韩国社会保障制度及其改革
摘要
二十世纪60-80年代初韩国按照“增长第一,福利第二”的发展策略,经济持续发展,但由于政府忽视社会发展,社会保障体系的建立仅停留在初级阶段。本文考察韩国社会保障的发展过程,将20世纪60年代至今韩国社会保障的发展分为五阶段。随着韩国经济持续20多年的增长与民主化的发展,80年代后期政府不断建立与完善社会保障制度如四大社会保险与公共扶助政策,但由于韩国社会保障支出在整个国民经济中所占比重较小,导致在亚洲金融危机时,大部分民众失去生活来源,社会矛盾激化导致社会动荡。金融危机后政府努力扩大社会福利网,致力于社会与经济的均衡发展。近几年,伴随经济全球化与韩国民主化进程的加快,在新的发展环境下,韩国社会保障制度的发展面临新的问题,特别是人口快速老龄化成为韩国社会保障改革的主要原因之一,未来韩国社会保障制度的发展将在巩固基础保障的前提下,逐步扩大社会保障的覆盖面,政府将增大社会福利投资,建立可持续的社会服务国家。
During the 1960s, the government of South Korea pursued a policy of“economic growth first and distribution next”. With rapid economic growth in the 1960s, unequal opportunities and distribution of income among social classes emerged as concerns for policymakers and politicians. To provide the poor with basic needs, the government passed several welfare acts. With high economic growth from 1970s to the middle of 1990s, South Korea has built its welfare system step by step.
Under the Asian financial crisis in 1997, South Korea has experienced the most signification to and extension of the welfare system. The extension of the Korean welfare system such as the National Pension Scheme was expanded to the urban area by dint of the crisis. After recovery from the crisis the welfare system is facing the most complicated social and economic environment. By examining both the positive and negative impacts of social polarization and the limit of the coverage of universal pension scheme, this paper will argue that Korea will rebuild and extent its welfare system and the most important point is to enhance the basic social security to all the people to against the risk in the globalization world.
During the 1960s, the government of South Korea pursued a policy of“economic growth first and distribution next”. With rapid economic growth in the 1960s, unequal opportunities and distribution of income among social classes emerged as concerns for policymakers and politicians. To provide the poor with basic needs, the government passed several welfare acts. With high economic growth from 1970s to the middle of 1990s, South Korea has built its welfare system step by step.
Under the Asian financial crisis in 1997, South Korea has experienced the most signification to and extension of the welfare system. The extension of the Korean welfare system such as the National Pension Scheme was expanded to the urban area by dint of the crisis. After recovery from the crisis the welfare system is facing the most complicated social and economic environment. By examining both the positive and negative impacts of social polarization and the limit of the coverage of universal pension scheme, this paper will argue that Korea will rebuild and extent its welfare system and the most important point is to enhance the basic social security to all the people to against the risk in the globalization world.
引文
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[2]张志超.韩国市场经济体制—从政府主导型向民间主导型的转化[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1994
[3]张世和.南朝鲜经济开发战略和展望[M].黑龙江:黑龙江朝鲜民族出版社,1990
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[6]顾俊礼主编.福利国家论析:以欧洲为背景的比较研究[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2002
[7]和春雷编.社会保障制度的国际比较[M].北京:法律出版社,2000
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[18]达尔默·霍斯金斯编.候宝琴译.21世纪初的社会保障[M].北京:中国劳动与社会保障出版社,2004
[19]国家发展与改革委员会宏观经济研究院赴韩考察团.韩国国民年金和企业退职金制度考察报告.社会保障制度[J],2004.6
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[22]王国辉,蔡旭.韩国社会保障制度及对中国的启示.辽宁工程技术大学学报[J], 2004 .3
[23]李相文.韩国的社会保障制度.当代韩国[J],2000.6
[24]郑秉文,史寒冰.试论东亚地区福利国家的“国家主义中心”特征.中国社会科学院研究生院学报[J],2002.8
[25]郑秉文,史寒冰.东亚国家或地区养老社会保障模式比较.世界经济与政治[J], 2001.8
[26]姜向群.韩国养老保险制度的发展、特点、问题与中国的比较分析.东北亚论坛, 2003.5
[27]元钟旭.韩国的福利GNP演变及国际比较.福利保障政策论坛,1998.3
[28]郑佳,邓泽宏.中日韩三国社会保障发展历程中的制度安排与变迁.中国社会学网.http://www.sociology.cass.cn
[29]陈少晖,许雅雯.养老保险制度:韩国的经验对中国的启示.亚太经济, http://www.crifs.org.cn
[30] Mark Keese, Ageing and Employment Policies in Korea– the challenge of an ageing population, OECD’s Media Relations Division: 2004
[31] Namchol Lee, Experiences of Pension Reform in Korea and Five Other Countries, Master of Philosophy Thesis, University of York, United Kingdom: 2002.
[32] Hanam S. Phang, The Past and Future of Korean Pension System: A Proposal for a Coordinated Development of the Public-Private Pensions, Employment Research Center, Korea Labor Institute: 2004
[33] Sukmyung Yun, Financing challenges facing social security schemes - Theexperience of the National Pension Scheme of Korea, Thirteenth Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific, Kuwait, International Social Security Association, 2004.
[34] Sigg Rolad, A Social Security for All Age, International Social Security Review, 1999, (52)
[35] Hyungpyo Moon, The Korean Pension System: Current State and Tasks Ahead, OECD/INPRS/Korea Conference, Seoul, 2002
[36] Sang Kyun Kim, What can Korea Learn from Canadian Pension Reform Attempts?, Department of Social Welfare, Seoul National University, 2003
[37] The World Bank, The Korean Pension System at a Crossroads, 2002
[38] National Pension Scheme Development Committee, Actuarial Estimates of the NPS and Its Reform Proposal, 2003
[39] Dalmer D. Hoskins, Donate Dobbernack, Christiane Kuptsch, Social security at the dawn of the 21st century :topical issues & new approaches , New Brunswick, N.J. Transaction, 2001
[40] Byungsik Yoon., Introduction to Mandatory Old-age Income Security System in Korea, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, 2001
[41] Yeon-Myung KIM, Towards a Comprehensive Welfare State in South Korea: Institutional features, new socio-economic and political pressures, and the possibility of the welfare state, Aisa research center, London school of Economics & Political Science,2006
[42] Noriyuki Takayama, An Evaluation of Korean National Pension Scheme with a Special Reference to Japanese Experience, Hitotsubashi University, 2003
[43] Jai-Joon Hur, Korea Severance Par Reform: For Old-age Income Security or Coverage Expansion, International Workshop on Severance Pay Reform, Vienna, 2003
[44] Jong Nam, Population Aging and Policy Responses in Korea: Social Safety Net and Fiscal Challenges, International Monetary Fund, 2006
[2]张志超.韩国市场经济体制—从政府主导型向民间主导型的转化[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1994
[3]张世和.南朝鲜经济开发战略和展望[M].黑龙江:黑龙江朝鲜民族出版社,1990
[4]李庆臻,金吉龙.韩国现代化研究[M].济南:济南出版社,1995
[5]郑秉文,史寒冰.当代东亚国家地区社会保障制度[M].北京:法律出版社,2002
[6]顾俊礼主编.福利国家论析:以欧洲为背景的比较研究[M].北京:经济管理出版社,2002
[7]和春雷编.社会保障制度的国际比较[M].北京:法律出版社,2000
[8]李明德,江时学主编.现代化:拉美和东亚的发展模式[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000
[9]张志超.韩国市场经济体制—从政府主导型向民间主导型的转化[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1994
[10]李庆臻,金吉龙.韩国现代化研究[M].济南:济南出版社,1995
[11]国际劳工组织主编.王刚义,魏新武译.社会保障[M].吉林:吉林大学出版社,1989
[12]邓大松,李珍主编.社会保障问题研究:2001[M].武汉:武汉出版社,2003
[13]国际劳工局社会保障司编.管静和,张鲁译.社会保障导论[M].劳动人事出版社, 1989
[14] (韩)具海根.梁光严,张静译.韩国工人:阶级形成的文化与政治[M].社会科学文献出版社, 2003
[15]罗兰德·斯哥,克里斯提那·伯仁特编.华迎放等译.地球村的社会保障:全球化和社会保障面临的挑战[M].北京:中国劳动社会保障出版社, 2004
[16]科林·吉列恩编.杨燕绥等译.全球养老保障:改革与发展[M].北京:中国劳动出版社,2002
[17]郭定平.韩国政治转型研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000
[18]达尔默·霍斯金斯编.候宝琴译.21世纪初的社会保障[M].北京:中国劳动与社会保障出版社,2004
[19]国家发展与改革委员会宏观经济研究院赴韩考察团.韩国国民年金和企业退职金制度考察报告.社会保障制度[J],2004.6
[20]尹豪.韩国人口老龄化与老年人社会保障.人口学刊[J],2000 .5
[21]张宝仁,张慧智.韩国的社会保障制度分析.人口学刊[J],2000 .4
[22]王国辉,蔡旭.韩国社会保障制度及对中国的启示.辽宁工程技术大学学报[J], 2004 .3
[23]李相文.韩国的社会保障制度.当代韩国[J],2000.6
[24]郑秉文,史寒冰.试论东亚地区福利国家的“国家主义中心”特征.中国社会科学院研究生院学报[J],2002.8
[25]郑秉文,史寒冰.东亚国家或地区养老社会保障模式比较.世界经济与政治[J], 2001.8
[26]姜向群.韩国养老保险制度的发展、特点、问题与中国的比较分析.东北亚论坛, 2003.5
[27]元钟旭.韩国的福利GNP演变及国际比较.福利保障政策论坛,1998.3
[28]郑佳,邓泽宏.中日韩三国社会保障发展历程中的制度安排与变迁.中国社会学网.http://www.sociology.cass.cn
[29]陈少晖,许雅雯.养老保险制度:韩国的经验对中国的启示.亚太经济, http://www.crifs.org.cn
[30] Mark Keese, Ageing and Employment Policies in Korea– the challenge of an ageing population, OECD’s Media Relations Division: 2004
[31] Namchol Lee, Experiences of Pension Reform in Korea and Five Other Countries, Master of Philosophy Thesis, University of York, United Kingdom: 2002.
[32] Hanam S. Phang, The Past and Future of Korean Pension System: A Proposal for a Coordinated Development of the Public-Private Pensions, Employment Research Center, Korea Labor Institute: 2004
[33] Sukmyung Yun, Financing challenges facing social security schemes - Theexperience of the National Pension Scheme of Korea, Thirteenth Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific, Kuwait, International Social Security Association, 2004.
[34] Sigg Rolad, A Social Security for All Age, International Social Security Review, 1999, (52)
[35] Hyungpyo Moon, The Korean Pension System: Current State and Tasks Ahead, OECD/INPRS/Korea Conference, Seoul, 2002
[36] Sang Kyun Kim, What can Korea Learn from Canadian Pension Reform Attempts?, Department of Social Welfare, Seoul National University, 2003
[37] The World Bank, The Korean Pension System at a Crossroads, 2002
[38] National Pension Scheme Development Committee, Actuarial Estimates of the NPS and Its Reform Proposal, 2003
[39] Dalmer D. Hoskins, Donate Dobbernack, Christiane Kuptsch, Social security at the dawn of the 21st century :topical issues & new approaches , New Brunswick, N.J. Transaction, 2001
[40] Byungsik Yoon., Introduction to Mandatory Old-age Income Security System in Korea, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, 2001
[41] Yeon-Myung KIM, Towards a Comprehensive Welfare State in South Korea: Institutional features, new socio-economic and political pressures, and the possibility of the welfare state, Aisa research center, London school of Economics & Political Science,2006
[42] Noriyuki Takayama, An Evaluation of Korean National Pension Scheme with a Special Reference to Japanese Experience, Hitotsubashi University, 2003
[43] Jai-Joon Hur, Korea Severance Par Reform: For Old-age Income Security or Coverage Expansion, International Workshop on Severance Pay Reform, Vienna, 2003
[44] Jong Nam, Population Aging and Policy Responses in Korea: Social Safety Net and Fiscal Challenges, International Monetary Fund, 2006