入世后过渡期我国中小型外贸企业行为分析
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摘要
中小型外贸企业是中小企业和外贸企业的结合体。我国的中小型外贸企业主要可分为两种,一是国有或部分国有的外贸企业,二是放开外贸经营权之后,逐渐成立的民营外贸企业。中小型外贸企业的数量占我国外贸企业的90%左右,随着我国对外开放、社会主义市场经济体制改革以及中国加入WTO,我国中小型外贸企业在活跃中国对外贸易,促进其快速发展方面发挥了不可或缺的作用。新的外贸法颁布实施,我国外贸经营权基本放开。而且经过三年的过渡,从2004年12月11日开始我国进入了入世后过渡期,这是中国经济发展和入世后的一个特殊发展阶段,在此期间,关税水平将进一步下降,市场更加开放和透明,竞争主体增多,程度更加激烈,贸易摩擦加剧,这是中小型外贸企业发展必须面临的新的发展环境。面对这种全新的环境,要想在竞争中获胜,顺利通过后过渡期的考验,我国数量众多的中小型外贸企业还面临着问题和困境。中小型外贸企业兼有中小企业和外贸企业的特点,又具有不同于二者的特殊性。同国有大型外贸企业、自营生产型外贸企业和外资外贸企业相比,中小型外贸企业有着自己的优劣势,但从根本上来说,其面临的最大威胁来自于外资外贸企业,所以中小型外贸企业制定发展战略应主要考虑这个最大的竞争对手。这将对其长远发展起到至关重要的作用。
探讨我国的经济问题,就不能不考虑我国的具体国情。东部和西部地区由于经济发展程度、历史背景、意识形态、国家有关政策等方面不同,中小型外贸企业也有相对不同的外部小环境。入世特别是后过渡期的到来,为西部的中小型外贸企业提供了发展机遇,但其在人才、资金、经营管理等方面还明显落后于东部地区,因此应积极推行适合于中西部地区实际情况的中小型外贸企业经营策略。
要解决我国中小型外贸企业的问题,应借鉴西方发达国家发展此类企业的经验和教训为我所用。同时更要依靠国家、行业协会和中小型外贸企业自身的努力,发挥好价值链的作用,处理好人才、企业管理等问题,积极应对21世纪的电子商务潮流。该文以入世后过渡期的特殊时代背景为切入点,抓住中小型外贸企业这个特殊群体,力求在前人研究成果的基础上进行创造性突破。全文主要从实证分析的角度,结合经济学、国际贸易学中的有关理论,对我国入世后过渡期以后中小型外贸企业的有关问题和行为进行研究,从一个新的视角对它们加以关注,希望对其发展壮大提供一定的指导和建议。
The Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises are a combination of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and Imp. &Exp. Enterprises,and Chinese ones can be mainly divided into two categories, one is state-owned or partly state-owed Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, the other is private-owned ones established gradually after freeing the right of import and export. The Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises account for 90 percent of the total Imp. &Exp. Enterprises. With our opening up, market economy systimatic reforms of socialism and China's entry into WTO, the Chinese Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises play an essential role in livening up and promoting China's import and export. After enactment of the new Imp.&Exp.Law, the right of import and export has been basically freed. What's more, China has comed to the post-transitional period since Dec. 11,2004 after three years transition. This is a special period after entry into WTO and of China's development of economy .During the period, tariffs will be reduced, market more open and transparent, rivals increased ,competition and trade skirmishes more fierce .This is a new development environment that the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises must face up to. Before the new environment, the numerous Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises still have many problems and difficulties in order to stand out in the competition and pass the challenges of the post-transitional period smoothly.The Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises have characters of SMEs and Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, but still have their own specialities different from the two parties. Compared with the state-owed big-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, manufacturing Imp. &Exp. Enterprises and foreign Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises have their own advantages and disadvantages. But essentially, the biggest threat they face comes from the foreign Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, so the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises must mainly take the big rival into account when constituting the development strategy, which will be very important to their long development.On discussing the economic problems of China, national conditions must be
considered. Because of the different economic development level, historical background, ideology , relative national policy of the eastern and western area, the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises also have relatively different external environment. Entry into WTO especially the advent of post-transitional period provides development chances for the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises in western area, but they still lag behind the ones of eastern area in human resource, fund, operation and management obviously. So operational strategies corresponding to the real conditions of the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises in western area should be pushed positively.In order to solve the problems of Chinese Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, we should learn from the experience and precept western developed countries have gained in developing the counterparts,furthermore , rely on hard work of the nation, trade association and the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises themselves, exerting the role of value link , transacting the problems of human resource and enterprise management ,facing up positively to the electronic commerce tide in 21st century. This article analyses from the special background of the post-transitional period after entry into WTO, focusing on the special entities— the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, and strive to propose creativities on the basis of the former research results. Mainly angling practical analysis, utilizing the relative theory of economy and international trade, the whole thesis studies the relative problems and behaviours existing in the post-transitional period of the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises. The article pays attention to the enterprises from a new prospective, hoping to provide some advice and suggestions to their development and growth to some extent.
探讨我国的经济问题,就不能不考虑我国的具体国情。东部和西部地区由于经济发展程度、历史背景、意识形态、国家有关政策等方面不同,中小型外贸企业也有相对不同的外部小环境。入世特别是后过渡期的到来,为西部的中小型外贸企业提供了发展机遇,但其在人才、资金、经营管理等方面还明显落后于东部地区,因此应积极推行适合于中西部地区实际情况的中小型外贸企业经营策略。
要解决我国中小型外贸企业的问题,应借鉴西方发达国家发展此类企业的经验和教训为我所用。同时更要依靠国家、行业协会和中小型外贸企业自身的努力,发挥好价值链的作用,处理好人才、企业管理等问题,积极应对21世纪的电子商务潮流。该文以入世后过渡期的特殊时代背景为切入点,抓住中小型外贸企业这个特殊群体,力求在前人研究成果的基础上进行创造性突破。全文主要从实证分析的角度,结合经济学、国际贸易学中的有关理论,对我国入世后过渡期以后中小型外贸企业的有关问题和行为进行研究,从一个新的视角对它们加以关注,希望对其发展壮大提供一定的指导和建议。
The Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises are a combination of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and Imp. &Exp. Enterprises,and Chinese ones can be mainly divided into two categories, one is state-owned or partly state-owed Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, the other is private-owned ones established gradually after freeing the right of import and export. The Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises account for 90 percent of the total Imp. &Exp. Enterprises. With our opening up, market economy systimatic reforms of socialism and China's entry into WTO, the Chinese Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises play an essential role in livening up and promoting China's import and export. After enactment of the new Imp.&Exp.Law, the right of import and export has been basically freed. What's more, China has comed to the post-transitional period since Dec. 11,2004 after three years transition. This is a special period after entry into WTO and of China's development of economy .During the period, tariffs will be reduced, market more open and transparent, rivals increased ,competition and trade skirmishes more fierce .This is a new development environment that the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises must face up to. Before the new environment, the numerous Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises still have many problems and difficulties in order to stand out in the competition and pass the challenges of the post-transitional period smoothly.The Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises have characters of SMEs and Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, but still have their own specialities different from the two parties. Compared with the state-owed big-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, manufacturing Imp. &Exp. Enterprises and foreign Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises have their own advantages and disadvantages. But essentially, the biggest threat they face comes from the foreign Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, so the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises must mainly take the big rival into account when constituting the development strategy, which will be very important to their long development.On discussing the economic problems of China, national conditions must be
considered. Because of the different economic development level, historical background, ideology , relative national policy of the eastern and western area, the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises also have relatively different external environment. Entry into WTO especially the advent of post-transitional period provides development chances for the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises in western area, but they still lag behind the ones of eastern area in human resource, fund, operation and management obviously. So operational strategies corresponding to the real conditions of the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises in western area should be pushed positively.In order to solve the problems of Chinese Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, we should learn from the experience and precept western developed countries have gained in developing the counterparts,furthermore , rely on hard work of the nation, trade association and the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises themselves, exerting the role of value link , transacting the problems of human resource and enterprise management ,facing up positively to the electronic commerce tide in 21st century. This article analyses from the special background of the post-transitional period after entry into WTO, focusing on the special entities— the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises, and strive to propose creativities on the basis of the former research results. Mainly angling practical analysis, utilizing the relative theory of economy and international trade, the whole thesis studies the relative problems and behaviours existing in the post-transitional period of the Small and Medium-sized Imp. &Exp. Enterprises. The article pays attention to the enterprises from a new prospective, hoping to provide some advice and suggestions to their development and growth to some extent.
引文
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[65] 一些主要的网站:Tom财经网:http://finance.news.tom.com/zhuanti/rushil.html 东方网:http://www.eastday.com/ 新华网: http://www.xinhuanet.com/ 中国中小企业网:http://www.cusme.com/
[2] 杨松令.中小企业会计管理问题研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004
[3] 中小企业,一个永恒的话题.中国对外贸易.中国国际贸易促进委员会、中国国际商会主办,2004(4)
[4] 曹蓉.中小型外贸企业专业化经营研究:[硕士学位论文].万方数据资源库
[5] 贾金思.国际贸易通论.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004
[6] C.Barrow.The Essence of Small Business.Published by Prentice Hall International(U.K.)Ltd. 1993
[7] 蔡来兴,李克让.出口代理与双线承包.上海交通大学出版社,1991(2)
[8] 刘向东.中国队外经贸政策与改革纵览.北京:中国对外经济贸易出版社,1998(1)
[9] Penrose E.T.The Theory of the Growth of the Firm.Osford:Oxford University Press, 1995
[10] 盛彬.中国对外贸易政策的政治经济分析.上海:上海人民出版社,2002
[11] Staley and Morose.Modern Small Industry for Developing Countries.Mcgrand Hill, 1965
[12] 张圣平,魏学坤.民营及中小企业发展.经济科学出版社,2004(3)
[13] 宋光茂.国有中小企业“豆包论”.经济科学出版社,1999
[14] 傅江景.国际贸易理论与政策.北京:中国财政经济出版社,2002(5)
[15] I.J Acs B.Carlsson and R.Thric.Small Business in the Morden Economy.Edited by P.H Admiraal.Blackwell Publishers,1996
[16] 中小企业当“大角儿”.中国经济信息.2005(8)
[17] Pearose.E. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Yale University Press,New Haven
[18] 李盾.中小企业WTO知识读本.北京:对外经贸大学出版社,2002
[19] 曹新.WTO规则与企业参与国际竞争.经济科学出版社,2003(6)
[20] 唐福勇.跨入WTO后过渡期中国萌生三大市场机遇.中国对外贸易,2004(12):8～9
[21] Richard J.Stillman.Small Business Management:How to Start and Stay in Business.Little Brown and Company, Boston, 1982
[22] 林汉川.WTO与中小企业转型升级.经济管理出版社,2002
[23] 林汉川,田东山.WTO与中小企业发展.上海财经大学出版社,2001(11)
[24] 赵俭,刘兵.中小型外贸企业发展战略探讨.经济问题,1997(10):30～32
[25] 我国西部中小企业外贸经营环境与经营策略研究.北方经济,2005(4)西南财经大学国际商学院课题组.课题组成员:谢凤燕、郑茂、吴凡、卢阳春、陈诚.
[26] Greenhalgh R.W.Information and the Transnational SME Controller.Management Accounting Research, 2000(11)
[27] 高培勇.加入WTO后的中国:经济学界如是说.经济科学出版社,2002(11)
[28] 田秋生.入世后的西部大开发.北京:中国社会出版社,2002(3):20～24
[29] 卢阳春,吴凡.新形势下西部外贸中小企业的发展策略.开发研究,2004(6)
[30] 陈淑君,刘明会.中西部地区中小企业入世后面临的挑战.西南交通大学出版社,2003
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[65] 一些主要的网站:Tom财经网:http://finance.news.tom.com/zhuanti/rushil.html 东方网:http://www.eastday.com/ 新华网: http://www.xinhuanet.com/ 中国中小企业网:http://www.cusme.com/