摘要
众所周知,近些年来,大型国际企业和跨国公司们正面临着新的机遇和挑战,特别是跨入九十年代以来,国际巨头们纷纷实施兼并与收购。但是,在开放的市场经济中,众多的中小企业也同样面临着更多方面的改革压力。人们在思考和争论这些巨无霸的改革措施的同时,却往往忽视了对企业主体中为数众多的中小企业重组的思考。而如何对它们进行重组以提高其整体竞争力已经成为各国发展地方经济尤其是发展国家经济的一个日益迫切而又重要的问题。
作为舟山市航运业综合调查课题组的一员,笔者曾多次赴舟山对该市中小航运企业进行调研,获得了大量而又宝贵的第一手企业及市场数据资料,本论文正是建立在此基础之上,通过介绍舟山市航运企业的整体情况,对舟山市航运企业的结构、规模以及经济状况进行分析,进而针对舟山市航运企业存在的问题,就如何重组舟山市航运企业进行了探讨,并在一定的企业重组理论与方法的基础上针对舟山市航运企业的特点及现状提出了几种较适合于舟山市中小航运企业重组的模式:企业联盟、托管经营以及虚拟企业。其中,企业联盟模式中主要是企业联合和企业联营两种方法。而企业托管模式则是成立船舶管理公司。虚拟企业指的是成立虚拟联合体。
舟山市中小航运企业实施重组的意义在于,增强企业的竞争力,提高整个社会的劳动生产率,避免社会动荡。特别是我国在加入WTO以后,地方航运企业面对的同行将是一些实力较雄厚的国际跨国航运企业。同时,地方航运业对外国的种种限制将被取消,由此,必将是大量的国外航运企业在我国设立机构、开办公司,并凭借其雄厚的实力、先进的管理和优质的服务,参与航运竞争而进入国内航运市场,由竞争引起的对货源的争夺也将愈加激烈。因此,要减少加入WTO对舟山航运业的冲击,唯一的出路就是加快航运业的发展,提高自身的实力。而舟山传统的本地企业规模普遍较小,无法形成经营规模上的竞争优势。因此,更应该进行企业的重组,以增强企业的竞争力。
当然,企业重组要尊重经济规律,既要以市场为导向,遵循市场规律,又要适应整个行业以及企业自身的发展规律。同时,值得我们注意的是,对企业进行重组是对企业综合管理水平的一次考验,它不可避免的要经历一个艰难的磨合时期,任何指望毕其功于一“组”、“一组就灵”的想法都是不切实际的,也是难以实现的。
As we know, those international companies and transnational companies are facing new chances and challenge. Especially at the end of 20th century, those big companies are all doing merger and acquisition. But many medium and small companies are also facing more and more pressure of reforming. When people are arguing and thinking about the renovation ways in big companies, they usually ignore the same thing in medium and small enterprises. The matter how to reorganize them to improve their competitiveness has become more and more urgent and important to economy development of every country especially to one nation's regional economy.
As a member of the investigation of Zhoushan shipping development, I went to Zhoushan City many times and had attained many data. And the paper is formed at the basis of these data. It is introduced that the wholly circumstance of zhoushan shipping enterprises and there are also some analysis about the enterprise's structure, scale and economic status. In addition, the problems existed in these enterprises are pointed out too. After that, there is some discussion about how to reorganize the shipping enterprises in zhoushan. Furthermore, two methods that include enterprise league and enterprise trusteeship are putting forward. The first one includes enterprise alliance and enterprise pool. The second one is ship Management Company. Nowadays, the second one is trying out in zhoushan and has attained some good effects. Virtual entity means virtual combo here.
The significance of applying reorganization in zhoushan shipping enterprise is improving their competitiveness and social labor productivity. After our country's entrance into WTO, the competitor will be those big international shipping companies. At the same time, some limitation of participate local shipping market to foreign companies will be cancelled. Therefore, more and more foreign companies will enter into China regional shipping market by means of their modern management and better service. That will lead to more intense competition in shipping market. On this ground, to avoiding the impact of entrance into WTO, the only way is to accelerate the
enterprise reorganization and the development of local shipping enterprise.
At the same time we must realize the idea that the enterprise reorganization can remedy any disease is impropriety. The important thing is that enterprise reorganization must respect market economic law and adapt to not only the whole shipping industry, but also to enterprise itself developing rule.
Lixionglong(enterprise management)
Directed by Zhenhong
引文
1 张文魁.关于产业重组的几个问题.改革,2000,8:34
2 刘国业.2000中国企业经营者调查报告.企业管理,2000,12:9~10
3 林顺来.如何构建中小型企业的核心优势.水运管理.2000.9:18
4 傅建华,上海中小企业发展战略研究.上海:上海财经大学出版社,1998.7:229~230.
5 胡春惠.中国大陆国有中小企业改革选择探析.香港珠海书院亚洲研究中心.1999,3:21~22
6 四川外语学院加拿大研究所.国外中小企业开发概观.重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1987:7~8
7 魏成龙等.企业规模经济——企业购并与企业集团发展研究.北京:中国经济出版社,1998.10:63
8 2000年中国经济年鉴.北京:中国经济年鉴社,2000.9:186~188
9 刘持金.亚太经合组织2001 中小企业工商论坛发言.经济日报.2001.8.26
10 中华人民共和国交通部航运司编.98年中国航运发展报告.北京:人民交通出版社,1999.7:45~48
11 王欣.中小航运企业的发展.中国航运报,2000.9.8:1
12 姜少敏,侯书森.财富论坛:破译世界500强经营内幕.北京:中国城市出版社,1999.11:100~101
13 郑海航.李海舰.吴冬梅.中国企业兼并研究.北京:经济管理出版社,1999.8:35
14 钱肇基.企业战略联盟.北京:中国电力出版社,1998.4~12
15 J·弗雷德·威斯通等:《兼并、重组与公司控制》,唐旭等译,经济科学出版社1998年版。
16 经济法.财政部注册会计师考试委员会办公室.北京:中国财政经济出版社,2000.3:291
17 Sudarsanam, P. S. Mergers and Acquisitions. Prentice Hall Europe. 北京:中信出版社,1998.2:1~2
18 佟福全.第五次浪潮—企业并购与产权重组启示录.北京:中国民航出版社,1999.6:22~26
19 单祥双,资本市场与交通建设.广州:广东经济出版社,1999:77
20 孙光圻.抓住机遇创新发展——国有大中型水运企业的改革思路.2000.7.30(31):7
21 黎雄龙.地方中小航运企业重组发展.航运交易公报,2001.5.14(20):9
22 董先安.论以虚拟公司作为发展战略方向.经济与管理研究.2000.1:5
23 H-J.Bullinger,R.Ilg,S.Zinser.孙斌译、林益耀校.虚拟企业—概念、现状和展望.工业工程与管理,2001,9:18~19
24 胡立君.虚拟企业的竞争战略初探.数量经济技术经济研究.2000.8:77~80
25 彭宪初.《舟山市交通志》编审委员会.舟山市交通志.北京:海洋出版社,1999
26 舟山市统计局.舟山统计年鉴.北京:中国统计出版社,1999:112~114
27 舟山市航运业综合调查报告.
28 财政部注册会计师考试委员会办公室编.财务成本管理.北京:经济科学出版社,2001.3:83~84
29 谢长洪.2001年上市公司中报资料分析.中国证券报,2001.9.27
30 Pratten, C.F. Economics of Scale in Manufacturing Industry, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. 1971: 88~92
31 宋承先.现代西方经济学.上海:复旦大学出版社,1994:58~60
32 沈禹钧.GATS规则与中国海运业的发展.中国航运.2000.8:7~9
33 朱关鑫.浅谈WTO与中国企业竞争力.数量经济技术经济研究.2000.5:6~8
34 李永生.加入WTO对我国航运企业的影响.航运管理.2000.10:5~7
35 真虹.航运企业联盟是航运市场竞争的必然趋势.航运交易周刊.1997.5.26(20):6~7
36 魏成龙.企业规模经济:企业购并与企业集团发展研究.北京:中国经济出版社,1998.10:45~46
37 张昊民.战略联盟与企业组织创新.经济管理.1996.8:16
38 黎雄龙.真虹.中小航运企业优化组合的两种模式.航运交易公报.2001.1.15(3):10~11
39 顾力.个体运输户的企业化经营.中国交通报.2001.7.13
40 Bleeke, J. and D. Ernst(1993)'The way to win in cross-border alliances',in J. Bleeke and D. Ernst(eds) Collaborating to Compete, John
Wiley:155
41 钱肇基.企业战略联盟.北京:中国电力出版社,1998:39~40
42 振民.加入世贸组织后的中国企业并购.中国经营报,2001.3.6
43 关于航运业结构调整的意见.中国航运报,2001.3.27