我国中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的研究
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摘要
经济全球化和知识经济时代的到来，使企业生存发展的空间环境发生了巨大变化，促进了局部地区市场与世界市场融合。同时，随着科技的迅速发展和人们生活水平的显著提高，极大地加快了产品更新换代的速度，市场也由卖方市场转向买方市场，竞争日益激烈，作为国家经济支柱的中小企业，面对竞争激烈的国际市场，必须积极进行产品开发，增强国际竞争力。
本文基于前人对产品开发的一些研究，从微观与宏观相结合的角度，对中小企业面向国际市场产品开发进行了研究。第一部分绪论。介绍了选题背景与研究意义、研究现状和创新之处；对比分析并借鉴国内外中小企业产品开发的研究经验与成果。第二部分产品开发与中小企业概述。阐述了产品开发的内涵、产品开发的相关理论和中小企业国内外的划分及其地位。第三部分中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的动因。从经济全球化和企业自身的发展、国外消费者需求的永恒变化、国际市场竞争的加剧和贸易技术壁垒的存在等五个方面说明中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的主要原因和国际市场的发展。第四部分我国中小企业面向国际市场产品开发存在的问题及成因分析。从企业和政府，宏观和微观相结合的角度进行分析，说明我国中小企业面向国际市场产品开发存在的问题和原因。第五章中小企业面向国际市场产品开发体系的构建及应用。结合中小企业产品开发所处的环境和自身问题，构建中小企业产品开发体系，并对创意形成阶段、筛选阶段和评价阶段进行了应用。第六章中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的对策。从政府和企业角度提出中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的对策；第七章结论与展望。对本文进行了总结，并对中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的前景进行展望。
The development of global economy and Knowledge-driven economy makes a great change of enterprise survival environment and promotes the inosculation of region market and international market. At the same time, the rapid development of science and technology and the improvement of peoples' life level quicken the speed of product development and transfer the seller market to buyer market. International market competition becomes increasingly drastic.As the main support of national economy, medium and small enterprise must strengthen product development to face the competition.
Based on original product development theories, the paper makes a study on theglobal market product development of medium and small enterprise. In the first part, acomparative study is made about the past experiences and the achievements at homeand abroad, in the relative disciplines. The second part summarizes the implication,the features, the fuction and the domestic and overseas compartmentalization ofmedium and small enterprise. The third part studies the reason of global marketproduct development of medium and small enterprise from the perspective ofeconomy globalization and enterprise self-development, eternal change of demands ofoverseas consumer, increasingly competition of international market and the technicalbarrier to international trade. The fourth part expatiate the existent question of Chinesemedium and small enterprise toward international market product development andmakes a reason analysis from the macroscopical and microcosmic perspective. In thefifth part, a system for Chinese medium and small enterprise toward internationalmarket product development is established according to the environment of mediumand small enterprise and self-development of medium and small enterprise. A casestudy of Company is offered in terms of the originality phase, filtration phase ofproject and the estimate phase of project. The sixth part suggests some measures ofthe product development for both government and enterprises. It points out that the government should take some measures to encourage medium and small enterprise to promote product development and that enterprises should make their strategies for product development. And the last part gives a summary of the whole paper and looks to the future of the product development.
本文基于前人对产品开发的一些研究，从微观与宏观相结合的角度，对中小企业面向国际市场产品开发进行了研究。第一部分绪论。介绍了选题背景与研究意义、研究现状和创新之处；对比分析并借鉴国内外中小企业产品开发的研究经验与成果。第二部分产品开发与中小企业概述。阐述了产品开发的内涵、产品开发的相关理论和中小企业国内外的划分及其地位。第三部分中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的动因。从经济全球化和企业自身的发展、国外消费者需求的永恒变化、国际市场竞争的加剧和贸易技术壁垒的存在等五个方面说明中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的主要原因和国际市场的发展。第四部分我国中小企业面向国际市场产品开发存在的问题及成因分析。从企业和政府，宏观和微观相结合的角度进行分析，说明我国中小企业面向国际市场产品开发存在的问题和原因。第五章中小企业面向国际市场产品开发体系的构建及应用。结合中小企业产品开发所处的环境和自身问题，构建中小企业产品开发体系，并对创意形成阶段、筛选阶段和评价阶段进行了应用。第六章中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的对策。从政府和企业角度提出中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的对策；第七章结论与展望。对本文进行了总结，并对中小企业面向国际市场产品开发的前景进行展望。
The development of global economy and Knowledge-driven economy makes a great change of enterprise survival environment and promotes the inosculation of region market and international market. At the same time, the rapid development of science and technology and the improvement of peoples' life level quicken the speed of product development and transfer the seller market to buyer market. International market competition becomes increasingly drastic.As the main support of national economy, medium and small enterprise must strengthen product development to face the competition.
Based on original product development theories, the paper makes a study on theglobal market product development of medium and small enterprise. In the first part, acomparative study is made about the past experiences and the achievements at homeand abroad, in the relative disciplines. The second part summarizes the implication,the features, the fuction and the domestic and overseas compartmentalization ofmedium and small enterprise. The third part studies the reason of global marketproduct development of medium and small enterprise from the perspective ofeconomy globalization and enterprise self-development, eternal change of demands ofoverseas consumer, increasingly competition of international market and the technicalbarrier to international trade. The fourth part expatiate the existent question of Chinesemedium and small enterprise toward international market product development andmakes a reason analysis from the macroscopical and microcosmic perspective. In thefifth part, a system for Chinese medium and small enterprise toward internationalmarket product development is established according to the environment of mediumand small enterprise and self-development of medium and small enterprise. A casestudy of Company is offered in terms of the originality phase, filtration phase ofproject and the estimate phase of project. The sixth part suggests some measures ofthe product development for both government and enterprises. It points out that the government should take some measures to encourage medium and small enterprise to promote product development and that enterprises should make their strategies for product development. And the last part gives a summary of the whole paper and looks to the future of the product development.
引文
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[2] 经济合作与发展组织．技术创新调查手册[M]．北京：新华出版社，1997：6～7．
[3] 许庆瑞．技术创新管理[M]．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1990．
[4] 傅家骥．技术创新[M]．北京：企业管理出版社，1992：16～18．
[5] 毕可新，朱娟，冯英浚．中小企业产品创新和发展趋势分析．科研管理．第26卷第2期，2005．
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[7] C. Merle Crawford. New Products Management[J]. Richard D. Irwin. Inc, 1983.
[8] 杨东奇．论企业的产品创新战略[J]．学术交流，2001-07，总第97期第4期．
[9] 吕涛，王震．产品创新领先企业竞争优势研究[J]．中国管理科学，Vol．9，No．1，Feb，2001：74～80．
[10] 孙冰，刘希宋．企业产品创新状况评价指标体系的构建[J]．科研管理，Vol．23，No．4，Jul．2002：47～51．
[11] CooperR., E. Kleinschmidt. Determinnants of Timelinessin Product Development[J], JPIM, 1994, Vol. 11:381～396.
[12] R.G.Cooper, Overhauling the New Product Process[J].Industrial Marketing Management, Vol.25, 1996:465～482.
[13] Cooper R.,E.Kleinschmidt.Newproducts:Whats eparates winners from losers[J]J. Product Innov-ationManagement4(3), 1987:169～184.
[14] Cooper, RobertG.,ElkoJ.Kleinschmidt.An investigationin to the NewProduct Process: Steps, Deficiencies and Impact[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management (3) 1986:71～85.
[15] M.A.Maidique.A study of success and failure in product innovation:the Case of the U.S. electronics industry[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1984,31(4): 192～203.
[16] 刘东，杜占元．中小企业与技术创新．北京：社会科学文献出版社，2001年．
[17] 留自新．中小企业技术创新．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2001年．
[18] 林汉川，魏中奇·中小企业的界定与评价．中国工业经济，2000第七期12～17．
[19] Sheehan，P．J．澳大利亚与知识经济：对科技促进经济增长的一种评价[第一版]．北京．机械工业出版社，1997年8月．
[20] 2005年中国成长型中小企业发展报告．
[21] 艺柳营．中小企业如何发展与腾飞——国际化经营视觉．清华大学出版社，2003年9月．
[22] 石滋宜．世纪变革．机械工业出版社，2002年．
[23] 梅强，李文元，赵观兵．新产品开发管理．化学工业出版社，2004年8月．
[24] 中小企业信息网：http://www.sme.gov.cn/index-htm
[25] www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/dzxgyqyzzcxtjzl/t20060331_402314231.htm
[26] 中小企业金融界网．
[27] 何山，李成标，胡树华．产品创新速度的经济性分析[J]．科技与管理，2002，(3)．24～26．
[28] COOPERLG, NAKANISHIM. Market share analysis [J]. Boston Klurwer Academic,1988, (2): 23～26.
[29] GRAVESSB.The time cost trade offin research and development [J].Engineering cost sand Production Economics, 1989, (16): 1～9.
[30] GRIFFIINA.Metrics for measuring product development cycletime [J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management. 1993, (10): 112～115.
[31] 陈鹏飞．中小企业技术创新研究．北方工业大学．
[32] 袁庆明．产权、市场与技术创新激励[11．青海社会科学，2003．
[33] 金德．产权激励与国有中小企业技术创新．科技进步与对策2001
[34] 雨君．李青山．创新与产品开发探析．科技管理．2003年第一期．
[35] 杨颖，潘云鹤．中小企业新产品开发中的视觉沟通及其实现．中国机械工程第16卷第24期2005年12月．
[36] 郑书莉．绿色营销—我国企业进占国际市场战略选择．武汉理工大学硕士论文．2002年12月
[37] ZhangXia. New kook at "green" standards a pressing task. China Daily.October 24,2002 Page 4.
[38] Warren J. keegan. Global Marketing management Qinghua University Press. December, 1998
[39] L·G·希大曼 L·L·L卡纽克：《消费者行为学》，俞文钊，肖余春等译，华东师范大学出版社，2002．
[40] 唐·佩百斯马莎·罗杰斯：一对一未来，曲路民译，华文出版社，2002．
[41] 埃维克·舒尔茨：营销游戏，屈陆民等译，华夏出版社，2001．
[42] 龚健，郝婧．产品主导型企业海外R&D的并行工程实现．北京工业大学学报(社会科学版)第四卷第4期．
[43] Hersh Shefrin and Meir Staman, Behavioral Portfolio Theory, 2000, Journal of financial and quantitative llnalysis, 35(2).
[44] H.M.Markowitz, Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversifica- tion of Investments. Cambridne, Massachussets: Basil Black- well,.1991 edition.
[45] 彭从友，吴国蔚．中小企业最新界定标准的国际比较．经济论坛．2004，20．
[46] Keith Pavitt:TeChnology, Management and Systems of Innovation, EdwardElgar, 1999.
[47] Bohn, R.E. Measuring and managing technological knowledge, Sloan Management Review, Fall, 1994
[48] Hamel, G.and C.K. Prahalad, Stratgic intent, Harvard Business Review. May-June 1998.
[49] 美国国会．美国小企业法．2001年版
[50] 日本中小企业厅．本中小企业自皮书．2000年版
[51] Scherer, E M. 1992. "Schumpeter and Plausible Capitalism", Journal of Economic L iterature,30:1416-33
[52] Acs, Z&Audretsch, D. (1990), Innovation and small firms. Cambridge MA, The MIT Press.
[53] Winter, S. 1984. "Schumpeterian competition in alternative technological regimes". Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 4: 287-320.
[54] RoyRothwell,Walter Zegveld, 1985, Reindustrialization and technology, Armonk, N.Y.:M.E. Sharpe.
[55] 康银功．中小企业可持续发展：技术创新与制度保障．上海师范大学硕士论文．2005年6月
[56] Marc Cowling Peter Mitchell.Isthe Small Firms Loan Guarantee Scheme Hazardous for Banks or Helpful to mall Business? Small Business Economics.2003,21:63
[57] Allen N.Berger, Gregory F.Udell.The Economics of Small Business FinancThe Roles of Private Equity and Debt Markets in Financial Growth Cycle.Jouranl of Banking and Finance, 1998, 22.
[58] 白钦先，薛誉华，各国中小企业政策性金融体系比较．北京：中国金融出版社，2001，9：309．
[59] B.Nugent.Small and Medium Enterprises in Korea: Achievements, Constraintsand Policy Issues.Small Business Economics, 2002, 18.
[60] Houtuin. Demand Oriented Instruments in Innovation Policy: GovernmentProcurement and Regulation. Innovation Policies, 1985
[61] 叶远西．中小企业创新—国内外中小企业创新的实践、实践启示与借鉴．广州：广东经济出版社，2004：151
[2] 经济合作与发展组织．技术创新调查手册[M]．北京：新华出版社，1997：6～7．
[3] 许庆瑞．技术创新管理[M]．杭州：浙江大学出版社，1990．
[4] 傅家骥．技术创新[M]．北京：企业管理出版社，1992：16～18．
[5] 毕可新，朱娟，冯英浚．中小企业产品创新和发展趋势分析．科研管理．第26卷第2期，2005．
[6] Mitchell G. R. Options for the strategic management of technology. Int. J. Technology Managem-ent[J], Vol. 3, No. 3, 1988:253～262.
[7] C. Merle Crawford. New Products Management[J]. Richard D. Irwin. Inc, 1983.
[8] 杨东奇．论企业的产品创新战略[J]．学术交流，2001-07，总第97期第4期．
[9] 吕涛，王震．产品创新领先企业竞争优势研究[J]．中国管理科学，Vol．9，No．1，Feb，2001：74～80．
[10] 孙冰，刘希宋．企业产品创新状况评价指标体系的构建[J]．科研管理，Vol．23，No．4，Jul．2002：47～51．
[11] CooperR., E. Kleinschmidt. Determinnants of Timelinessin Product Development[J], JPIM, 1994, Vol. 11:381～396.
[12] R.G.Cooper, Overhauling the New Product Process[J].Industrial Marketing Management, Vol.25, 1996:465～482.
[13] Cooper R.,E.Kleinschmidt.Newproducts:Whats eparates winners from losers[J]J. Product Innov-ationManagement4(3), 1987:169～184.
[14] Cooper, RobertG.,ElkoJ.Kleinschmidt.An investigationin to the NewProduct Process: Steps, Deficiencies and Impact[J].Journal of Product Innovation Management (3) 1986:71～85.
[15] M.A.Maidique.A study of success and failure in product innovation:the Case of the U.S. electronics industry[J].IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1984,31(4): 192～203.
[16] 刘东，杜占元．中小企业与技术创新．北京：社会科学文献出版社，2001年．
[17] 留自新．中小企业技术创新．杭州：浙江大学出版社，2001年．
[18] 林汉川，魏中奇·中小企业的界定与评价．中国工业经济，2000第七期12～17．
[19] Sheehan，P．J．澳大利亚与知识经济：对科技促进经济增长的一种评价[第一版]．北京．机械工业出版社，1997年8月．
[20] 2005年中国成长型中小企业发展报告．
[21] 艺柳营．中小企业如何发展与腾飞——国际化经营视觉．清华大学出版社，2003年9月．
[22] 石滋宜．世纪变革．机械工业出版社，2002年．
[23] 梅强，李文元，赵观兵．新产品开发管理．化学工业出版社，2004年8月．
[24] 中小企业信息网：http://www.sme.gov.cn/index-htm
[25] www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/qtsj/dzxgyqyzzcxtjzl/t20060331_402314231.htm
[26] 中小企业金融界网．
[27] 何山，李成标，胡树华．产品创新速度的经济性分析[J]．科技与管理，2002，(3)．24～26．
[28] COOPERLG, NAKANISHIM. Market share analysis [J]. Boston Klurwer Academic,1988, (2): 23～26.
[29] GRAVESSB.The time cost trade offin research and development [J].Engineering cost sand Production Economics, 1989, (16): 1～9.
[30] GRIFFIINA.Metrics for measuring product development cycletime [J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management. 1993, (10): 112～115.
[31] 陈鹏飞．中小企业技术创新研究．北方工业大学．
[32] 袁庆明．产权、市场与技术创新激励[11．青海社会科学，2003．
[33] 金德．产权激励与国有中小企业技术创新．科技进步与对策2001
[34] 雨君．李青山．创新与产品开发探析．科技管理．2003年第一期．
[35] 杨颖，潘云鹤．中小企业新产品开发中的视觉沟通及其实现．中国机械工程第16卷第24期2005年12月．
[36] 郑书莉．绿色营销—我国企业进占国际市场战略选择．武汉理工大学硕士论文．2002年12月
[37] ZhangXia. New kook at "green" standards a pressing task. China Daily.October 24,2002 Page 4.
[38] Warren J. keegan. Global Marketing management Qinghua University Press. December, 1998
[39] L·G·希大曼 L·L·L卡纽克：《消费者行为学》，俞文钊，肖余春等译，华东师范大学出版社，2002．
[40] 唐·佩百斯马莎·罗杰斯：一对一未来，曲路民译，华文出版社，2002．
[41] 埃维克·舒尔茨：营销游戏，屈陆民等译，华夏出版社，2001．
[42] 龚健，郝婧．产品主导型企业海外R&D的并行工程实现．北京工业大学学报(社会科学版)第四卷第4期．
[43] Hersh Shefrin and Meir Staman, Behavioral Portfolio Theory, 2000, Journal of financial and quantitative llnalysis, 35(2).
[44] H.M.Markowitz, Portfolio Selection: Efficient Diversifica- tion of Investments. Cambridne, Massachussets: Basil Black- well,.1991 edition.
[45] 彭从友，吴国蔚．中小企业最新界定标准的国际比较．经济论坛．2004，20．
[46] Keith Pavitt:TeChnology, Management and Systems of Innovation, EdwardElgar, 1999.
[47] Bohn, R.E. Measuring and managing technological knowledge, Sloan Management Review, Fall, 1994
[48] Hamel, G.and C.K. Prahalad, Stratgic intent, Harvard Business Review. May-June 1998.
[49] 美国国会．美国小企业法．2001年版
[50] 日本中小企业厅．本中小企业自皮书．2000年版
[51] Scherer, E M. 1992. "Schumpeter and Plausible Capitalism", Journal of Economic L iterature,30:1416-33
[52] Acs, Z&Audretsch, D. (1990), Innovation and small firms. Cambridge MA, The MIT Press.
[53] Winter, S. 1984. "Schumpeterian competition in alternative technological regimes". Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 4: 287-320.
[54] RoyRothwell,Walter Zegveld, 1985, Reindustrialization and technology, Armonk, N.Y.:M.E. Sharpe.
[55] 康银功．中小企业可持续发展：技术创新与制度保障．上海师范大学硕士论文．2005年6月
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