 (Final), USITC Pub. 1848 (May 1986).
30、Certain Welded Carbon Pipes and Tubes from the Philippines and Singapore, Inv. No. 731-TA 293, 294 and 296 (Final), USITC Pub. 1907 (November 1986).
31、Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice from Brazil, Inv. No. 731-TA-326(Final), USITC Pub. 1970(April 1987).
32、Sugar Content of Certain Articles from Australia, Inv. No. 104-TA-26, USITC Pub. 1748(September 1985).
33、Certain Rail Passenger Cars and Parts Thereof From Canada, Inv. No. 701-TA-182 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1277(August 1982).
34、Potassium Chloride from Canada, France and West Germany, Inv. No AA1921-58,59 and 60, USITC Pub. 303(November 1969).
35、Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from India, Taiwan, Turkey and Yugoslavia, Inv. No. 701-TA-251 through 253 (Preliminary) and 731-TA-271 through 274 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1742(August. 1985).
36、Certain Cast-Iron Pipe Fittings from Brazil, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-278 and 280 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1753 (September 1985).
37、Certain Carbon Steel Products from Australia, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden and Veneauela,Inv. No. 701-TA-225 through 234 and 731-TA-213 through 217, 219, 221 through 226, and 228 through 235 at 39, 44-47, USITC Pub.1642(February 1985).
38、Iron Construction Castings from Brazil, Canada, India, and the People's Republic of China, Inv. No. 701-TA-249 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1720(June 1985).
39、Bicycles from Taiwan, Inv.No. 731-TA-111, USITC Pub. 1417(March 1983).
40、Certain Carbon Steel Products From Spain, Inv. No. 701-TA-155, 157, 158, 159, 160, and 162 (Final), USITC Pub. 1331(December 1982).
41、Magnesium from China, Russia and Ukraine, Inv. No. 731-TA-696-698, USITC Pub. 2885(May 1995).
42、Silicon Metal From Russia, Inv. No. 731-TA-991 (Final)(Second Remand),USITC Pub. No. 3910(March 2007).
43、Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Line Pipe from China, Inv. No. 701-TA-455 (Final), USITC Pub.4055(January 2009).
44、Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From China and Mexico, Inv. No. 731-TA-1174-1175(Preliminary), USITC Pub. 4116(November 2009).
45、Textiles, Apparel, and Related Products From the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 48 Fed. Reg. 46600(October 13, 1983).
46、Textiles, Apparel, and Related Products From the People's Republic of China: Temination of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 48 Fed. Reg. 55492-03(December 13, 1983).
47、Oscillating Fans and Ceiling Fans From the People's Republic of China ("PRC"): Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 56 Fed. Reg. 57616-01(November 13, 1991).
48、Chrome-Plated Lug Nuts and Wheel Locks From the People's Republic of China ("PRC"): Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 57Fed. Reg. 877-02(January 9, 1992).
49、Oscillating and Ceiling Fans From the People's Republic of China: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 57 Fed. Reg. 24018(June 5, 1992).
50、Chrome-Plated Lug Nuts and Wheel Locks From the People's Republic of China ("PRC"): Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 57 Fed. Reg. 10459-02(March 26, 1992).
51、Coated Free Sheet Paper from the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 71 Fed. Reg. 68546(November 27, 2006).
52、Bicycles from Czechoslovakia: Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 25 Fed. Reg. 6657(July 14,1960).
53、Ja1ousie-Louvre-Sized Sheet Glass from Czechoslovakia: Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 27 Fed. Reg. 8457(August 23, 1962).
54、Portland Cement form Polan:Fair Value Determination, 28 Fed. Reg. 6660(Jun. 27, 1963).
55、Electric Golf Carts from Poland-Antidumping: Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 40 Fed. Reg. 25497(Jun. 16, 1975).
56、Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Poland: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 48 Fed. Reg. 56419(December 21, 1983).
57、Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Preliminary Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 6773(Feb. 23, 1984).
58、Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Poland, Preliminary Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 6768(February 23, 1984).
59、Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination , 49 Fed. Reg. 19370(May 7, 1984).
60、Carbon Steel Wire Rod from Poland: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 19374(May 7, 1984).
61、Potassium Chloride From the Soviet Union: Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed. Reg. 23428(June 6, 1984).
62、Potassium Chloride From the German Democratic Republic, Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed. Reg. 23428(June 6, 1984).
63、Oscillating Fans and Ceiling Fans From the People's Republic of China: Final Determinations of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 56 Fed. Reg. 55271 (October 25, 1991).
64、Greige Polyester Cotton Print Cloth from China: Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 48 Fed. Reg. 9897 (March 9,1983).
65、Certain Lined Paper Products From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, and Affirmative Critical Circumstances, In Part, 71 Fed. Reg. 53079 (September 8, 2006).
66、Coated Free Sheet Paper from the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Postponement of Final Determination, 72 Fed. Reg. 30758 (June 4 , 2007).
67、Low Enriched Uranium From France: Notice of Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 69 Fed.Reg. 46501 (August 3, 2004).
68、Steel Wire Rod from Venezuela: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 62 Fed. Reg. 55014-01(October, 1997).
69、Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe from the People'sRepublic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 72 Fed. Reg.36668(July 5, 2007).
70、Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,72 Fed. Reg. 40281(July 24, 2007).
71、Laminated Woven Sacks from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,72 Fed. Reg. 40839(July 25, 2007).
72、Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,72 Fed. Reg. 44122( August 7, 2007).
73、Raw Flexible Magnets from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,72 Fed. Reg. 59076(October 18, 2007).
74、Lightweight Thermal Paper from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 72 Fed. Reg. 62209(November 2, 2007).
75、Sodium Nitrite from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,72 Fed. Reg. 68568(December 5, 2007).
76、Circular Welded Austenitic Stainless Pressure Pipe from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,73 Fed. Reg. 9994(February 25, 2008).
77、Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Line Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,73 Fed. Reg. 23184(April 29, 2008).
78、Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,73 Fed. Reg. 26960(May 12, 2008).
79、Certain Tow-Behind Lawn Groomers and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,73 Fed. Reg. 42324(July 21, 2008).
80、Certain Kitchen Appliance Shelving and Racks from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 73 Fed. Reg. 50304(August 26, 2008).
81、Prestressed Concrete Steel Wire Strand From the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,74 Fed. Reg. 29670(June 23, 2009).
82、Certain Steel Grating From the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,74 Fed. Reg. 30278(June 25, 2009).
83、Wire Decking From the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,74 Fed. Reg. 31700(July 2, 2009).
84、Narrow Woven Ribbons With Woven Selvedge From the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,74 Fed. Reg. 39298(August 6, 2009).
85、Certain Magnesia Carbon Bricks from the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,74 Fed. Reg. 42858(August 25, 2009).
1、National Milk Producers Federation v. Shultz, 372 F. Supp.745(D.D.C.1974 ).
2、American Footwear Industries Ass’’n v. Simon, Civil No. 74-612(D.D.C. filed Apr. 19, 1974).
3、Magnavox Co. v. Simon, Civil No. 74-1132(D.D.C. filed August. 2, 1974).
4、Hahn Importers Inc. v. Simon, Civil No. 74-1132 (D.D.C. filedAugust. 8, 1974).
5、Hammond Lead Products, Inc. v. United States, 306 F. Supp. 460 (Cust. Ct 1969).
6、Delverde, SrL v. United States, 202 F.3d 1360 (C.A.Fed.,2000. February 02, 2000).
7、Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. United States,590 F. Supp. 1237 (June 08, 1984).
8、Cabot Corp. v. United States,620 F. Supp.722(Ct. Int’l Trade 1985),appeal dismissed, 788 F.2d 1539(Fed. Cir. 1986).
9、Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 437 US 443(June 21, 1978).
10、Carlisle Tire And Rubber Company v.United States,5 C.I.T. 229, 564 F.Supp. 834(May 1983).
11、Saudi Iron and Steel Co. (Hadeed) v. United States, 675 F. Supp. 1362, 1367 (CIT 1987).
12、British Steel plc v. United States, 941 F. Supp 119 (CIT 1996) (British Steel II).
13、AK Steel Corp. v. Unite States, 192 F.3d 1367(1999).
14、Torrington Co. v. United States, 938 F.2d 1278, 1280 (Fed.Cir.1991), (adopting 14 Ct. Int'l Trade 648, 747 F.Supp. 744 (1990)).
15、NMB Singapore Ltd. v. United States, 288 F.Supp.2d 1306, 1313 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2003).
16、Timken Co. v. United States, 913 F.Supp. 580, 584 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1996).
17、Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 19 Ct. Int'l Trade 450, 455 (1995).
18、Cleo Inc v. United States, Nos. 2007-1036, 2007-1037.Sept. 10, 2007, 501 F.3d 1291, 1298.
19、United States Steel Group v. United States, 873 F.Supp 673, 681-84(Ct Int Trade 1994), aff’d 96 F.3d 1532(Fed. Cir 1996).
20、Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. United.State, 35 F.3d 1535, C.A.Fed., 1994. September 15, 1994.
21、Bmt Ccommodity Corp., Delca Distribu-tors, Inc. V. United States, United States International Trade Commission, 11 C.I.T. 524, 667 F.Supp. 880,1987.
22、Bingham & Taylor, Div., Virginia Industries, Inc. v. United.States, 10 C.I.T. 67, 627 F.Supp. 793,CIT,1986.
23、Bingham & Taylor Div., Virginia Industries, Inc. v. United.States, 815 F.2d 1482, 8 ITRD 2057, 5 Fed. Cir. (T) 90 (Fed.Cir. Mar 31, 1987) (NO. 86-1440).
24、Hyundai Pipe Co., Ltd v. United States, 8 ITRD 2044, Slip op. 87-18( Feb. 23, 1987).
25、Bratsk Aluminium Smelter v. United States, 444 F.3d 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006)
26、Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 132 F.3d 716, 717 (Fed. Cir. 1997).
27、Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 20 C.I.T. 1065, 937 F.Supp. 930 CIT,1996.
28、Continental Steel Corp. v. United States, 9 C.I.T. 340, 614 F.Supp. 548 CIT,1985.
29、Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 4 Fed. Cir. (T) 143 (1986).
30、United States v. Zenith Radio Corp., 562 F.2d 1209, 1219 (CCPA 1977), aff'd,437 U.S. 443, 98 S.Ct. 2441, 57 L.Ed.2d 337 (1978).
31、Government of the People's Republic of China v. United States, 483 F.Supp.2d 1274,CIT 2007.
32、Kajaria Iron Castings PVT. LTD v. United States, 156 F. 3d 1163, 1173-74 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
33、Sigma Corp. v. United States, 117 F. 3d 1401, 1407 (Fed. Cir. 1997).
34、Geum Pong Corp. v. United States, 193 F. Supp. 2d. 1363, 1370 (C.I.T. 2002).
35、Gpx International Tire Corpora-Tion and Hebei Starbright Tire Co., Ltd. v. United States, AFL-CIO-CLC, Slip Op. 09-103.Court No. 08-00285.
1、WT/DS194, United States—Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsidies.
2、WT/DS296, United States—Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea.
3、WT/DS273,Korea—Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels.
4、WT/DS236,United States—Preliminary Determinations with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada.
5、WT/DS257,United States—Final Countervailing Duty Determination with respect to certain Softwood Lumber from Canada.
6、DS7/R,BISD38S/30,US-Canada Pork.
7、WT/DS/138, United States—Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon Steel Products Originating in the United Kingdom.
8、WT/DS212, United States—Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products from the European Communities.
9、WT/DS267,United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton.
10、WT/DS219, European Communities—Anti-Dumping Duties on Malleable Cast Iron Tube or Pipe Fittings from Brazil.
11、WT/DS122, Thailand—Anti-Dumping Duties on Angles, Shapes and Sections of Iron or Non-Alloy Steel and H Beams from Poland.
12、WT/DS8,Japan-taxes on Alcoholic Beverages.
13、WT/DS75,Korea-taxes on Alcoholic Beverages.
14、WT/DS/309,China-Value Added Tax on Integrated Circuits.
1、Gene M. Grossman, Elhanan Helpman, Interest Groups and Trade Policy , Princeton University Press, 2002.
2、John H. Jackson: The Trading System—Law and Policy of International Economic Relation(2d Edit. 1997).
3、Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Joanna Shelton Erb, Subsidies in international trade, Washington, D.C. : Institute for International Economics ; Cambridge, Mass. : Distributed by MIT Press, 1984.
4、Gene M. Grossman, Elhanan Helpman, Interest Groups and Trade Policy , Princeton University Press, 2002.
5、Joseph E. Pattison, Aantidumping and Countervailing Duty Laws, from the WestLaw database, 2009 version.
6、John H. Jackson and Alan O. Sykes, Implementing the Uruguay Round, Clarendon Press, OXFORD 1997.
1、H. APPLEBAUM & J. BELLO (CO-CHAIRS), Trade Law and Policy Institute. Commercial Law and Practice, Course Handbook Series, Number 510, Practising Law Institute, 1989.
2、Terence P. Stewart Editor, The GATT Uruguay Round A Negotiating History(1986-1992), Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.
3、John H. Jackson and Alan O. Sykes, Implementing the Uruguay Round, Clarendon Press, OXFORD 1997.
4、Terence P. Stewart ed.,The World Trade Organization: Multilateral Trade Framework For The 21 Century and US. Implementing Legislation (1996, American Bar Association).
5、Stewart and Stewart ,China’s Compliance with World Trade Organization Obligations, 2005 by Transnational Publishers, Inc.
1、Terence P. Stewart, Amy S. Dwyer, and Marta M Prado, Antidumping, Countervailing Duties and Trade Remedies:“Let’s Make A Deal”Views From a Domestic Practitioner, 37 Int’l L. 764, 2003.
2、Alan O. Sykes, Countervailing Duty Law: An Economic Perspective, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 89, 1989.
3、Alan O. Sykes, Second-best Countervailing Duty Policy: a Critique of the Entitlement Approach, 21 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus 1990.
4、Richard Diamond, Economic foundations of Countervailing Duty law, 29 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus (1988-1989).
5、Richard Diamond, Search for Economic and Financial Principles in the Administration of United States Countervailing Duty Law, 21 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus (1989-1990).
6、Warren F. Schwartz, Countervailing Duty Law For The 1990s A New Look at The Law And Economics Of Subsidies, 21 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus.(1989-1990).
7、Stuart M. Rosen and Gregory Husisian, Judicial Review By The U.S. Court Of International Trade And The U.S. Court Of Appeals For The Federal Circuit Under 19 U.S.C.§1581(C) Of Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Determinations Issued By The Department Of Commerce,Georgetown Journal of International Law Fall, 2006.
8、Valerie A. Slater and Lisa W. Ross, Judicial Review Of The International Trade Commission's Determinations In Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Proceedings: An Overview Of Decisions In 2006, Georgetown Journal of International Law Fall, 2007.
9、Andrea C. Casson and Neal J. Reynolds , Judicial Review Of The International Trade Commission's Injury Determinations In Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Proceedings: An Overview And Analysis Of Federal Court Decisions In 2005, Georgetown Journal of International Law Fall,2006.
10、John R. Crook, NAFTA Panel Dismisses Chapter 11 Challenges To U.S. Administration Of Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Laws, Allows Byrd Amendment Claim To Proceed, American Journal of International Law, January, 2007.
11、J.A. Brander and B. J. Spencer, Imitational R&D Rivalry and industrial Strategy, Review of Economic Studies 50. 1983.
12、Larry D. Qiu, Why Can’t Countervailing Duties Deter Export subsidization? , Journal of International Economics, 1995, (39).
13、Chad P. Bown and Meredith A. Crowley, Trade Deflection and Trade Depression, Journal of International Economics, Volume 72, Issue 1, May 2007.
14、Wendy L. Hansen Thomas J. Prusa,The Role of The Median Legislator In U.S. Trade Policy: A Historical Analysis,Economic Inquiry Volume 35 Issue 1.
15、Peter Buck Feller, Mutiny against the Bounty: An Examination of Subsidies, Border Tax Adjustments, and the Resurgence of the Countervailing Duty Law, 1 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. (1969).
16、Matthew J. Marks and Harold B. Malmgren, Negotiating Nontariff Distortions to Trade, 7 Law and Policy International Business. (1975).
17、Peter Buck Feller,Preface Observations on the New Countervailing Duty Law,11 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. (1979).
18、Judith Hippler Bello and Alan F. Holmer , The Trade And Tariff Act of 1984: Principal Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Provisions, International Lawyer , Spring, 1985.
19、Alan F. Holmer and Judith Hippler Bello, U.S Trade Law and Policy Series No. 14 The 1988 Trade Bill: Savior or Scourge of the International Trade System? 23 International Lawyer 1989 530.
20、Julie Dunne, Delverde and the WTO's British Steel DecisionForeshadow More Conflict Where the WTO Subsidies Agreement, Privatization, and United States Countervailing Duty Law Intersect, American University Internationl Law Review, Vol 17, 2001.
21、Laurie A. Gameron and Gerald C.Berg, The U.S. Countervailing Duty Law and the Principle of General Availability, 19 Journal of World Trade Law, vol.5 (1985)
22、Christoph Lehmann, The Definition of“Domestic Subsidy”under United States Countervailing Duty Law, 22 Tex. Int’l L. J. 53 1987.
23、John A Ragosta and Howard M Shanker, Specificity of Subsidy Benefits in U.S. Department of Commerce Countervailing Duty Determinations, 25 Law & Pol’y Int’l Bus. 653 1993-1994.
24、Gerald C. Berg, An Economic Interpretation of“Like-Product”, Journal of World Trade, Vol 30, No 2, 1996(195-209).
25、Bruce M. Steen, Economically Meaningful Markets: An Alternative Approach To Defining“Like Product”And“Domestic Industry”Under The Trade Agreements Act Of 1979, Virginia Law Review,November, 1987.
26、A. Paul Victor, Injury Determinations By The United States International Trade Commission In Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Proceedings, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Spring, 1984.
27、Michael Y. Chung, U.S. Antidumping Laws: A Look at The New Legislation, North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation Summer, 1995.
28、Raj Bhala, Rethinking antidumping law, George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics, 1995.
29、Prakash Narayanan, Injury Investigations in“Material Retardation”Antidumping Cases, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Fall 2004.
30、William B.T. Mock, Jr., Cumulation of Import Statistics In InjuryInvestigations Before The International Trade Commission, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Spring/Summer, 1986.
31、Elazar, Antidumping Rules following the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, Journal of World Trade, No 5, 1999.
32、Edwin A Vermulst,Anti-dumping Law and Practice in the United States and the European Communities:A Compara-tive Analysis,Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,1987.
33、William D. Degrandis, Proving Causation In Antidumping Cases, International Lawyer, Spring, 1986.
34、Lloyd Granet, ITC Injury Determination In Countervailing Duty Investigations, Law and Policy International Business, 1983.
35、Matthew J. Gaziano, Bratsk Aluminum Smelter V. United States: Strengthening The Standard for Antidumping Causation Or Causing Confusion? Federal Circuit Bar Journal, 2009.
36、Wentong Zheng, The Pitfalls of The (Perfect) Market Benchmark: The Case Of Countervailing Duty Law, Minnesota Journal of International Law Winter 2010.
37、Ann E. Christoff , The Chinese Automobile Industry And The World Trade Organization: China's Non-Compliance with WTO Regulations Through its Subsidizing of Automobile Manufacturers, Indiana International and Comparative Law Review,2009.
1、S.REP. No. 1298, 93d Cong. 2d Sess. 183(1974).
2、The Congress Of The United States Congressional Budget Office: How The GATT Influence the Us Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Law, September 1994.
3、Overview and Compilation of The Us Trade Statute(2003)
4、Senate Report on the 1974 Act, S.Rept. 93-1298.
5、H.R. REP. 103-826(I), H.R. Rep. No. 826(I), 103RD Cong., 2ND Sess.1994, 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3773.
6、Senator Report No 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess., 1979.
7、US General Accounting Office Report, U.S.-China Trade Commerce Faces Practical and Legal Challenges in Applying Countervailing Duties, GAO-05-474, June 2005.
8、US General Accounting Office Report,U.S.-China Trade Challenges and Choices to Apply Countervailing Duties to China, GAO-06-608T, Apri 4 2006.
9、2009 Report To Congress of The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission One Hundred Eleventh Congress First Session (November 2009).
10、2004 Report To Congress of The U.S.-China Economic And Security Review Commission One Hundred Eleventh Congress First Session (JUNE 2004).
1、美国商务部国际贸易局进口管理处:http://ia.ita.doc.gov/
2、美国国际贸易委员会:www.usitc.gov
3、世界贸易组织:www.wto.org
4、Westlaw数据库
5、Heinonline数据库
1《积极面对挑战增强必胜信心权力做好应对贸易摩擦工作》,中国商务部进出口公平贸易局局长周晓燕在2009年全国应对贸易摩擦工作会议上的讲话。
2 Terence P. Stewart, Amy S. Dwyer, and Marta M Prado, Antidumping, Countervailing Duties and Trade Remedies:“Let’s Make A Deal”Views From a Domestic Practitioner, 37 Int’l L. 764, 2003.
1王贵国著:《世界贸易组织法》,法律出版社2002年版,内容简介。
1李巍:《美国反补贴法对非市场经济体的适用研究》,复旦大学硕士学位论文,2006年,第8-11页。
1王传丽著:《国际贸易法——政府管理贸易的法律与制度》,中国政法大学出版社2002版,第3—26页。
2当年日本对钢铁、半导体行业的扶持,美国对军工产业的扶持以及欧盟对高利技产业的政府扶持都可作为这一理论的现实证明。
1 J.A. Brander and B. J. Spencer, Imitational R&D Rivalry and industrial Strategy, Review of Economic Studies 50. 1983, pp. 707-722.
2王玉华:《补贴与反补贴的效应分析及其对我国的启示》,湖北大学硕士学位论文,2005年,第10—11页。
1范荷芳:《补贴与反补贴:国外的发展动态与我国的应对策略》,上海大学硕士学位论文,2008年,第8-10页。
2甘瑛著:《国际货物贸易中的补贴与反补贴法律问题研究》,法律出版社2005年版,第16-17页。
1 Richard Diamond, A Search for Economic and Financial Principles in the Administration of United States Countervailing Duty Law, Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 21, 1990, pp. 533-540,转引自甘瑛著:《国际货物贸易中的补贴与反补贴法律问题研究》,法律出版社2005年版,第16—17页。
2 Larry D. Qiu, Why Can’t Countervailing Duties Deter Export subsidization? , Journal of International Economics, 1995, (39), pp. 249-272.
1乔小勇、何海燕、赵飞:《两国厂商相互出口条件下出口补贴与反补贴的经济效应研究》,载《浙江工商大学学报》2009年第2期。
2李小明:《对国际贸易中补贴与反补贴措施的法律经济学解析》,载《财经理论与实践》2007年第7期。
1具体理论假定可参见:【美】保罗·克鲁格曼、茅瑞斯·奥伯斯法尔德著:《国际经济学(第五版)》,海闻等译校,中国人民大学出版社2002版,第178-181页。
1范荷芳:《补贴与反补贴:国外的发展动态与我国的应对策略》,上海大学硕士学位论文,2008年,第22页。
2这正是传统的自由贸易理论反对补贴的核心依据,即没有扭曲的贸易使得贸易双方都得益,而尽管合理的反补贴可以部分纠正补贴所造成的影响,但仍然属于自由贸易的一种扭曲。
1传统贸易理论基本都假定市场为完全竞争市场,但在当前经济,不完全竞争和规模报酬递增在很多行业都存在。因此,如果将现实情况考虑到上面的比较静态模型中来的话,就需要采用战略贸易理论的分析工具。本节仅仅是给出一个简单经济分析以便对补贴的经济效应有一个直观的理解。
2一般均衡分析核心是将整个经济视为一个系统,当某一行业发生政策变动时,不仅考虑政策对该行业的影响,还考虑行业之间的相互影响,各种影响在整个经济系统中相互作用相互抵消的情况下,求解最终均衡实现时政策的效应。
1至于对补贴效应的量化,包括对产业产出、出口的影响以及对其他各行业的影响以致对整个国民经济和社会福利的影响等等,可以采用目前国际通用的可算一般均衡模型(CGE)来进行模拟。
1这里的局部均衡分析结果也验证了感谢信流派的观点,即进口国会因为进口产品中含有补贴而增加福利。
2 Chad P. Bown and Meredith A. Crowley, Trade deflection and trade depression, Journal of International Economics, Volume 72, Issue 1, May 2007, figure 2.
1有些学术著作或文章对这种现象也称为贸易转移。为了方便论述并避免引起不必要的混淆,在此用贸易偏转。
1邢立娟:《美国对外贸易法的政治经济分析》,东北财经大学博士学位论文,2007年,第25页。
2【美】丹尼斯C·缪勒著:《公共选择理论》,杨春学等译,中国社会科学出版社1999年版,第4页。
1朱敏:《西方公共选择理论初探》,载《世界经济文汇》1990年第6期。
2 Gene M. Grossman, Elhanan Helpman, Interest Groups and Trade Policy , Princeton University Press, 2002.
3黄鹏:《基于货物贸易的贸易运行监控研究》,上海社科院博士学位论文,2006年,第78—81页。
1李淑俊:《美国贸易保护主义的政治基础研究—以中美贸易摩擦为例》,复旦大学博士学位论文,2008年,第4页。
2【美】戴斯勒著:《美国贸易政治》,王恩冕、于少蔚译,中国市场出版社2005年版,第3页。
1这也是美国国会建立反对各种保护主义的抗衡方法,转移和应对限制贸易压力的手段,事实证明,上述手段构成的“1934年体制”不仅促进了美国的战后繁荣,也由于美国市场的开放确立了美国在全球经济中的领先地位,更重要的是促进了1949年末达成并执行了近50年的关贸总协定。
1早在1897年美国就颁布法令,对别国政府向其国内某个行业或企业提供的津贴或补助,如受其影响的美国利益集团提出请求,美国政府有权征收数量相当于外国补贴的反补贴税。
1【美】戴斯勒著:《美国贸易政治》,王恩冕、于少蔚译中国市场出版社2005年版,第137—139页。
1 Wendy L. Hansen Thomas J. Prusa, The Role of The Median Legislator In U.S. Trade Policy: A Historical Analysis,Economic Inquiry, Volume 35 Issue 1.
2 P.Ashley, Modern Tariff History 158(1905),转引自Peter Buck Feller, Mutiny against the Bounty: An Examination of Subsidies, Border Tax Adjustments, and the Resurgence of the Countervailing Duty Law, 1 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. (1969), footnote 19.
1 Tariff Act of 1890,ch. 1244, Sec. 237,26 Stat. 584.
2《1894年关税法》第182条。
3转引自【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第388页脚注1。
4【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第392页脚注11。
1 Peter Buck Feller, Mutiny against the Bounty: An Examination of Subsidies, Border Tax Adjustments, and the Resurgence of the Countervailing Duty Law, 1 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. (1969)。
2【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第392页脚注11。
3 S.REP. No. 1298, 93d Cong. 2d Sess. 183(1974).
4【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第400页。
2 Trade Act of 1974, Sec 331(a),adding 19 U.S.C. Section 1303(a)(4).
3 Trade Act of 1974, Sec 331(b)(6),adding 19 U.S.C. Section 1303.
4 Trade Act of 1974, Sec 331(b),amending 19 U.S.C. Section 1516(a)(1970).
5 Hammond Lead Products, Inc. v. United States, 306 F. Supp. 460 (Cust. Ct 1969).
1【美】布鲁斯·E.·克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第400页。
2 Trade Act of 1974, Sec 331(a),adding 19 U.S.C. Section 1303(a)(2).
3 The Congress of the United States Congressional Budget office: How the GATT influence the us antidumping and countervailing duty law, September 1994, p. 26.
4 Overview and Compilation of The Us Trade Statute,p. 97.
5 John H. Jackson: The Trading System—Law and Policy of International Economic Relation(2d Edit. 1997), p. 293,转引自赵维田著:《世界贸易(WTO)的法律制度》,吉林大人民出版社2001年版,第310页。
1 Agreement On Interpretation And Application Of Articles Vi, Xvi And Xxiii Of The General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade, Part I, Articles 1-6.
2 Joseph E. Pattison, Aantidumping and Countervailing Duty Laws,§6:1, from the WestLaw database, 2009 version.
3 19. U.S.C Section 1677(10),(1990).
4 Section 703, 705, 733 and 735 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended by 19 U.S.C.Section 1671b, 1671d, 1673b, 1673d; 93 Stat. 152, 159, 163, 169.
1 Peter Buck Feller, Preface Observations on the New Countervailing Duty Law, 11 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. (1979)
2 751 of the Tariff Act of 1930 as amended by 19 U.S.C.Section 1675, 93 Stat. 175.
3当时的美国财政部倾向自由贸易,而DOC则更容易被当成是美国产业的代言人。
4 Exec.Order No. 12188, January 4, 1980, 44 Fed. Reg.69273.
5 Certain Steel Products from Belgium: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 47 Fed Reg 39304 (September 7, 1982).
6 Options to Improve the Trade Remedy Laws: Hearings Before the Subcomm. On Trade, House Committee on Ways and Means, 98 th Cong. 1st Sess. 222(1983),转引自Judith Hippler Bello and Alan F. Holmer , The Trade And Tariff Act of 1984: Principal Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Provisions, International Lawyer , Spring, 1985, note 3.
1 19. U.S.C. Section 1677-11; 98 Stat.3035, Sec.613.
2 Options to Improve the Trade Remedy Laws: Hearings Before the Subcomm. On Trade, House Committee on Ways and Means, 98 th Cong. 1st Sess. at 103 (1983)(Statement of Sol C. Chaikin),转引自Judith Hippler Bello and Alan F. Holmer , The Trade And Tariff Act of 1984: Principal Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Provisions, International Lawyer , Spring, 1985, footnote 68.
3 The Congress of the United States Congressional Budget office: How the GATT influence the us antidumping and countervailing duty law, September 1994, page 28, 19. U.S.C. Section 1677; 98 Stat.3034, Sec.612(a)(2)(A).
4 Section 612(a)(2)(B) of The Trade And Tariff Act Of 1984.
5 Section 612(a)(1) and 626(c) of The Trade And Tariff Act Of 1984.
1 19. U.S.C. Section 1339; 98 Stat.7989, Sec.221.
2这些裁定包括调查机关根据19. U.S.C. Section 1671b(b)和1673b(b)(1982)作出的否定性初裁等。
3根据当时的法律规定,DOC反补贴调查的初裁是立案后85天,终裁是初裁作出后75天,而反倾销调查的时限则较长,初裁时限是立案后160天,终裁是初裁后75天。
4周忠菲:《如何应对美国贸易保护主义——论东亚集体行动的可选择性》,载《亚太经济》2007年第2期。
5 Alan F. Holmer and Judith Hippler Bello, U.S Trade Law and Policy Series No. 14 The 1988 Trade Bill: Savior or Scourge of the International Trade System? 23 International Lawyer 1989 530.
6 Section 1312 of The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.
1 Section 1313 of The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.
2 Section 1315 of The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988.
3 19. U.S.C. Section 1677; 102 Stat.1192, Sec.1319-21, 1323, 1326, 1327.反规避条款的产生更多地是来自当时美国对日本韩国电视机、打字机等产品反倾销案件所引发的实践问题。
1 H.R. REP. 103-826(Ⅰ), H.R. Rep. No. 826(Ⅰ), 103RD Cong., 2ND Sess. 1994, 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3773. Julie Dunne, Delverde and the WTO's British Steel Decision Foreshadow More Conflict Where the WTO Subsidies Agreement, Privatization, and United States Countervailing Duty Law Intersect, American University Internationl Law Review, Vol 17, 2001 note109 at p. 104.
1 RENATO RUGGIERO. Keynete Opening Address[M]// Launching New Global Trade Talks: An Action Agenda. Washington P.C: Institute for International Economics.转引自任勤著:《WTO框架下的贸易保护问题研究》,西南财经大学出版社2008年版,第193页脚注1。
2 Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Joanna Shelton Erb, Subsidies in international trade, Washington, D.C. : Institute for International Economics ; Cambridge, Mass. : Distributed by MIT Press, 1984, table 1.1.
1【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第395页。
2关贸总协定,《1988年关贸总协定活动》,1989年,第47页,转引自王贵国著:《世界贸易组织法》,法律出版社2002年版,第397页脚注2。
3 Terence P. Stewart Editor, The GATT Uruguay Round A Negotiating History(1986-1992), Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, pp. 824-832.
1张文彬著:《论私法对国际法的影响》,法律出版社2001年版,第7页。
2【英】费尔萨姆著:《外交手册》(第4版),胡其安译,中国对外翻译出版公司1984年版,第117页。
3 Terence P. Stewart Editor, The GATT Uruguay Round A Negotiating History(1986-1992), Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, pp. 899-901.
1《多哈宣言》第28段,该宣言还强调进行旨在促进WTO渔业补贴的谈判,由于渔业补贴在本文论述范围之外,在此不予讨论。
2孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,人民出版社2005年版,第205页。
1 US Seeks to Put Hold On Antidumping, Subsidy Negotiations In WTO, Vol 19, No 40, Inside U.S Trade, Oct 5 2001.
2 Section 3802(b)(14) of Bipartisan Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002.
3 http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/wto-multilateral-affairs/wto-doha-negotiations/rules-negotiations/trade-remedies, 2009年10月15日访问。
1 See TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
2 TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
3 TN/RL/W/98, 6 May 2003.
4 TN/RL/GEN/129, 24 April 2006.
1甘瑛著:《WTO补贴与反补贴法律与实践研究》,法律出版社2009年版,第136页。
1 TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
2 TN/RL/GEN/94, 16 January 2006.
3 TN/RL/GEN/146, 5 June 2007.
1张斌:《多哈回合规则谈判中补贴利益及其计算基准问题评析》,载《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2009年第7期第19页。
2 TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
1 TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
2同上。
1 TN/RL/W/78, 19 March 2003.
1 TN/RL/GEN/59, 13 July 2005.
2 TN/RL/GEN/128, 24 April 2006.
3 TN/RL/GEN/4, TN/RL/W/148/Rev.1, 14 July 2004.
1 TN/RL/GEN/12, TN/RL/W/157/Rev.1, 14 July 2004.
2 TN/RL/GEN/45, 3 June 2005.
3 TN/RL/GEN/130, 24 April 2006.
1 TN/RL/W/50, 4 February 2003.
2同上。
3 TN/RL/GEN/29, 8 February 2005.
4 TN/RL/GEN/106, 6 March 2006.
1参见甘瑛著:《WTO补贴与反补贴法律与实践研究》,法律出版社2009年版,第150页。
1 TN/RL/GEN/15, 15 September 2004.
2 TN/RL/GEN/132, 24 April 2006.
3 TN/RL/GEN/13, TN/RL/W/162/Rev.1, 14 July 2004.
4 TN/RL/GEN/90, 17 November 2005.
5 TN/RL/GEN/25, 20 October 2004.
6 TN/RL/GEN/108, 6 March 2006.
7 TN/RL/GEN/133, 24 April 2006.
1【美】布鲁斯·E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版,第382页。可参见三个具有代表性的案例:United States v. Hills Bros, 107 F. 107(2d Cir. 1901),Downs v. United States, 187 U.S.496(1903)和Nicholas & Co. v. United States, 249 U.S. 34(1919)。
2 S.REP. No. 249, 96d Cong. 1d Sess. 84(1977),
2 19. U.S.C. Section 1677(5)(B).
3 19. U.S.C. Section 1671(a)(1988).
4 Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 57 Fed.Reg.22570(May 28, 1982).
5 Leather from Argentina: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order, 55 Fed. Reg. 40212(October 2, 1990).
6 Lamb Meat from New Zealand: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Oder, 50 Fed. Reg. 37708 (September 17, 1985).
7 Oil Country Tubular Goods From Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 46776(November 28, 1984).
1 Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Spain: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 19551(May 8, 1984).
2 Certain Steel Products from Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determinations, 58 Fed. Reg. 37338, 37339(July 9, 1993).
3 SAA at 926.
4 Countervailing Duties, 63 Fed. Reg., 65348, 65349.
5 Panel Report, United States—Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsidies, WT/DS194/R, para. 8.29.
1 Panel Report , United States—Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea , WT/DS296/R, para. 7.31.
2 Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea , WT/DS296/AB/R, para. 13.
3 Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea ,WT/DS296/AB/R, para.116.
4李晓玲:《WTO框架下的农业补贴纪律》,华东政法学院博士学位论文,2007年,第68页。
5 Panel Report , United States—Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsidies,WT/DS194/R.
1朱榄叶编著:《世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析1995——2002》(下册),法律出版社2004年版,第568页。
2 Countervailing Duties Final Rule,19 CFR Part 351, 63 Fed. Reg. 65348(November 25, 1998),为美国反补贴现行行政法规。
3 Panel Report, Korea—Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels,WT/DS273/R.
1 Panel Report, Korea—Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels,WT/DS273/R, para 8.40.
2 Overview and Compilation of the Us Trade Statute, p. 102.
1分别为United States—Preliminary Determinations with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada ,WT/DS236和United States—Final Countervailing Duty Determination with respect to certain Softwood Lumber from Canada, WT/DS/257。
2 Panel Report, United States—Preliminary Determinations with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada ,WT/DS236/R,paras. 7.71-7.72,7.74.
3 GATT Pane Report on US-Canada Pork, DS7/R,BISD38S/30.
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(5)(F) (1994).
1 Notice of Final Modification of Agency Practice Under Section 123 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, 68Fed. Reg, 37125 (June 23, 2003).
3 Delverde, SrL v. United States, 202 F.3d 1360, 1362-63.另外参见DOC在Inland Steel Bar Co. v. United States,155 F.3d 1370 (Fed.Cir.1998)中的说明。
4 United States—Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon SteelProducts Originating in the United Kingdom, WT/DS/138/R(1999年12月23)和WT/DS/138/AB/R (2000年5月10日)。另参见韩立余编著：《WTO案例及评析》（2000），中国人民大学出版社2001年版，第383-415页。
5 Delverde, SrL v. United States, 202 F.3d 1360, 1362-63 (C.A.Fed.,2000. February 02, 2000).
1 Final Results of Redeterrmation Pursuant to Court Remand(Dec.4 2000) Delverde, SrL v. United States, Consol. Court No 96-08-01997, Remand Order.
2 Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products from the European Communities,WT/DS212/AB/R.
3 Appellate Body Report, United States—Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products from the European Communities,WT/DS212/AB/R.
1 Panel Report, United States– Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products From The European Communities, Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the European Communities, WT/DS212/RW.
2参见:白巴根:《国有企业的私有化与反补贴税——“欧共体钢铁案”专家组和上诉机构报告通过后之美国商务部的动态》,载《太平洋学报》2006年第10期。
1 Further Issues Identified Under The Anti-Dumping and Subsidies Agreements for Discussion by the Negotiating Group On Rules, Communication from the United States,TN/RL/W/130.
2 Benefit Pass-through, Communication from Canada, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/7, 14 July 2004.
3例如Benefit Pass-through, Communication from Brazil, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/193, 16 November 2005.
4 Benefit Pass-through, Communication from Canada, WTO Doc. TN/RL/GEN/86, 17 November 2005
5 New Draft Consolidated Chair Texts of The Ad And Scm Agreements, TN/RL/W/236,
1单一著:《WTO框架下补贴与反补贴法律制度与实务》,法律出版社2009年版,第115页。
2 Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 437 US 443, 445-446 (June 21, 1978).
3 Laurie A. Gameron and Gerald C.Berg, The U.S. Countervailing Duty Law and the Principle of General Availability, 19 Journal of World Trade Law, vol.5, 506 (1985) .
4《东京回合守则》第11条第3段。
1 19. U.S.C. Section 1677(5)(B) (1982).
2 Bethlehem Steel Corp v. United States, 590 F. Supp. 1237 (1984).
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(5)(B)(1992).
1 Lamb Meat from New Zealand: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Oder, 50 Fed. Reg. 37708 (September 17, 1985)。DOC在该案中认定新西兰政府通过1976年所得税法第174节提供的家畜鼓励计划是专向性的,因为该计划只适用于有家禽的农民,但同时认定新西兰农业渔业部所实施的化肥价格补贴因为可以广泛为农业生产者所使用而不具有专向性。
2 Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 57 Fed. Reg 22570(May 28, 1992), 22583、22584.
3 John A Ragosta and Howard M Shanker, Specificity of Subsidy Benefits in U.S. Department of Commerce Countervailing Duty Determinations, 25 Law & Pol’y Int’l Bus. 653 1993-1994.
1 HR. Rep. No. 40, 100 th Cong., 1st Sess. Pt.1, at 124(1987),转引自John A Ragosta and Howard M Shanker, Specificity of Subsidy Benefits in U.S. Department of Commerce Countervailing Duty Determinations, 25 Law & Pol’y Int’l Bus. 650 1993-1994, footnote 76.
2 Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 57 Fed. Reg 22570(May 28, 1992), 22583.
3 Certain Fresh Cut Flowers from Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Israel and the Netherlands, Inv. No. 701-TA-275 to-278, USITC Pub. 1956 (1987).
4 DOC在Certain Fresh Cut Flowers from Netherlands: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 52 Fed. Reg. 3301(February 3, 1987)案中也拒绝了类似请求,虽然园艺产业生产60余种不同的产品,但它是农业的一个分部门,可以被认定为是针对某一特定企业或产业的。
5 Issues and Decision Memorandum: Final Results of the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, 67 FR 15545(April 2, 2002).
1 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.
2 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.111.
3 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.119-7.121.
4吕晓杰:《SCM协议中的专向性要件》,载《法学》2008年第9期。参见Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.121, 7.116。
5 Panel Report, United States–Subsidies on Upland Cotton, WT/DS267/R, para. 7.1142.
1 Commerce Department Speaks on Import and Export Administration, 1984 at 319, 476-77 footnote 26.
2 Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 51 Fed.Reg. 37453 (October 22, 1986). See also Countervailing Duties: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 54 Fed.Reg. 23366, 23379 (May 31, 1989).
1 Issues and Decision Memorandum: Final Results of the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, 67 Fed. Reg. 15545(April 2, 2002).
2 John H. Jackson and Alan O. Sykes, Implementing the Uruguay Round, Clarendon Press, OXFORD 1997, p. 238.
3 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R,29 August 2003, para. 4.54.
1 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.123.
2参见John A Ragosta and Howard M Shanker, Specificity of Subsidy Benefits in U.S. Department of Commerce Countervailing Duty Determinations, 25 Law & Pol’y Int’l Bus. 655-675 1993-1994,甘瑛著:《国际货物贸易中的补贴与反补贴法律问题研究》,法律出版社2005年版,第80—81页,单一著:《WTO框架下补贴与反补贴法律制度与实务》,法律出版社,第140—141页。
3 Certain Carbon Steel Products From Brazil: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 49 Fed. Reg. 5160(February 10, 1984).
1 Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat-Rolled Products and Carbon Steel Structural Shapes from Korea: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 47284 (December 3, 1984), 47289.
2 Certain Steel Products from Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Dterminations, 58 Fed. Reg. 37338 (July 9, 1993).
3对于这个方法,DOC在《最终反补贴规则》的说明部分专门进行解释,认为在这系列案件中之所以采用与广泛经济比较的方法,是因为韩国系列钢铁案中的补贴项目涉及政府使用广泛经济层面的银行系统向钢铁业提供直接贷款,所以需要进行广泛的分析,但这种做法不具有普遍性。Countervailing Duties, Final Rule- 19 CFR Part 351, International Trade Administration, the US Department of Commerce, 63 Fed. Reg. 65347, 65359(Nov 25 1998).
4 Stainless Steel Plate in Coils from Belgium: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 64 Fed.Reg. ,15570(March 31, 1999).
1 Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 51 Fed.Reg.37453 (October 22, 1986), 37456.
3 Saudi Iron and Steel Co. (Hadeed) v. United States, 675 F. Supp. 1362, 1367 (CIT 1987).
1 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 4.95.
2 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para. 7.116.
3 Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Final Determination in the Countervailing Duty Investigation of Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors from the Republic of Korea.
1 JieYing Ni,“Specificity”Test In the Agreement of Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, MILE Thesis 7 of World Trade Insitute, pp. 36-38.
2 Carbon Steel Wireless Rod from Saudi Arabia: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order,51 Fed. Reg. 4206 (February 3, 1986).
1 Certain Steel Products from Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determinations, 58 Fed. Reg. 37346 (July 9, 1993), 37347.
2 British Steel plc v. United States, 941 F. Supp 119 (CIT 1996) (British Steel II), at 133-35, AK Steel Corp. v. Unite States, 192 F.3d 1367(1999).
3 Countervailing Duties: Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Request for Public Comments, 54 Fed.Reg.23366(May 31, 1989), 23379-23380.该规则从未正式生效,但直至1998年《最终反补贴》规则制定前DOC一直都遵照该规则进行反补贴调查。
1 Agriculture Tillage Tools from Brazil: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 50 Fed. Reg. 24270 (June 10, 1985), 24272.
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(4)(A)(2008).
2值得注意的是,根据美国法律,DOC和ITC都分别负责同类产品的认定,但两个机构认定同类产品的目的是不同的。DOC认定的主要是外国同类产品,用于倾销确定中计算正常价格或构成价格,而ITC认定的是国内同类产品,目的是在调查产业损害时对损害调查范围———即对受到损害的产品进行界定。如果没有特别指出,本文在这里所讨论的“同类产品”都为国内同类产品。
3 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(10)(2008).
1 Torrington Co. v. United States, 938 F.2d 1278, 1280 (Fed.Cir.1991), (adopting14 Ct. Int'l Trade 648, 747 F.Supp. 744 (1990)); NMB Singapore Ltd. v. United States, 288 F.Supp.2d 1306, 1313 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2003); Timken Co. v. United States, 913 F.Supp. 580, 584 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1996).
2 Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 19 Ct. Int'l Trade 450, 455 (1995).
3 Certain Tissue Paper Prods. from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-1070B (Final), USITC Pub. 3758 (March 2005).
1 Cleo Inc v. United States, Nos. 2007-1036, 2007-1037.Sept. 10, 2007, 501 F.3d 1291, 1298.
2 Sorbitol From France, Inv. No. 731-TA-44 (Final), USITC Pub. 1441(October 1983).
3肖伟主编:《国际反倾销法律与实务——美国卷》,知识产权出版社2005年版,第155—156页。
5 Motorcycle Batteries from Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-42 (Final), USITC Pub. 1228 (October. 1981).
6 Bruce M. Steen, Economically Meaningful Markets: An Alternative Approach To Defining“Like Product”And“Domestic Industry”Under The Trade Agreements Act Of 1979, Virginia Law Review,Nov, 1987, at page 1483.
7 Appellate Body Report, Japan-taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS8/AB/R,WT/DS10/AB/R; Appellate Body Report, Korea-taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WT/DS75/AB/R.
3 Artists’Canvas from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-1091(Final), USITC Pub. 3853 (May 2006) at 6.
1 United States Steel Group v. United States, 873 F.Supp 673, 681-84(Ct Int Trade 1994), aff’d 96 F.3d 1532(Fed. Cir 1996).
2 Antidumping and countervailing duty handbook, 13th edition,USITC, Publishcation 4056, December 2008, II 34.
1 Diamond Sawblades and Parts thereof from China and Korea, Inv. No. 731-TA-1092-1093 (Final), USITC Pub. 3862(July 2006).
2 Diamond Sawblades and Parts thereof from China and Korea, Inv. No. 731-TA-1092-1093 (Final), USITC Pub. 3862(July 2006)., pp. 6-11.
3 DRAMS and DRAM Modules from Korea, Inv. No. 701-TA-431 (Final), USITC Pub. 3616(August 2003).
4 DRAMS and DRAM Modules from Korea, Inv. No. 701-TA-431 (Final), USITC Pub. 3616(August 2003), pp. 6-11.另外参见DRAMs from Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-811 (Final), USITC Pub. 3256 (December 1999), pp. 7-9 and Certain All Terrain Vehicles from Japan, Inv. No. 731-TA-388(final), USITC Pub. 2163(March 1989), pp. 13-14.
5早在1985年Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories from Japan案件(Inv No. 731-TA-288, USITC Publication No. 1628, 1985)中ITC就表示了这样的观点。
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(4)(B) (1988).
2 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(4)(B) (2008).
3 SAA at 188.
1 Melamine Institutional Dinnerware from China, Indonesia, and Taiwan, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-741-743 (Final), USITC Pub. 3016 (February 1997) at 14, footnote 81.
2 Bell Bearings from China, Inv No. 731-TA-989(Final), USITC Pub. 3593(April 2003).
3 Michael Y. Chung, U.S. Antidumping Laws: A Look at The New Legislation, North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation Summer, 1995, p. 510.
4 19 U.S.C Section 1677(4)(C)(2008).
1SAA at 191.
2 Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. United.State, 35 F.3d 1535, C.A.Fed., 1994. September 15, 1994.
3 Portland Hydraulic Cement from Australia and Japan, Inv. No. 731-TA-108 and 109 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1310 (November 1982) (99%); Sugars and Sirups from Canada, Inv. No. 731-TA-3 (Final), USITC Pub. 1047 (March 1980) (96.7%); Offshore Platform Jacket and Piles from the Republic of Korea and Japan, 701-TA-248, 731-TA-259 and 260 (Final), USITC Pub. 1848 (May 1986) (100%).
4 Certain Welded Carbon Pipes and Tubes from the Philippines and Singapore, Inv. No. 731-TA 293, 294 and 296 (Final), USITC Pub. 1907 (November 1986).
5 Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. U.S., CIT 1993, 822 F.Supp. 773, 17 C.I.T. 428, affirmed 35 F.3d 1535.
1 Senator Report No 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess., 1979, p. 83.
2 19 U.S.C.Section 1677(4)(E)(1988).对于这种特殊安排,ITC的委员持不同看法,认为其他类型的国内产业原材料提供商也会遇到同样的问题,没有理由对于将农业单独出来。参见Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice from Brazil, Inv. No. 731-TA-326(Final) USITC Pub. (April 1987), p. 33, footnote 3.
3 Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice from Brazil, Inv. No. 731-TA-326(Final), USITC Pub. 1970(April 1987).
4 Sugar Content of Certain Articles from Australia, Inv. No. 104-TA-26, USITC Pub. 1748(September 1985).
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1671(a) (2008).
2 ASCM第15条“损害的确定”的脚注中指出:“在本协定项下,‘损害’一词,除非另有规定,否则应理解为指对一国内产业的实质损害、对一国内产业的实质损害威胁或对此类产业建立的实质阻碍,并依照本条的规定予以解释。”
3 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(A) (2008).
4 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(B) (2008) .
5 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(C)(i) (2008).
6 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(C)(ii) (2008).
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(C)(iii) (2008).
2 Raj Bhala, Rethinking antidumping law, George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics, 1995.
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(F)(i) (2008).
2 Certain Rail Passenger Cars and Parts Thereof From Canada, Inv. No. 701-TA-182 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1277(August 1982).
1 See Antidumping and countervailing duty handbook, 13th edition,USITC, Publishcation 4056, December 2008, II 31.
2 Bmt Ccommodity Corp., Delca Distribu-tors, Inc. V. United States, United States International Trade Commission, 11 C.I.T. 524, 667 F.Supp. 880, 1987.
3 Prakash Narayanan, Injury Investigations in“Material Retardation”Antidumping Cases, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Fall 2004.
1 Potassium Chloride from Canada, France and West Germany, Inv. No AA1921-58,59 and 60, USITC Pub. 303(November 1969) at 7.
2 William B.T. Mock, Jr., Cumulation of Import Statistics In Injury Investigations Before The International Trade Commission, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Spring/Summer, 1986.
1 See William B.T. Mock, Jr., Cumulation of Import Statistics In Injury Investigations Before The International Trade Commission, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Spring/Summer, 1986.
2 Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from India, Taiwan, Turkey and Yugoslavia, Inv. No. 701-TA-251 through 253 (Preliminary) and 731-TA-271 through 274 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1742(August 1985); Certain Cast-Iron Pipe Fittings from Brazil, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-278 and 280 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1753 (September 1985).
3譬如,在欧盟“铸铁管”反倾销措施一案中,专家组提出了认定“竞争”的四个标准:1、同类产品的确定;2、进口产品的数量;3、进口产品价格的演变和削减的水平;4、销售渠道的相似性。参见Panel Report, European Communities - Anti-Dumping Duties on Malleable Cast Iron Tube or Pipe Fittings from Brazil , WT/DS219/R, para. 7.242,7.249,7.267.
4 William B.T. Mock, Jr., Cumulation Of Import Statistics In Injury Investigations Before The International Trade Commission, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Spring/Summer, 1986.
1宋和平主编:《反倾销法律制度概论》,中国检察出版社2007年版,第74页。
2 Antidumping and countervailing duty handbook, 13th edition,USITC, Publishcation 4056, December 2008,Ⅱ39.
3 Possibly Relevant criteria Regarding Conditions of Competition for Consideration in Deciding Whether a Cumulative Assessment of the Effects of Imports is Appropriate in Light of Those Condition G/ADP/AHG/W/93/Rev.1s.
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(G)(i) (2008).
2肖伟主编:《国际反倾销法律与实务——美国卷》,知识产权出版社2005年版,第216页。
3 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(24)(A)(i) (2008).
4 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(G)(ii)(1998).
5 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(24)(A)(1998).
1 Antidumping and countervailing duty handbook, 13th edition,USITC, Publishcation 4056, December 2008, II 40.
3 ASCM第15.3条规定:“如来自一个以上国家的一产品的进口同时接受反补贴税调查,则调查主管机关只有在确定以下内容后,方可累积评估此类进口产品的影响:(a)对来自每一国家的进口产品确定的补贴金额大于第11条第9款定义的微量水平,且自每一国家的进口量并非可忽略不计;及(b)根据进口产品之间的竞争条件和进口产品与国内同类产品之间的竞争条件,对进口产品的影响所作的累积评估是适当的。”
4魏璐、甘杨:《美国外贸法与WTO规则中累积评估制度的比较及启示》,载《湖北经济学院学报》(人文社会科学版)),2008年7月第5卷第7期。
1 House Comm. on Ways & Means, Trade Remedies Reform Act of 1984, H.R. REP. NO. 725, 98th Cong., 2d Sess. 37, reprinted in 1984 U.S. CODE CONG. & ADMIN. NEWS 5127, at 37.
2 USITC General Counsel Memorandum GC-F-345 (Oct. 1982).
3 USITC General Counsel Memorandum GC-I-082 (May 1985); USITC General Counsel Memorandum GC-I-060 (Apr. 1985).
4 Certain Carbon Steel Products from Australia, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden and Veneauela, Inv. No. 701-TA-225 through 234 and 731-TA-213 through 217, 219, 221 through 226, and 228 through 235 at 39, 44-47, USITC Pub.1642(February 1985).
5 Certain Carbon Steel Products from Australia, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden and Veneauela, Inv. No. 701-TA-225 through 234 and 731-TA-213 through 217, 219, 221 through 226, and 228 through 235 at 43-44, USITC Pub.1642(February 1985).
6 Bingham & Taylor, Div., Virginia Industries, Inc. v. United.States, 10 C.I.T. 67, 627 F.Supp. 793,CIT,1986.
1 Iron Construction Castings from Brazil, Canada, India, and the People's Republic of China, Inv. No. 701-TA-249 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1720(June 1985), at 12.
2 Bingham & Taylor Div., Virginia Industries, Inc. v. United.States, 815 F.2d 1482, 8 ITRD 2057, 5 Fed. Cir. (T) 90 (Fed.Cir. Mar 31, 1987) (NO. 86-1440).
3 19 U.S.C. Section 1671(a) (1998).
1 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(B)(1998).
2美国法的用语为“the injury is to be“by reason of imports of the merchandise with respect to which the administering authority has made an affirmative determination as to dumping or subsidization.”,而多边规则的用语为“It must be demonstrated that the subsidized imports are, through the effects of subsidies, causing injury within the meaning of this Agreement.”(ASCM第15.2条)。
3 19 U.S.C. Section 2252(b)(1)(A)(1998).
4 Elazar, Antidumping Rules following the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, Journal of World Trade, No 5, 1999, p. 54.
5肖伟主编:《美国反倾销法律与实务——美国卷》,知识产权出版社2005年版,第228页。
1 M. Jean Anderson and Gregory Husisian, The Subsidies Agreement, In The World Trade Organization: Multilateral Trade Framework For The 21 Century and US. Implementing Legislation(Terence P. Stewart ed. 1996, American Bar Association), p. 335.
2 Edwin A Vermulst,Anti-dumping Law and Practice in the United States and the European Communities:A Compara-tive Analysis,Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,1987,p.559。类似的案例还可以参见British Steel Corp. v. U.S., CIT 1984, 593 F.Supp. 405, 8 C.I.T. 86; Atlantic Sugar, Ltd. v. U. S., CIT 1981, 519 F.Supp. 916, 2 C.I.T. 18
3 S. Rep. No. 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 88, reprinted in 1979 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 474.
1 M. Jean Anderson and Gregory Husisian, The Subsidies Agreement, In The World Trade Organization: Multilateral Trade Framework For The 21 Century and US. Implementing Legislation(Terence P. Stewart ed. 1996, American Bar Association), p. 335.
2 Edwin A Vermulst,Anti-dumping Law and Practice in the United States and the European Communities:A Compara-tive Analysis,Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,1987,p.559。类似的案例还可以参见British Steel Corp. v. U.S., CIT 1984, 593 F.Supp. 405, 8 C.I.T. 86; Atlantic Sugar, Ltd. v. U. S., CIT 1981, 519 F.Supp. 916, 2 C.I.T. 18
3 S. Rep. No. 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 88, reprinted in 1979 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 474.
1 Bicycles from Taiwan, Inv.No. 731-TA-111, USITC Pub. 1417(March 1983).
2 A. Paul Victor, Injury Determinations By The United States International Trade Commission In Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Proceedings, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics,Spring,1984, p. 766.
3 Lloyd Granet, ITC Injury Determination In Countervailing Duty Investigations, Law and Policy International Business, 1983, p1003 and footnote 73.
2 Certain Carbon Steel Products From Spain, Inv. No. 701-TA-155, 157, 158, 159, 160, and 162 (Final), USITC Pub. 1331(December 1982) (views of Commissioner Stern).
3 US International Trade Commission, General Counsel Memorandum (No GE-C-065) at 2 (Mar. 17, 1981),转引自罗昌发著:《美国贸易救济制度》,中国政法大学出版社2003版,第192页脚注72。
4 Certain Carbon Steel Products From Spain, Investigations Nos. 701-TA-155, 157, 158, 159, 160, and 162 (Final), USITC Pub. 1331(December 1982).
5 Hyundai Pipe Co., Ltd v. United States, 8 ITRD 2044, Slip op. 87-18( Feb. 23, 1987).
6 Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Pub. L. No. 103-465, s 222(b)(1)(B), 108 Stat. at 4870 (codified at 19 U.S.C. s 1677(7)(C)(iii)(V) (1994)).
1参见ASCM第15.5条和《反倾销协定》第3.5条。
2 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(B)(ii)(1988).
1 S. REP. NO. 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 88, reprinted in 1979 U.S. CODE CONG. & AD. NEWS 460
2 Bratsk Aluminium Smelter v. United States, 444 F.3d 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006),1375.
3 Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 132 F.3d 716, 717 (Fed. Cir. 1997).
4 Magnesium from China, Russia and Ukraine, Inv. Nos. 731-TA-696-698, USITC Pub. 2885(May 1995).
5 Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 20 C.I.T. 1065, 937 F.Supp. 930 CIT, 1996, at 932-933.
6 ITC此后重新评估了从乌克兰进口的倾销产品和从俄罗斯进口的非倾销产品对国内产业的影响,推翻了原先的结论,认定从乌克兰进口的纯镁没有对美国国内产业造成损害,参见Magnesium From Ukraine, Inv. No. 731-TA-698(Remand), USITC Pub. 3113(June 1998).
7 Bratsk Aluminium Smelter v. United.States, 444 F.3d 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
8 Silicon Metal From Russia, Inv. No. 731-TA-991 (Final), USITC Pub. 3584 (March 2003).
1 Bratsk Aluminium Smelter v. United States, 444 F.3d 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006),1375.
2 Silicon Metal From Russia, Inv. No. 731-TA-991 (Final)(Second Remand),USITC Pub. No. 3910(March 2007).
3 19 U.S.C. Section 1677(7)(B)(ii)(1988):“……may consider such other economic factors as are relevant to the determination regarding whether there is material injury by reason of imports”.
4 S. REP. NO. 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. 88, reprinted in 1979 U.S. CODE CONG. & AD. NEWS 460
1 Matthew J. Gaziano, Bratsk Aluminum Smelter v. United States: Strengthening The Standard for Antidumping Causation Or Causing Confusion? Federal Circuit Bar Journal, 2009, p. 343.
2 Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United.States, 132 F.3d 716, C.A.Fed.,1997, at 722;see also Nippon Steel Corp., 345 F.3d at 1381;U.S. Steel Group v. United States, 96 F.3d 1352, 1361-62 (Fed.Cir.1996).
3 Silicon Metal From Russia, Inv. No. 731-TA-991 (Final)(Second Remand),USITC Pub. No. 3910(March 2007), pp. 3-7.
4 Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Line Pipe from China, Inv. No. 701-TA-455 (Final), USITC Pub.4055(January 2009)和Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From China and Mexico, Inv. No. 731-TA-1174-1175(Preliminary), USITC Pub. 4116(November 2009).
1 Textiles, Apparel, and Related Products From the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 48 Fed. Reg. 46600(October 13, 1983).
2 Textiles, Apparel, and Related Products From the People's Republic of China: Temination of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 48 Fed. Reg. 55492-03(December 13, 1983).王世春著:《论公平贸易》,商务印书馆2006年版,第237页。
4 Oscillating and Ceiling Fans From the People's Republic of China: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 57 Fed. Reg. 24018(June 5, 1992).
5 Chrome-Plated Lug Nuts and Wheel Locks From the People's Republic of China ("PRC"): Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 57 Fed. Reg. 10459-02(March 26, 1992).
6 Coated Free Sheet Paper From the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 71 Fed. Reg. 68546(November 27, 2006).
1数据来源:美国统计署网站http://www.census.gov。关于中美贸易平衡问题历来存在争议,其中美国忽视转口和转口值增加是对华贸易巨额逆差的重要原因。具体参见1997年《关于中美贸易平衡问题》白皮书,http://jgdj.qingdao.gov.cn/jggw/jggw.nsf/e1705fb0589ffbe448256a070026e6f1/46b530baac4bc80448256a47000c76f2?OpenDocument,2009年10月17日访问。
1高永富:《中美反补贴争端的起源与发展趋势》,载《世界经济研究》2007年第10期。
1 http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/ad_init_rep_exp_e.xls,2009年10月18日访问。
2 http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/adp_e/ad_sect_distrib_init_exp_country_e.xls,2009年10月18日访问。
1参见1986年《国务院关于鼓励外商投资的规定》第8条。
2转引自梅新育:《美对华反补贴动机复杂》,载《瞭望》2007年第16期。
1 Bicycles from Czechoslovakia: Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 25 Fed. Reg. 6657(July 14,1960) .
2 Ja1ousie-Louvre-Sized Sheet Glass from Czechoslovakia: Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 27 Fed. Reg. 8457(August 23, 1962)和Portland Cement form Polan:Fair Value Determination, 28 Fed. Reg. 6660(Jun. 27, 1963).
3 Senate Report on the 1974 Act, S.Rept. 93-1298.
2 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, SEC. 1316(b).
1 Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Poland: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 48 Fed. Reg. 56419(December 21, 1983).
2 Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Preliminary Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 6773(Feb. 23, 1984). Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Poland: Preliminary Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 6768(February 23, 1984).
3 Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination , 49 Fed. Reg. 19370(May 7, 1984). Carbon Steel Wire Rod from Poland: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 19374(May 7, 1984).
1 Continental Steel Corp. v. United States, 9 C.I.T. 340, 614 F.Supp. 548 CIT,1985.
2 Continental Steel Corp. v. United States, 9 C.I.T. 340, 614 F.Supp. 548 CIT,1985, at 342.
3 Continental Steel Corp. v. United States, 9 C.I.T. 340, 614 F.Supp. 548 CIT,1985, at 347.
1 Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 4 Fed. Cir. (T) 143 (1986).
2 United States v. Zenith Radio Corp., 562 F.2d 1209, 1219 (CCPA 1977), aff'd,437 U.S. 443, 98 S.Ct. 2441, 57 L.Ed.2d 337 (1978).
3 Potassium Chloride From the Soviet Union: Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed. Reg. 23428(June 6, 1984). Potassium Chloride From the German Democratic Republic, Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed. Reg. 23428(June 6, 1984).
4周艳:《对非市场经济国家适用反补贴的法律思考——主要以美国反补贴法为视角》,北京大学硕士学位论文,2008年,第20页。
1 Oscillating Fans and Ceiling Fans From the People's Republic of China: Final Determinations of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 56 Fed. Reg. 55271 (October 25, 1991).
3 Greige Polyester Cotton Print Cloth from China: Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 48 Fed. Reg. 9897 (March 9,1983).
1 Application of the Countervailing Duty Law to Imports From the People's Republic of China: Request for Comment, 71 Fed. Reg. 75507 (Dec. 15, 2006). DOC共收到包括中国商务部、通用等大型跨国公司和一些行业协会在内的共47份评论意见,都可以在
1 Government of the People's Republic of China v. United States, 483 F.Supp.2d 1274,CIT 2007.该案法官以对案件没有管辖权驳回了案件,没有对抗辩双方的实体争议进行审查。
3参见Whether the Countervailing Duty Law Should Be Applied to Imports from China, Comments of the Bureau of Fair Trade for the Imports and Exports of the Ministry of Commerce, the People's Republic of China, Page 3,以及铜版纸案(2006)终裁备忘录Comment 1,第16页。
4 Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 1318, 4 Fed. Cir. (T) 143 (1986).
1曹和平、王宏:《美加对华适用反补贴法及中国的对策》,载《法学评论》(武汉)2008年第4期(总第150期),第107页。
1在这种情况下使用替代国方法,通常会提高被调查产品的正常价值,进而提高倾销幅度,但这种结果是与补贴无关的,因此对于这种不合理本文不展开论述。
1参见Coated Free Sheet Paper from the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Postponement of Final Determination, 72 Fed. Reg. 30758 (June 4 , 2007), 30761和铜版纸案(2006)反倾销终裁备忘录Comment 2(第10—13页)。
2铜版纸案(2006)反倾销终裁备忘录Comment 2(第13—16页)。
3如碳素钢管案反倾销终裁备忘录Comment 6(第21—22页),轮胎案反倾销终裁备忘录Comment 2(第13—16页),管线管案反倾销终裁备忘录Comment 14(第35—37页)等。
4 Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 4 Fed. Cir. (T) 143 (1986),1316.
1例如Low Enriched Uranium From France: Notice of Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 69 Fed.Reg. 46501 (August 3, 2004), 46506.
1 Gpx International Tire Corpora-Tion and Hebei Starbright Tire Co., Ltd., v. United States, AFL-CIO-CLC, Slip Op. 09-103.Court No. 08-00285.
2在轮胎案中DOC同样认定中国国有商业银行具有“当局”性质,本部分的论述同样适用于国有商业银行的情况。
2 Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. United States, 391 F. Supp. 2d 1337, (CIT 2005).
1 Appellate Body Report, United States– Countervailing Duty Investigation On Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (Drams) From Korea, WT/DS296/AB/R, para. 112, footnote 179.
1薄壁矩形管案终裁备忘录Comment 6(第27—28页)。
2厨房用金属架筐案终裁备忘录Comment 4(第43页)。
2参见《国家对国际不法行为的责任的条款草案》第四条第五条。
3参见联合国文件:Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with commentaries 2001, page 48。源自http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf.
1 ASCM使用的是“Public Body”一词,但两者的含义是相同的。
2 Panel Report, Korea—Measures Affecting Trade In Commercial Vessels, WT/DS273/R, para7.50.
3 Black’s Law Dictionary, 8th ed, 2004, West Publishing Co.
4郝洁、武建华:《国家及其财产豁免中有关国有企业的问题》,载《法律适用》2003/6总第207期。
1 Panel Report, Korea—Measures Affecting Trade In Commercial Vessels, WT/DS273/R, para. 7.50-7.55.
1张斌:《对华反补贴价格比较基准:基于美国和加拿大案例的比较研究》,载《国际商务研究》2009年第1期。
1 Steel Wire Rod from Venezuela: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 62 Fed. Reg. 55014-01(October, 1997), 55021.
1 Appellate Body Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada , WT/DS257/AB/R, para 80.
1 Panel Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada, WT/DS257/R, para 7.51-7.65.参见朱榄叶编著:《世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析2003-2006》,法律出版社2008年版,第331—332页。
2 Appellate Body Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada , WT/DS257/AB/R, para. 87-91.
3 Appellate Body Report, United States– Final Countervailing Duty Determination With Respect To Certain Softwood Lumber From Canada , WT/DS257/AB/R, para 102-103.
2厨房用金属架筐案终裁备忘录,第51页。
2 Certain Cut-to-Length Carbon-Quality Steel Plate from the Republic of Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 64 FR 73176(December 29, 1999), 73184 (“Plate from Korea”).
1例如编织袋案终裁备忘录Comment 10(第58页)。
2例如编织袋案终裁备忘录Comment 10(第59页)。
3例如轮胎案终裁备忘录Comment H.7(第190页)。
1铜版纸案(2006)终裁备忘录Comment 10。
2铜版纸案(2006)终裁备忘录第5-8页。
1 Wentong Zheng, The Pitfalls of The (Perfect) Market Benchmark: The Case Of Countervailing Duty Law, Minnesota Journal of International Law Winter 2010.
1 Wentong Zheng, The Pitfalls of The (Perfect) Market Benchmark: The Case Of Countervailing Duty Law, Minnesota Journal of International Law Winter 2010, Table 1.
1事实上,美国对外部基准的适用也与被调查国是否为非市场经济国家无关,只是在非市场经济的条件下适当外部基准的可能性更大。
1陈利强、屠新泉:《美国对华实施“双轨制反补贴措施”问题研究》,载《国际贸易问题》2010年第2期,第122—124页。
2铜版纸案(2006)、编织袋案、热敏纸案、未加工橡胶磁案、管线管案、柠檬酸案、草地维护设备案、油井管。
3铜版纸案(2006)、薄壁矩形管、轮胎案、柠檬酸案、草地维护设备案、未加工橡胶磁案、热敏纸案。根据《外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》(1991年)第7条和1991年国务院第85号令第71条的规定,位于沿海经济开发区、经济特区、经济和技术开发区等特定区域的外商投资企业可降低所得税税率至15—24%。
1中国在2006年4月13日向WTO补贴与反补贴委员会(CSCM)提供补贴通报(G/SCM/N/123/CHN)中第1到13项涉及的都是对外商投资企业的优惠政策。
1《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第57条。
2《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第25条。
3《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第28条。
4《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第27条。
5《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》第31条。
7《中华人民共和国企业所得税法实施条例》(中华人民共和国国务院令第512号,2007年)第92条。
4草地维护设备案。同“对进口设备免征关税和增值税”。
5参见财税【2008】176号《财政部、国家税务总局关于停止外商投资企业购买国产设备退税政策的通知》。
1参见:http://www.hngs.org/news/read.php?id=155。
2薄壁矩形管案、管线管案、环形焊管案、柠檬酸盐案、草地维护设备案、热敏纸案、轮胎案、未加工橡胶磁案、油井管。
3参见ASCM第1条脚注1。
1铜版纸案(2006)、轮胎案、未加工橡胶磁案、油井管案。
2热敏纸案,由于有关的裁决公告没有披露具体措施的法律依据,无法详细说明补贴政策内容。
3柠檬酸案。由于有关的裁决公告没有披露具体措施的法律依据,补贴做法为笔者根据裁决书整理。在案件初裁中,DOC认为没有确切的信息证明其是具有法律上的专向性,但DOC认为企业经市政府推荐后才能获得资助,政府在项目的早期阶段有选择企业的自由裁量权,排除掉了部分企业,有事实专向性,在终裁中DOC认为中国没有提供足够的信息,采用对中方不利的信息认定该措施具有事实上的专向性。
4热敏纸案。
5热敏纸案,由于有关的裁决公告没有披露具体措施,无法详细说明补贴政策内容。
6管线管案。
7柠檬酸案。
1管线管案。
2管线管案、油井管案。DOC在对华反补贴案件中认为中国控制了银行体系,国有商业银行不能被认为是商业银行,因此其提供的贷款构成了财政资助。参见铜版纸案(2006)终裁备忘录Comment 8和热敏纸案终裁备忘录Comment 6。
3管线管案。
4参见辽发改工业〔2007〕395号《辽宁省发展和改革委员会、辽宁省财政厅、辽宁省对外开放工作领导小组办公室关于印发<辽宁省“五点一线”沿海经济带园区产业项目贴息资金管理办法>的通知》。
5参见《五点一线”项目贴息计划出台》,http://www.lnzxb.gov.cn/n21430c75.aspx,2010年3月23日访问。
6 Request for Consultations by the United States and for Consultations by Mexico, China—Grants, Loans and Other Incentives, WT/DS/387/1, WT/DS388/1.
1热敏纸案、厨房用金属架筐案和油井管案。
2参见薄壁矩形管案终裁备忘录第11页。
3截止2010年3月31日,上述案件只做出了初裁。另外,在钢格板案和镁碳砖案的初裁中,DOC要求根据进一步信息判断电力是否构成可抵消补贴。
4编织袋案、轮胎案、薄壁矩形管案、未加工橡胶磁案、热敏纸案、管线管案、油井管案。
2虽然中美双方关于国有银行提供的贷款是否属于政府财政资助有争议,但DOC在案件中通常认为中国的四大国有商业银行提供的贷款属于中国政府的财政资助。
3例如,2009 Report To Congress of The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission One Hundred Eleventh Congress First Session (November 2009) and 2004 Report To Congress of The U.S.-China Economic And Security Review Commission One Hundred Eleventh Congress First Session (JUNE 2004), available from http://www.uscc.gov.
1参见19 U.S.C. Section 1677(5B)(B).
1 China—Value Added Tax on Integrated Circuits, WT/DS/309.
1参见《中国入世议定书》第10条第3款。
1国家计委经济研究所课题组:《加入WTO对我国高新技术产业税收政策的影响》,载《财贸经济》2001年第7期,第29页。
1胡晓红:《国外对华产品实施反补贴的法律反思》,载《法学家》2007年第4期,第160页。
2参见:《商务部公告2009年第40号对原产于美国和俄罗斯的进口取向电工钢进行反倾销立案调查》和《商务部公告2009年第41号对原产于美国的进口取向电工钢进行反补贴立案调查》。
3参见:《商务部公告2009年第75号对原产于美国的进口白羽肉鸡产品进行反补贴立案调查》和《商务部公告2009年第84号对原产于美国的排气量在2.0升及2.0升以上进口小轿车和越野车进行反补贴立案调查》。
1、王贵国著:《世界贸易组织法》,法律出版社2002年版。
2、王传丽著:《国际贸易法——政府管理贸易的法律与制度》,中国政法大学出版社2002版。
3、甘瑛著:《国际货物贸易中的补贴与反补贴法律问题研究》,法律出版社2005年版。
4、【美】保罗?克鲁格曼、茅瑞斯?奥伯斯法尔德著:《国际经济学(第五版)》,海闻等译校,中国人民大学出版社2002版。
5、【美】丹尼斯C?缪勒著:《公共选择理论》,杨春学等译,中国社会科学出版社1999年版。
6、【美】戴斯勒著:《美国贸易政治》,王恩冕、于少蔚译,中国市场出版社2005年版。
7、【美】布鲁斯?E.克拉伯著:《美国对外贸易法和海关法》,蒋兆康、王洪波等译,法律出版社2000年版。
8、【美】雅各布?瓦伊纳:《倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题》,沈瑶译、熊性美校,商务印书馆2003年版。
9、赵维田著:《世界贸易(WTO)的法律制度》,吉林大人民出版社2001年版。
10、任勤著:《WTO框架下的贸易保护问题研究》,西南财经大学出版社2008年版。
11、张文彬著:《论私法对国际法的影响》,法律出版社2001年版。
12、【英】费尔萨姆著:《外交手册》(第4版),胡其安译,中国对外翻译出版公司1984年版。
13、甘瑛著:《WTO补贴与反补贴法律与实践研究》,法律出版社2009年版。
14、单一著:《WTO框架下补贴与反补贴法律制度与实务》,法律出版社2009年版。
15、韩立余译:《美国关税法》,法律出版社1996年版。
16、罗昌发著:《美国贸易救济制度》,中国政法大学出版社2003版。
17、王世春著:《论公平贸易》,商务印书馆2006年版。
1、孙振宇主编:《WTO多哈回合谈判中期回顾》,人民出版社2005年版。
2、朱榄叶编著:《世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析1995——2002》(下册),法律出版社2004年版。
3、韩立余编著:《WTO案例及评析》(2000),中国人民大学出版社2001年版。
4、肖伟主编:《国际反倾销法律与实务——美国卷》,知识产权出版社2005年版。
5、宋和平主编:《反倾销法律制度概论》,中国检察出版社2007年版。
6、高永富、陈晶莹主编:《国际贸易法论丛》(第4卷),北大出版社2009年版。
7、朱榄叶编著:《世界贸易组织国际贸易纠纷案例评析2003-2006》,法律出版社2008年版。
1、张玉卿:《补贴与反补贴的国际规范—试析1994年总协定的补贴与反补贴守则》,载《国际贸易》1994年第4期。
2、张玉卿:《补贴与反补贴的国际规范—试析1994年总协定的补贴与反补贴守则(续完)》,载《国际贸易》1994年第7期。
3、郭婷婷:《并非优惠补贴——我国出口退税政策辨析》,载《国际贸易》2000年第6期。
4、赵维田:《对补贴要履行的三项义务_解读_中国加入世贸组织议定书_第10条》,载《国际贸易》2002年第9期。
5、乔小勇、何海燕、赵飞:《两国厂商相互出口条件下出口补贴与反补贴的经济效应研究》,载《浙江工商大学学报》2009年第2期。
6、李小明:《对国际贸易中补贴与反补贴措施的法律经济学解析》,载《财经理论与实践》2007年第7期。
7、朱敏:《西方公共选择理论初探》,载《世界经济文汇》1990年第(6)期。
8、周忠菲:《如何应对美国贸易保护主义——论东亚集体行动的可选择性》,载《亚太经济》2007年第2期。
9、张斌:《多哈回合规则谈判中补贴利益及其计算基准问题评析》,载《世界贸易组织动态与研究》,2009年第7期。
10、白巴根:《国有企业的私有化与反补贴税——“欧共体钢铁案”专家组和上诉机构报告通过后之美国商务部的动态》,载《太平洋学报》2006年第10期。
11、吕晓杰:《SCM协议中的专向性要件》,载《法学》2008年第9期。
12、魏璐、甘杨:《美国外贸法与WTO规则中累积评估制度的比较及启示》,载《湖北经济学院学报》(人文社会科学版))2008年7月第5卷第7期。
13、高永富:《中美反补贴争端的起源与发展趋势》,载《世界经济研究》2007年第10期。
14、梅新育:《美对华反补贴动机复杂》,载《瞭望》2007年第16期。
15、曹和平、王宏:《美加对华适用反补贴法及中国的对策》,载《法学评论》(武汉),2008年第4期(总第150期)。
16、郝洁、武建华:《国家及其财产豁免中有关国有企业的问题》,载《法律适用》2003/6总第207期。
17、张斌:《对华反补贴价格比较基准:基于美国和加拿大案例的比较研究》,载《国际商务研究》2009年第1期。
18、陈利强、屠新泉:《美国对华实施“双轨制反补贴措施”问题研究》,载《国际贸易问题》2010年第2期。
19、国家计委经济研究所课题组:《加入WTO对我国高新技术产业税收政策的影响》,载《财贸经济》2001年第7期。
1、陆业:《从美国反补贴法修改看中国对外贸易补贴问题及对策研究》,安徽大学硕士学位论文,2006年。
2、许建军:《美国反补贴法的晚近发展与中国应取的对策研究》,苏州大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
3、同晓芬:《美国反补贴法的修改及中国的法律应对》,西北大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
4、于海霞:《欧盟、美国反补贴立法及对策研究》,黑龙江大学硕士学位论文,2004年。
5、蒋春艳:《美国对中国铜板纸反补贴案初裁的法律分析与思考》,吉林大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
6、姜淑芹:《美国对华同时使用反倾销反补贴的法律分析及对策选择》,华东政法大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
7、李巍:《美国反补贴法对非市场经济体的适用研究》,复旦大学硕士学位论文,2006年。
8、王玉华:《补贴与反补贴的效应分析及其对我国的启示》,湖北大学硕士学位论文,2005年。
9、范荷芳:《补贴与反补贴:国外的发展动态与我国的应对策略》,上海大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
10、邢立娟:《美国对外贸易法的政治经济分析》,东北财经大学博士学位论文,2007年。
11、黄鹏:《基于货物贸易的贸易运行监控研究》,上海社科院博士学位论文,2006年。
12、李淑俊:《美国贸易保护主义的政治基础研究—以中美贸易摩擦为例》,复旦大学博士学位论文,2008年。
13、李晓玲:《WTO框架下的农业补贴纪律》,华东政法学院博士学位论文,2007年。
14、周艳:《对非市场经济国家适用反补贴的法律思考——主要以美国反补贴法为视角》,北京大学硕士学位论文,2008年。
1、Certain Steel Products from Belgium: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 47 Fed. Reg. 39304 (September 7,1982).
2、Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 57 Fed.Reg.22570(May 28,1982).
3、Leather from Argentina: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order, 55 Fed. Reg. 40212(October 2, 1990).
4、Certain Steel Products from Korea: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determinations, 58 Fed. Reg. 37338 (July 9, 1993).
5、Certain Softwood Products From Canada: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 48 Fed. Reg. 24159(May 31, 1983).
6、Lamb Meat from New Zealand: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Oder, 50 Fed. Reg. 37708 (September 17, 1985).
7、Certain Fresh Cut Flowers from Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Israel and the Netherlands, Inv. No. 701-TA-275 to-278, USITC Pub. 1956 (Novermber 1987).
8、Certain Fresh Cut Flowers from Netherlands: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 52 Fed. Reg. 3301(February 3, 1987).
9、Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Notice of Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determination, 67 FR 15545 (April 2, 2002).
10、Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 51 Fed.Reg.37453 (October 22, 1986).
11、Certain Carbon Steel Products From Brazil: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 49 Fed. Reg. 5160, (February 10, 1984).
12、Cold-Rolled Carbon Steel Flat-Rolled Products and Carbon SteelStructural Shapes from Korea: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 47284 (December 3, 1984).
13、Stainless Steel Plate in Coils from Belgium: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 64 Fed.Reg. 15570(March 31, 1999).
14、Carbon Black from Mexico: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order, 48 Fed. Reg. 29568(June 27, 1983).
15、Carbon Steel Wireless Rod from Saudi Arabia: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Countervailing Duty Order,51 Fed. Reg. 4206 (February 3, 1986).
16、Agriculture Tillage Tools from Brazil: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 50 Fed. Reg. 24270 (June 10, 1985).
17、Certain Tissue Paper Prods.from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-1070B (Final), USITC Pub. 3758 (March 2005).
18、Sorbitol From France, Inv. No. 731-TA-44 (Final), USITC Pub. 1441 (October 1983).
19、Motorcycle Batteries from Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-42 (Final), USITC Pub. 1228 (October 1981).
20、Artists’Canvas from China, Inv. No. 731-TA-1091(Final), USITC Pub. 3853 (May 2006).
21、Diamond Sawblades and Parts Thereof From China and Korea, Inv. No. 731-TA-1092-1093 (Final), USITC Pub. 3862(July 2006).
22、DRAMS and DRAM Modules From Korea, Inv. No. 701-TA-431 (Final), USITC Pub. 3616(August 2003).
23、DRAMs from Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-811 (Final), USITC Pub. 3256 (December 1999).
24、Certain All Terrain Vehicles from Japan, Inv. No. 731-TA-388(final), USITC Pub. 2163(March 1989).
25、Melamine Institutional Dinnerware from China, Indonesia, andTaiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-741-743 (Final), USITC Pub. 3016 (February 1997).
26、Bell Bearings from China, Inv No. 731-TA-989(Final), USITC Pub. 3593(April 2003).
27、Portland Hydraulic Cement from Australia and Japan, Inv. No. 731-TA-108 and 109 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1310 (November 1982).
28、Sugars and Sirups from Canada, Inv. No. 731-TA-3 (Final), USITC Pub. 1047 (March 1980).
29、Offshore Platform Jacket and Piles from the Republic of Korea and Japan, Inv. No.701-TA-248, 731-TA-259 and 260 (Final), USITC Pub. 1848 (May 1986).
30、Certain Welded Carbon Pipes and Tubes from the Philippines and Singapore, Inv. No. 731-TA 293, 294 and 296 (Final), USITC Pub. 1907 (November 1986).
31、Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice from Brazil, Inv. No. 731-TA-326(Final), USITC Pub. 1970(April 1987).
32、Sugar Content of Certain Articles from Australia, Inv. No. 104-TA-26, USITC Pub. 1748(September 1985).
33、Certain Rail Passenger Cars and Parts Thereof From Canada, Inv. No. 701-TA-182 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1277(August 1982).
34、Potassium Chloride from Canada, France and West Germany, Inv. No AA1921-58,59 and 60, USITC Pub. 303(November 1969).
35、Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipes and Tubes from India, Taiwan, Turkey and Yugoslavia, Inv. No. 701-TA-251 through 253 (Preliminary) and 731-TA-271 through 274 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1742(August. 1985).
36、Certain Cast-Iron Pipe Fittings from Brazil, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, Inv. No. 731-TA-278 and 280 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1753 (September 1985).
37、Certain Carbon Steel Products from Australia, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden and Veneauela,Inv. No. 701-TA-225 through 234 and 731-TA-213 through 217, 219, 221 through 226, and 228 through 235 at 39, 44-47, USITC Pub.1642(February 1985).
38、Iron Construction Castings from Brazil, Canada, India, and the People's Republic of China, Inv. No. 701-TA-249 (Preliminary), USITC Pub. 1720(June 1985).
39、Bicycles from Taiwan, Inv.No. 731-TA-111, USITC Pub. 1417(March 1983).
40、Certain Carbon Steel Products From Spain, Inv. No. 701-TA-155, 157, 158, 159, 160, and 162 (Final), USITC Pub. 1331(December 1982).
41、Magnesium from China, Russia and Ukraine, Inv. No. 731-TA-696-698, USITC Pub. 2885(May 1995).
42、Silicon Metal From Russia, Inv. No. 731-TA-991 (Final)(Second Remand),USITC Pub. No. 3910(March 2007).
43、Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Line Pipe from China, Inv. No. 701-TA-455 (Final), USITC Pub.4055(January 2009).
44、Seamless Refined Copper Pipe and Tube From China and Mexico, Inv. No. 731-TA-1174-1175(Preliminary), USITC Pub. 4116(November 2009).
45、Textiles, Apparel, and Related Products From the People's Republic of China: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 48 Fed. Reg. 46600(October 13, 1983).
46、Textiles, Apparel, and Related Products From the People's Republic of China: Temination of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 48 Fed. Reg. 55492-03(December 13, 1983).
47、Oscillating Fans and Ceiling Fans From the People's Republic of China ("PRC"): Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 56 Fed. Reg. 57616-01(November 13, 1991).
48、Chrome-Plated Lug Nuts and Wheel Locks From the People's Republic of China ("PRC"): Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 57Fed. Reg. 877-02(January 9, 1992).
49、Oscillating and Ceiling Fans From the People's Republic of China: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determinations, 57 Fed. Reg. 24018(June 5, 1992).
50、Chrome-Plated Lug Nuts and Wheel Locks From the People's Republic of China ("PRC"): Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 57 Fed. Reg. 10459-02(March 26, 1992).
51、Coated Free Sheet Paper from the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, and the Republic of Korea: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigations, 71 Fed. Reg. 68546(November 27, 2006).
52、Bicycles from Czechoslovakia: Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 25 Fed. Reg. 6657(July 14,1960).
53、Ja1ousie-Louvre-Sized Sheet Glass from Czechoslovakia: Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 27 Fed. Reg. 8457(August 23, 1962).
54、Portland Cement form Polan:Fair Value Determination, 28 Fed. Reg. 6660(Jun. 27, 1963).
55、Electric Golf Carts from Poland-Antidumping: Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 40 Fed. Reg. 25497(Jun. 16, 1975).
56、Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Poland: Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 48 Fed. Reg. 56419(December 21, 1983).
57、Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Preliminary Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 6773(Feb. 23, 1984).
58、Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Poland, Preliminary Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 6768(February 23, 1984).
59、Carbon Steel Wire Rod From Czechoslovakia: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination , 49 Fed. Reg. 19370(May 7, 1984).
60、Carbon Steel Wire Rod from Poland: Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination, 49 Fed. Reg. 19374(May 7, 1984).
61、Potassium Chloride From the Soviet Union: Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed. Reg. 23428(June 6, 1984).
62、Potassium Chloride From the German Democratic Republic, Rescission of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation and Dismissal of Petition, 49 Fed. Reg. 23428(June 6, 1984).
63、Oscillating Fans and Ceiling Fans From the People's Republic of China: Final Determinations of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 56 Fed. Reg. 55271 (October 25, 1991).
64、Greige Polyester Cotton Print Cloth from China: Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, 48 Fed. Reg. 9897 (March 9,1983).
65、Certain Lined Paper Products From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, and Affirmative Critical Circumstances, In Part, 71 Fed. Reg. 53079 (September 8, 2006).
66、Coated Free Sheet Paper from the People's Republic of China: Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Postponement of Final Determination, 72 Fed. Reg. 30758 (June 4 , 2007).
67、Low Enriched Uranium From France: Notice of Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 69 Fed.Reg. 46501 (August 3, 2004).
68、Steel Wire Rod from Venezuela: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination, 62 Fed. Reg. 55014-01(October, 1997).
69、Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Pipe from the People'sRepublic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 72 Fed. Reg.36668(July 5, 2007).
70、Light-Walled Rectangular Pipe and Tube from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,72 Fed. Reg. 40281(July 24, 2007).
71、Laminated Woven Sacks from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,72 Fed. Reg. 40839(July 25, 2007).
72、Certain New Pneumatic Off-the-Road Tires From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,72 Fed. Reg. 44122( August 7, 2007).
73、Raw Flexible Magnets from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,72 Fed. Reg. 59076(October 18, 2007).
74、Lightweight Thermal Paper from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 72 Fed. Reg. 62209(November 2, 2007).
75、Sodium Nitrite from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,72 Fed. Reg. 68568(December 5, 2007).
76、Circular Welded Austenitic Stainless Pressure Pipe from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,73 Fed. Reg. 9994(February 25, 2008).
77、Circular Welded Carbon Quality Steel Line Pipe From the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,73 Fed. Reg. 23184(April 29, 2008).
78、Citric Acid and Certain Citrate Salts from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,73 Fed. Reg. 26960(May 12, 2008).
79、Certain Tow-Behind Lawn Groomers and Certain Parts Thereof from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,73 Fed. Reg. 42324(July 21, 2008).
80、Certain Kitchen Appliance Shelving and Racks from the People's Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation, 73 Fed. Reg. 50304(August 26, 2008).
81、Prestressed Concrete Steel Wire Strand From the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,74 Fed. Reg. 29670(June 23, 2009).
82、Certain Steel Grating From the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,74 Fed. Reg. 30278(June 25, 2009).
83、Wire Decking From the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,74 Fed. Reg. 31700(July 2, 2009).
84、Narrow Woven Ribbons With Woven Selvedge From the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,74 Fed. Reg. 39298(August 6, 2009).
85、Certain Magnesia Carbon Bricks from the People’s Republic of China: Notice of Initiation of Countervailing Duty Investigation,74 Fed. Reg. 42858(August 25, 2009).
1、National Milk Producers Federation v. Shultz, 372 F. Supp.745(D.D.C.1974 ).
2、American Footwear Industries Ass’’n v. Simon, Civil No. 74-612(D.D.C. filed Apr. 19, 1974).
3、Magnavox Co. v. Simon, Civil No. 74-1132(D.D.C. filed August. 2, 1974).
4、Hahn Importers Inc. v. Simon, Civil No. 74-1132 (D.D.C. filedAugust. 8, 1974).
5、Hammond Lead Products, Inc. v. United States, 306 F. Supp. 460 (Cust. Ct 1969).
6、Delverde, SrL v. United States, 202 F.3d 1360 (C.A.Fed.,2000. February 02, 2000).
7、Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. United States,590 F. Supp. 1237 (June 08, 1984).
8、Cabot Corp. v. United States,620 F. Supp.722(Ct. Int’l Trade 1985),appeal dismissed, 788 F.2d 1539(Fed. Cir. 1986).
9、Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 437 US 443(June 21, 1978).
10、Carlisle Tire And Rubber Company v.United States,5 C.I.T. 229, 564 F.Supp. 834(May 1983).
11、Saudi Iron and Steel Co. (Hadeed) v. United States, 675 F. Supp. 1362, 1367 (CIT 1987).
12、British Steel plc v. United States, 941 F. Supp 119 (CIT 1996) (British Steel II).
13、AK Steel Corp. v. Unite States, 192 F.3d 1367(1999).
14、Torrington Co. v. United States, 938 F.2d 1278, 1280 (Fed.Cir.1991), (adopting 14 Ct. Int'l Trade 648, 747 F.Supp. 744 (1990)).
15、NMB Singapore Ltd. v. United States, 288 F.Supp.2d 1306, 1313 (Ct. Int'l Trade 2003).
16、Timken Co. v. United States, 913 F.Supp. 580, 584 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1996).
17、Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 19 Ct. Int'l Trade 450, 455 (1995).
18、Cleo Inc v. United States, Nos. 2007-1036, 2007-1037.Sept. 10, 2007, 501 F.3d 1291, 1298.
19、United States Steel Group v. United States, 873 F.Supp 673, 681-84(Ct Int Trade 1994), aff’d 96 F.3d 1532(Fed. Cir 1996).
20、Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. United.State, 35 F.3d 1535, C.A.Fed., 1994. September 15, 1994.
21、Bmt Ccommodity Corp., Delca Distribu-tors, Inc. V. United States, United States International Trade Commission, 11 C.I.T. 524, 667 F.Supp. 880,1987.
22、Bingham & Taylor, Div., Virginia Industries, Inc. v. United.States, 10 C.I.T. 67, 627 F.Supp. 793,CIT,1986.
23、Bingham & Taylor Div., Virginia Industries, Inc. v. United.States, 815 F.2d 1482, 8 ITRD 2057, 5 Fed. Cir. (T) 90 (Fed.Cir. Mar 31, 1987) (NO. 86-1440).
24、Hyundai Pipe Co., Ltd v. United States, 8 ITRD 2044, Slip op. 87-18( Feb. 23, 1987).
25、Bratsk Aluminium Smelter v. United States, 444 F.3d 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2006)
26、Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 132 F.3d 716, 717 (Fed. Cir. 1997).
27、Gerald Metals, Inc. v. United States, 20 C.I.T. 1065, 937 F.Supp. 930 CIT,1996.
28、Continental Steel Corp. v. United States, 9 C.I.T. 340, 614 F.Supp. 548 CIT,1985.
29、Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 4 Fed. Cir. (T) 143 (1986).
30、United States v. Zenith Radio Corp., 562 F.2d 1209, 1219 (CCPA 1977), aff'd,437 U.S. 443, 98 S.Ct. 2441, 57 L.Ed.2d 337 (1978).
31、Government of the People's Republic of China v. United States, 483 F.Supp.2d 1274,CIT 2007.
32、Kajaria Iron Castings PVT. LTD v. United States, 156 F. 3d 1163, 1173-74 (Fed. Cir. 1998).
33、Sigma Corp. v. United States, 117 F. 3d 1401, 1407 (Fed. Cir. 1997).
34、Geum Pong Corp. v. United States, 193 F. Supp. 2d. 1363, 1370 (C.I.T. 2002).
35、Gpx International Tire Corpora-Tion and Hebei Starbright Tire Co., Ltd. v. United States, AFL-CIO-CLC, Slip Op. 09-103.Court No. 08-00285.
1、WT/DS194, United States—Measures Treating Export Restraints as Subsidies.
2、WT/DS296, United States—Countervailing Duty Investigation on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) from Korea.
3、WT/DS273,Korea—Measures Affecting Trade in Commercial Vessels.
4、WT/DS236,United States—Preliminary Determinations with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada.
5、WT/DS257,United States—Final Countervailing Duty Determination with respect to certain Softwood Lumber from Canada.
6、DS7/R,BISD38S/30,US-Canada Pork.
7、WT/DS/138, United States—Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon Steel Products Originating in the United Kingdom.
8、WT/DS212, United States—Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products from the European Communities.
9、WT/DS267,United States—Subsidies on Upland Cotton.
10、WT/DS219, European Communities—Anti-Dumping Duties on Malleable Cast Iron Tube or Pipe Fittings from Brazil.
11、WT/DS122, Thailand—Anti-Dumping Duties on Angles, Shapes and Sections of Iron or Non-Alloy Steel and H Beams from Poland.
12、WT/DS8,Japan-taxes on Alcoholic Beverages.
13、WT/DS75,Korea-taxes on Alcoholic Beverages.
14、WT/DS/309,China-Value Added Tax on Integrated Circuits.
1、Gene M. Grossman, Elhanan Helpman, Interest Groups and Trade Policy , Princeton University Press, 2002.
2、John H. Jackson: The Trading System—Law and Policy of International Economic Relation(2d Edit. 1997).
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5、Joseph E. Pattison, Aantidumping and Countervailing Duty Laws, from the WestLaw database, 2009 version.
6、John H. Jackson and Alan O. Sykes, Implementing the Uruguay Round, Clarendon Press, OXFORD 1997.
1、H. APPLEBAUM & J. BELLO (CO-CHAIRS), Trade Law and Policy Institute. Commercial Law and Practice, Course Handbook Series, Number 510, Practising Law Institute, 1989.
2、Terence P. Stewart Editor, The GATT Uruguay Round A Negotiating History(1986-1992), Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.
3、John H. Jackson and Alan O. Sykes, Implementing the Uruguay Round, Clarendon Press, OXFORD 1997.
4、Terence P. Stewart ed.,The World Trade Organization: Multilateral Trade Framework For The 21 Century and US. Implementing Legislation (1996, American Bar Association).
5、Stewart and Stewart ,China’s Compliance with World Trade Organization Obligations, 2005 by Transnational Publishers, Inc.
1、Terence P. Stewart, Amy S. Dwyer, and Marta M Prado, Antidumping, Countervailing Duties and Trade Remedies:“Let’s Make A Deal”Views From a Domestic Practitioner, 37 Int’l L. 764, 2003.
2、Alan O. Sykes, Countervailing Duty Law: An Economic Perspective, Columbia Law Review, Vol. 89, 1989.
3、Alan O. Sykes, Second-best Countervailing Duty Policy: a Critique of the Entitlement Approach, 21 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus 1990.
4、Richard Diamond, Economic foundations of Countervailing Duty law, 29 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus (1988-1989).
5、Richard Diamond, Search for Economic and Financial Principles in the Administration of United States Countervailing Duty Law, 21 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus (1989-1990).
6、Warren F. Schwartz, Countervailing Duty Law For The 1990s A New Look at The Law And Economics Of Subsidies, 21 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus.(1989-1990).
7、Stuart M. Rosen and Gregory Husisian, Judicial Review By The U.S. Court Of International Trade And The U.S. Court Of Appeals For The Federal Circuit Under 19 U.S.C.§1581(C) Of Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Determinations Issued By The Department Of Commerce,Georgetown Journal of International Law Fall, 2006.
8、Valerie A. Slater and Lisa W. Ross, Judicial Review Of The International Trade Commission's Determinations In Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Proceedings: An Overview Of Decisions In 2006, Georgetown Journal of International Law Fall, 2007.
9、Andrea C. Casson and Neal J. Reynolds , Judicial Review Of The International Trade Commission's Injury Determinations In Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Proceedings: An Overview And Analysis Of Federal Court Decisions In 2005, Georgetown Journal of International Law Fall,2006.
10、John R. Crook, NAFTA Panel Dismisses Chapter 11 Challenges To U.S. Administration Of Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Laws, Allows Byrd Amendment Claim To Proceed, American Journal of International Law, January, 2007.
11、J.A. Brander and B. J. Spencer, Imitational R&D Rivalry and industrial Strategy, Review of Economic Studies 50. 1983.
12、Larry D. Qiu, Why Can’t Countervailing Duties Deter Export subsidization? , Journal of International Economics, 1995, (39).
13、Chad P. Bown and Meredith A. Crowley, Trade Deflection and Trade Depression, Journal of International Economics, Volume 72, Issue 1, May 2007.
14、Wendy L. Hansen Thomas J. Prusa,The Role of The Median Legislator In U.S. Trade Policy: A Historical Analysis,Economic Inquiry Volume 35 Issue 1.
15、Peter Buck Feller, Mutiny against the Bounty: An Examination of Subsidies, Border Tax Adjustments, and the Resurgence of the Countervailing Duty Law, 1 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. (1969).
16、Matthew J. Marks and Harold B. Malmgren, Negotiating Nontariff Distortions to Trade, 7 Law and Policy International Business. (1975).
17、Peter Buck Feller,Preface Observations on the New Countervailing Duty Law,11 Law & Pol'y Int'l Bus. (1979).
18、Judith Hippler Bello and Alan F. Holmer , The Trade And Tariff Act of 1984: Principal Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Provisions, International Lawyer , Spring, 1985.
19、Alan F. Holmer and Judith Hippler Bello, U.S Trade Law and Policy Series No. 14 The 1988 Trade Bill: Savior or Scourge of the International Trade System? 23 International Lawyer 1989 530.
20、Julie Dunne, Delverde and the WTO's British Steel DecisionForeshadow More Conflict Where the WTO Subsidies Agreement, Privatization, and United States Countervailing Duty Law Intersect, American University Internationl Law Review, Vol 17, 2001.
21、Laurie A. Gameron and Gerald C.Berg, The U.S. Countervailing Duty Law and the Principle of General Availability, 19 Journal of World Trade Law, vol.5 (1985)
22、Christoph Lehmann, The Definition of“Domestic Subsidy”under United States Countervailing Duty Law, 22 Tex. Int’l L. J. 53 1987.
23、John A Ragosta and Howard M Shanker, Specificity of Subsidy Benefits in U.S. Department of Commerce Countervailing Duty Determinations, 25 Law & Pol’y Int’l Bus. 653 1993-1994.
24、Gerald C. Berg, An Economic Interpretation of“Like-Product”, Journal of World Trade, Vol 30, No 2, 1996(195-209).
25、Bruce M. Steen, Economically Meaningful Markets: An Alternative Approach To Defining“Like Product”And“Domestic Industry”Under The Trade Agreements Act Of 1979, Virginia Law Review,November, 1987.
26、A. Paul Victor, Injury Determinations By The United States International Trade Commission In Antidumping And Countervailing Duty Proceedings, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Spring, 1984.
27、Michael Y. Chung, U.S. Antidumping Laws: A Look at The New Legislation, North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation Summer, 1995.
28、Raj Bhala, Rethinking antidumping law, George Washington Journal of International Law and Economics, 1995.
29、Prakash Narayanan, Injury Investigations in“Material Retardation”Antidumping Cases, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Fall 2004.
30、William B.T. Mock, Jr., Cumulation of Import Statistics In InjuryInvestigations Before The International Trade Commission, Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business, Spring/Summer, 1986.
31、Elazar, Antidumping Rules following the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement, Journal of World Trade, No 5, 1999.
32、Edwin A Vermulst,Anti-dumping Law and Practice in the United States and the European Communities:A Compara-tive Analysis,Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,1987.
33、William D. Degrandis, Proving Causation In Antidumping Cases, International Lawyer, Spring, 1986.
34、Lloyd Granet, ITC Injury Determination In Countervailing Duty Investigations, Law and Policy International Business, 1983.
35、Matthew J. Gaziano, Bratsk Aluminum Smelter V. United States: Strengthening The Standard for Antidumping Causation Or Causing Confusion? Federal Circuit Bar Journal, 2009.
36、Wentong Zheng, The Pitfalls of The (Perfect) Market Benchmark: The Case Of Countervailing Duty Law, Minnesota Journal of International Law Winter 2010.
37、Ann E. Christoff , The Chinese Automobile Industry And The World Trade Organization: China's Non-Compliance with WTO Regulations Through its Subsidizing of Automobile Manufacturers, Indiana International and Comparative Law Review,2009.
1、S.REP. No. 1298, 93d Cong. 2d Sess. 183(1974).
2、The Congress Of The United States Congressional Budget Office: How The GATT Influence the Us Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Law, September 1994.
3、Overview and Compilation of The Us Trade Statute(2003)
4、Senate Report on the 1974 Act, S.Rept. 93-1298.
5、H.R. REP. 103-826(I), H.R. Rep. No. 826(I), 103RD Cong., 2ND Sess.1994, 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3773.
6、Senator Report No 249, 96th Cong., 1st Sess., 1979.
7、US General Accounting Office Report, U.S.-China Trade Commerce Faces Practical and Legal Challenges in Applying Countervailing Duties, GAO-05-474, June 2005.
8、US General Accounting Office Report,U.S.-China Trade Challenges and Choices to Apply Countervailing Duties to China, GAO-06-608T, Apri 4 2006.
9、2009 Report To Congress of The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission One Hundred Eleventh Congress First Session (November 2009).
10、2004 Report To Congress of The U.S.-China Economic And Security Review Commission One Hundred Eleventh Congress First Session (JUNE 2004).
1、美国商务部国际贸易局进口管理处:http://ia.ita.doc.gov/
2、美国国际贸易委员会:www.usitc.gov
3、世界贸易组织:www.wto.org
4、Westlaw数据库
5、Heinonline数据库