欧盟对第三国国民的权利保护
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摘要
在欧盟宪政的发展过程中，欧洲联盟法院不断修正在基本权利保护方面的态度而使欧盟法获得至上的权威。《欧盟基本权利宪章》的出台和生效使基本权利保护从欧洲联盟法院遵守的一般法律原则发展为一套较为完备的“权利清单”。新近发展起来的欧盟移民与避难法律成为以基本权利保护为基础的欧盟宪政的一部分，从立法到实施的各个环节都要尊重和保护基本权利。在权利话语兴起的背景下，第三国国民不再被单纯地视为外来的劳动力，而被认为是“权利的持有者”。保护第三国国民的权利成为欧盟移民与避难法律的重要目标。
学界一般认为，对外来移民的管控是一个国家主权的核心内容，是不可让渡的权力。然而，欧盟通过指令这种立法方式，分享了原本专属于成员国主权事务的移民与避难领域的立法权能。作为区域性的国际组织，欧盟独创性地在欧盟层面对移民与避难事务进行共同立法，并已经初步建立了共同移民政策和共同避难体系。当前，欧盟国家有关移民事务的决策权在一定程度上已经转移至欧盟的层面。移民与避难政策已不再纯粹是成员国的主权事务，而是被纳入欧盟的法治框架之中。在欧盟立法的约束下，成员国必须在行使国家主权权力和尊重第三国国民个人权利之间达到一种平衡。
欧盟移民与避难法律继承了国际人权法中的“家庭权”、“避难权”等权利内容，并在此基础上赋予这些权利更加丰富的内涵。欧盟立法已经赋予部分第三国国民在欧盟范围内自由流动的权利，例如高技术工人和欧盟长期居民。“平等待遇”条款的使用使长期居民、受雇劳动者和避难者在一些领域能够享有与成员国国民平等的待遇。除欧盟公民身份作为权利的基础之外，长期居民身份在欧盟成为一种新的身份和权利基础。欧盟在移民与避难领域的共同立法在总体上提升了第三国国民的权利水平。坦佩雷会议赋予第三国国民与欧盟公民类似权利的目标逐步得以实现。
更为重要的是，在欧盟的法治框架中，第三国国民的各项权利可以直接在法庭上主张并通过诉讼的方式得以实现。个体诉讼与欧洲联盟法院司法能动主义的结合将推动第三国国民权利保护水平不断提高。在欧盟的法治框架下，欧盟机构立法赋权、委员会监督实施和欧洲联盟法院的司法保护在欧盟层面构建起对第三国国民的权利保护机制。欧盟层面的监督和第三国国民对自身权利的捍卫从两个维度上削减了成员国主管部门的任意性权力，促使各成员国的移民与避难事务逐步实现欧盟层面的法治。
随着人权保护原则在欧盟法上的确立和发展，欧洲联盟法院新增了“基本权利法院”这个角色。在具体的案例中，欧洲联盟法院发挥司法能动性，本着保护第三国国民基本权利的态度对欧盟立法进行解释。《欧盟基本权利宪章》成为这种对第三国国民权利保护的宪法性依据。欧盟移民与避难立法为成员国留出了大量的自由裁量空间，导致在一些领域成员国仍旧可以对第三国国民的权利施加各种条件和限制。然而，欧洲联盟法院对一系列案例的判决表明，成员国自由裁量权的行使是受到约束的。即使是在立法过程中确定为成员国行使权能的事项也要符合欧盟指令的总体目标，更要受《欧盟基本权利宪章》的约束。在一些案件的裁决中，欧洲联盟法院直接援引宪章对欧盟指令中含糊不清的条文进行解释，确定第三国国民应当享有的权利。在欧盟立法协调尚不完善的领域，欧洲联盟法院通过发挥司法能动主义在一定程度上弥补了立法上的不足，使第三国国民权利的实现获得重要的司法保障。
During the constitution of Europe, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)realized the supremacy of EU law through modification of its attitude towards fundamental right.“EU Charter of Human right and Fundamental Freedoms”(the Charter) developed fundamentalright protection from the general principle of EU law to an adequate “list of rights”. As part of thisEuropean constitution process based on fundamental rights, the recently developed EUimmigration and asylum law has put the protection of fundamentals rights at the very core of thelegislation and implementation process. Third country nationals (TCNs) are no longer regarded asmere laborers, but “human right holders” instead. Protecting the rights of TCNs has become animport goal of EU immigration and asylum law.
It is believed by many scholars that the power to control immigration and asylum lies at thevery core of a state’s sovereignty. However, by promulgating directives, the European Union hasmanaged to share the competence in the field of immigration and asylum which used to becontrolled exclusively by the member states. The European Union has innovatively initiated jointlegislation in the field of immigration and asylum and has already established commonimmigration policy and common European asylum system. Immigration and asylum affairs are nolonger purely subject to sovereign control, but have already been incorporated into the system ofrule of law at the EU level.
The EU immigration and asylum directives have incorporated the concepts like “right tofamily life” and “right to asylum” in international human right law and further enrich the contentof these rights. EU law has given the right to free movement within the EU to high-skilledmigrants and long-term residents.“Equal treatment” clauses in these directives have enabledlong-term residents, employed workers and asylum seekers to enjoy equal treatment in certainareas. EU long-term resident status has become a new basis of rights alongside EU citizenship. EUimmigration and asylum legislation has helped to upgrade the rights of TCNs and made it closer tothe rights of EU citizens, as envisaged in the Tampere European Council.
More importantly, the rights of TCNs can be realized through lawsuit in courts. Individuallawsuits and the judicial activism of the CJEU have driven up the level of protection of the rightsof TCNs. The mechanism for protecting the rights of TCNs has been established including the EUlegislative empowerment, Commission’s supervision and the judicial protection of CJEU. EUlevel supervision and individual lawsuits have reduced the discretionary power of member statesand helped to realize the EU rule of law in the field of immigration and asylum. CJEU hasrecently acquired a new role of “fundamental right court”. In the cases related to immigration andasylum, CJEU has made clear its position to protect the rights of TCNs. Although the EUimmigration and asylum directives normally leave certain room for discretion to the memberstates, the CJEU judgments show that the exercise of discretion by the member states has to beconstrained by the purpose of these directives and even more importantly by the Charter. Thejudicial activism of CJEU has made up the shortcoming of legislations to a certain extent.
学界一般认为，对外来移民的管控是一个国家主权的核心内容，是不可让渡的权力。然而，欧盟通过指令这种立法方式，分享了原本专属于成员国主权事务的移民与避难领域的立法权能。作为区域性的国际组织，欧盟独创性地在欧盟层面对移民与避难事务进行共同立法，并已经初步建立了共同移民政策和共同避难体系。当前，欧盟国家有关移民事务的决策权在一定程度上已经转移至欧盟的层面。移民与避难政策已不再纯粹是成员国的主权事务，而是被纳入欧盟的法治框架之中。在欧盟立法的约束下，成员国必须在行使国家主权权力和尊重第三国国民个人权利之间达到一种平衡。
欧盟移民与避难法律继承了国际人权法中的“家庭权”、“避难权”等权利内容，并在此基础上赋予这些权利更加丰富的内涵。欧盟立法已经赋予部分第三国国民在欧盟范围内自由流动的权利，例如高技术工人和欧盟长期居民。“平等待遇”条款的使用使长期居民、受雇劳动者和避难者在一些领域能够享有与成员国国民平等的待遇。除欧盟公民身份作为权利的基础之外，长期居民身份在欧盟成为一种新的身份和权利基础。欧盟在移民与避难领域的共同立法在总体上提升了第三国国民的权利水平。坦佩雷会议赋予第三国国民与欧盟公民类似权利的目标逐步得以实现。
更为重要的是，在欧盟的法治框架中，第三国国民的各项权利可以直接在法庭上主张并通过诉讼的方式得以实现。个体诉讼与欧洲联盟法院司法能动主义的结合将推动第三国国民权利保护水平不断提高。在欧盟的法治框架下，欧盟机构立法赋权、委员会监督实施和欧洲联盟法院的司法保护在欧盟层面构建起对第三国国民的权利保护机制。欧盟层面的监督和第三国国民对自身权利的捍卫从两个维度上削减了成员国主管部门的任意性权力，促使各成员国的移民与避难事务逐步实现欧盟层面的法治。
随着人权保护原则在欧盟法上的确立和发展，欧洲联盟法院新增了“基本权利法院”这个角色。在具体的案例中，欧洲联盟法院发挥司法能动性，本着保护第三国国民基本权利的态度对欧盟立法进行解释。《欧盟基本权利宪章》成为这种对第三国国民权利保护的宪法性依据。欧盟移民与避难立法为成员国留出了大量的自由裁量空间，导致在一些领域成员国仍旧可以对第三国国民的权利施加各种条件和限制。然而，欧洲联盟法院对一系列案例的判决表明，成员国自由裁量权的行使是受到约束的。即使是在立法过程中确定为成员国行使权能的事项也要符合欧盟指令的总体目标，更要受《欧盟基本权利宪章》的约束。在一些案件的裁决中，欧洲联盟法院直接援引宪章对欧盟指令中含糊不清的条文进行解释，确定第三国国民应当享有的权利。在欧盟立法协调尚不完善的领域，欧洲联盟法院通过发挥司法能动主义在一定程度上弥补了立法上的不足，使第三国国民权利的实现获得重要的司法保障。
During the constitution of Europe, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)realized the supremacy of EU law through modification of its attitude towards fundamental right.“EU Charter of Human right and Fundamental Freedoms”(the Charter) developed fundamentalright protection from the general principle of EU law to an adequate “list of rights”. As part of thisEuropean constitution process based on fundamental rights, the recently developed EUimmigration and asylum law has put the protection of fundamentals rights at the very core of thelegislation and implementation process. Third country nationals (TCNs) are no longer regarded asmere laborers, but “human right holders” instead. Protecting the rights of TCNs has become animport goal of EU immigration and asylum law.
It is believed by many scholars that the power to control immigration and asylum lies at thevery core of a state’s sovereignty. However, by promulgating directives, the European Union hasmanaged to share the competence in the field of immigration and asylum which used to becontrolled exclusively by the member states. The European Union has innovatively initiated jointlegislation in the field of immigration and asylum and has already established commonimmigration policy and common European asylum system. Immigration and asylum affairs are nolonger purely subject to sovereign control, but have already been incorporated into the system ofrule of law at the EU level.
The EU immigration and asylum directives have incorporated the concepts like “right tofamily life” and “right to asylum” in international human right law and further enrich the contentof these rights. EU law has given the right to free movement within the EU to high-skilledmigrants and long-term residents.“Equal treatment” clauses in these directives have enabledlong-term residents, employed workers and asylum seekers to enjoy equal treatment in certainareas. EU long-term resident status has become a new basis of rights alongside EU citizenship. EUimmigration and asylum legislation has helped to upgrade the rights of TCNs and made it closer tothe rights of EU citizens, as envisaged in the Tampere European Council.
More importantly, the rights of TCNs can be realized through lawsuit in courts. Individuallawsuits and the judicial activism of the CJEU have driven up the level of protection of the rightsof TCNs. The mechanism for protecting the rights of TCNs has been established including the EUlegislative empowerment, Commission’s supervision and the judicial protection of CJEU. EUlevel supervision and individual lawsuits have reduced the discretionary power of member statesand helped to realize the EU rule of law in the field of immigration and asylum. CJEU hasrecently acquired a new role of “fundamental right court”. In the cases related to immigration andasylum, CJEU has made clear its position to protect the rights of TCNs. Although the EUimmigration and asylum directives normally leave certain room for discretion to the memberstates, the CJEU judgments show that the exercise of discretion by the member states has to beconstrained by the purpose of these directives and even more importantly by the Charter. Thejudicial activism of CJEU has made up the shortcoming of legislations to a certain extent.
引文
1有关国际移民总量的数字，详见联合国经济与社会事务部人口司的报告“国际移民存量趋势：2013年更新”，http://esa.un.org/unmigration/TIMSA2013/migrantstocks2013.htm?mtotals，2014年4月11日最后登录。
2联合国经济与社会事务部人口司的报告“国际移民存量趋势：2013年更新”。
1[美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著，周琪等译：《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》，新华出版社2012年版，第176页。
22United Nations, Recommendations on statistics of international migrations. Revision1, Statistical Papers, seriesM No.58, Rev.1, New York,1998, p17.
3United Nations, Recommendations on statistics of international migrations. Revision1, Statistical Papers, seriesM No.58, Rev.1, New York,1998, p95.
4IOM（国际移民组织），Glossary on Migration, http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/IML_1_EN.pdf,2014年4月12日访问。
1李明欢著：《国际移民政策研究》，厦门大学出版社，2011年版，第6页。
2李明欢著：《国际移民政策研究》，厦门大学出版社，2011年版，第6页。
3李明欢著：《国际移民政策研究》，厦门大学出版社，2011年版，第6页。
1Christina Boswell and Andrew Geddes,“Migration and Mobility in the European Union”, Palgrave Macmillan,2011, p3.”
1Douglas S. Massey, Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrina and J. Edward Taylor,“Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal”, Population and Development Review,19(3)(1993):431‐466.
2参见Caroline B. Brettell and James F. Hollifield,“Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines”, Routledge,2000,p3.
3Douglas S. Massey, Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrina and J. Edward Taylor,“Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal”, Population and Development Review,19(3)(1993):431‐466.
1J. Simon,“Immigrants, Taxes and Welfare in the United States”, Population and Development Review, Vol.10, No.1, p55‐59.
2Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka,“Interaction Between International Migration and the Welfare State”,International Migration: Trends, Policies and Economic Impact, Edited by Slobodan Djajic, Routledge,2001,p69‐89.
3Gary Freeman, Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States, International Migration Review,xxix(4)(1995), p431‐466.
4J. F. Hollifield, The Politics of International Migration: How Can We Bring the State Back In?, C. B. Brettel&J. F.Hollifield eds.,“Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines”, Routledge,2000, p137‐185.
1Christof Roos, The EU and Immigration Policies: Cracks in the Walls of Fortress Europe?, Palgrave Macmillan,2013.
2[美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著，周琪等译：《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》，新华出版社2012年版，第177页。
3Stanley Hoffmann,“The Case for Leadership”, Foreign Policy,81(winter1990‐1991), P30.
4[美]萨义德著，王宇根译，《东方学》，生活读书新知三联书店2007年版。
5Robin Cohen, Migration and Its Enemies: Global Capital, Migrant Labour and the Nation‐State, AshgatePublishing,2006, p90‐109.
1有关人权保护国际化的历史，参见莫纪宏：《国际人权公约与中国》，世界知识出版社2005年版。
2王哲：《西方政治法律学说史》，北京大学出版社1988年版，第133页。
1张爱宁：《国际人权法专论》，法律出版社2006年版，第53‐54页。
2[美]罗纳德·德沃金著：《认真对待权利》，信春鹰、吴玉章译，中国大百科全书出版社1998年版，中文版序言第21页。
3夏勇：《人权概念起源》，中国社会科学出版社，2007年版，第147页。
1有关欧洲人权法院的情况介绍，参见欧洲人权法院网站文章，“Court in brief”,http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Court_in_brief_ENG.pdf，2013年9月24日登录。
2朱晓青：《欧洲一体化进程中人权法律地位的演变》，《法学研究》2002年05期，第136‐151页。
1Case1/58, Stork v High Authority of the ECSC [1959] ECR17.
2Joined cases36,37,38and40/59, Geitling v. High Authority [1960] ECR423.
3Case40/64, Sgarlata v Commission of the EEC [1965]ECR215.
4Case6/64, Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR585.
5Case92/78Simmenthal v Commission [1979] ECR777.
6赵海峰：《欧洲法问题专论》，中国法制出版社2007年版，第166页。
7Case29/69ECR419，Stauder v. City of Ulm.
1Case11/70，International Handelsgesellschaft v Einfuhr‐und Vorratsstelle Getreide [1970] ECR1125.
2Case4/73J. Nold v. Commission [1974] ECR491.
3赵海峰：《欧洲法问题专论》，中国法制出版社2007年版，第58页。
4“Single European Act”,http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/documents/treaties/singleuropeanact.pdf,2013年10月8日最后登录。
5Treaty on the European Union，Official Journal C191,29July1992.
1赵海峰：《欧洲法问题专论》，中国法制出版社2007年版，第62页。
2“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal2000，C364/1.
3欧洲联盟法院在欧洲议会诉理事会一案（C540/03）中提到《欧洲基本权利宪章》，尽管当时宪章尚未生效。
4程卫东、李靖堃译：《欧洲联盟基础条约》，社科文献出版社2010年版，第34页。
1Judgment of2.3.2010—Joined Cases C‐175/08, C‐176/08, C‐178/08AND C‐179/08，参见欧洲联盟法院网站http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=fr&jur=C,T,F&num=c‐179/08&td=ALL，2013年10月8日最后登录。
2“2012Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights”，COM(2013)271final.
1Communication adopted by the Commission on19.10.2010，“Strategy for the effective implementationof the Charter of Fundamental Rights by the European Union“，COM (2010)573final，p7.22011Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, COM(2012)169final, Brussels,16April2012.
3ECJ, Case C‐236/09, Test‐Achats,30.4.2011.
4CJEU, Case T‐439/10and T‐440/10, Fulmen and F. Mahloudian v Council,21.3.2012.
5CJEU, Case C‐355/10, European Parliament v. Council of EU,5.9.2012.
1参见委员会报告“2012Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights”，http://ec.europa.eu/justice/fundamental‐rights/files/charter_report_2012_en.pdf，2013年10月8日最后登录。
2CJEU, Case C370/12, Pringle v Ireland,27.11.2012
3European Commission，“2010Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights”,COM(2011)160final, Brussels,30March2011.
1ECtHR, MSS v Belgium and Greece, application no.30696/09,21.01.2011.
2ECJ, joined cases C‐411/10and C‐493/10, N.S. v Secretary of State for the Home Department and M.E. e.a. vRefugee Applications Commissioner,21.12.2011.
3赵海峰：《欧洲法问题专论》，中国法制出版社2007年版，第169页。
1“Single European Act”，Official Journal of the European Communities, L169, Vol.30,29June1986，p7.
2有关欧共体各机构和成员国在移民方面的立场分歧，参见Diego Acosta Arcarazo,“The Long-TermResidence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship”, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011，p43-74.
1“Treaty on the European Union”, Official Journal of the European Union, C191,29July1992.
2“Council Resolution of20June1994on limitation of admission of third‐country nationals to the territory ofthe Member states for employment”，Official Journal of the European Communities，C274/3，19.9.1996;“CouncilResolution of30November1994on limitation on admission of third‐country nationals to the territory of theMember states for the purpose of pursuing activities as self‐employed persons”, Official Journal of the EuropeanCommunities，C274/7，19.9.1996.
3“Council Resolution of30November1994on the admission of third‐country nationals to the territory of theMember States for study purpose”, Official Journal of the European Communities，C274/10，19.9.1996.
4“Council Resolution of20June1995on minimum guarantees for asylum procedures”，Official Journal of theEuropean Communities，C274/13，19.9.1996.
5“Council Recommendation of24July1995on the guiding principles to be followed in drawing up protocols onthe implementation of readmission agreements”，Official Journal of the European Communities，C274/25，19.9.1996.
6七个国家包括比利时、法国、德国、卢森堡和荷兰这五个创始成员国和后加入的西班牙和葡萄牙。
1有关申根区域的发展现状，参见欧盟网站http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home‐affairs/what‐we‐do/policies/borders‐and‐visas/schengen/index_en.htm，2013年10月12日最后登录。
2Treaty establishing the European Community (consolidated text)，Official Journal C325/33of24December
2002.
1“Council Decision of22December2004providing for certain areas covered by Title IV of Part Three of theTreaty establishing the European Community to be governed by the procedure laid down in Article251of thatTreaty”, Official Journal of the European Union, L396/45,31.12.2004.
1《欧洲联盟基础条约——经<里斯本条约>修订》，程卫东、李靖堃译，社会科学文献出版社，2010, p77‐78。
1《欧洲联盟基础条约——经<里斯本条约>修订》，程卫东、李靖堃译，社会科学文献出版社，2010, p77‐78。
2Treaty establishing the European Community (consolidated text)，Official Journal C325/33of24December2002.
1“Presidency Conclusion”, Tampere European Council,15‐16October1999, SN200/99Brussels.
2“Council Resolution of4December1997on the Combating of Marriage of Convenience”, Official Journal of theEuropean Communities, C382/1,16.12.1997.
3“Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on a CommunityImmigration Policy”，COM(2000)757，22.11.2000.
1Sergio Carrera,“The Impact of the Treaty of Lisbon over EU Policies on Migration, Asylum and Borders: theStruggles over the Ownership of the Stockholm Programme”, Elspeth Guild and Paul Minderhoud,“The FirstDecade of EU Migration and Asylum Law”, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011, p230-254.
2“Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Area of Freedom,Security and Justice: Assessment of the Tampere Programme and Future Orientations”, COM(2004)401,2.6.2004.
1“Presidency Conclusions”, Brussels European Council4/5November2004,14292/1/04REV1,8December2004.http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/82534.pdf,2014年3月5日最后登录。
2“The Hague Programme: Ten Priorities for the Next Five years‐The Partnership for European Renewal in theField of Freedom, Security and Justice”，COM（2005）184，10.5.2005.
1“European Pact on Immigration and Asylum”，http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/jl0038_en.htm，2014年3月5日最后登录。
2Case C‐540/03, European Parliament v. Council.
3Sergio Carrera&Elspeth Guild，“The French Presidency’s European Pact on Immigration and Asylum:Intergovernmentalism vs. Europeanisation? Security vs. Rights?”，CEPS policy brief, September2008.
1参见欧洲理事会2009年12月11日决议，European Council Conclusions,10/11DECEMBER2009,http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/st00006.en09.pdf，2013年10月16日最后登录。
3“The Stockholm Programme–An open and secure Europe serving and protecting citizens”, Official Journal C115of4.5.2010，p27‐31.
1Sergio Carrera,“The Impact of the Treaty of Lisbon over EU Policies on Migration, Asylum andBorders: the Struggles over the Ownership of the Stockholm Programme”, Elspeth Guild and PaulMinderhoud,“The First Decade of EU Migration and Asylum Law”, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011, p230-254.
1参见赫鲁怡著：《欧盟国际移民法律制度研究》，人民出版社2011年版。
2宋全成、葛谨雁，《移民政策中的民族国家主权的部分让渡与欧洲一体化》，《欧洲》2000年第5期，第57页。
3宋全成、葛谨雁，《移民政策中的民族国家主权的部分让渡与欧洲一体化》，《欧洲》2000年第5期，第55页。
1《欧洲联盟基础条约——经<里斯本条约>修订》，程卫东、李靖堃译，社会科学文献出版社，2010, p75‐80。
5“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal of the European Union, C83/389,30.3.2010.
1程卫东、李靖堃译：《欧洲联盟基础条约——经里斯本条约修订》，社科文献出版社2010年版。
2Nicola Rogers，“Free Movement of Persons in the Enlarged European Union”，Sweet&Maxwell,2012.
3有关欧盟与EEA国家、土耳其和马其顿的协议内容，参见赫鲁怡著：《欧盟国际移民法律制度研究》，人民出版社2011年版。
1《欧共体及其成员国与阿尔巴尼亚的稳定与联系协定》，欧盟官方公报OJ2009L107，第166页。
2有关欧盟与东欧、中亚、地中海和ACP国家协议的内容，参见Diego Acosta Arcarazo, The Long-TermResidence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011，p26-29.
1程卫东、李靖堃译：《欧洲联盟基础条约——经里斯本条约修订》，社科文献出版社2010年版。
1“Presidency Conclusion”, Tampere European Council,15‐16October1999, SN200/99Brussels, p3.
1《欧洲联盟基础条约——经<里斯本条约>修订》，程卫东、李靖堃译，社会科学文献出版社，2010。
2为督促卢森堡将《家庭团聚权指令》转化实施，委员会在2007年将卢森堡诉至欧洲联盟法院，（Case C‐57/07,委员会诉卢森堡）；为监督《长期居民指令》的实施，委员会将葡萄牙、西班牙和卢森堡诉至欧洲联盟法院，详见C‐5/07(委员会诉葡萄牙), C‐59/07(委员会诉西班牙)以及C‐34/07(委员会诉卢森堡)。
3ECJ C‐578/08.
1Axel Kreienbrink and Stefan Rühl,“Family Reunification in Germany Small Scale Study IV in the Framework ofthe European Migration Network”, p36,http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home‐affairs/what‐we‐do/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn‐studies/family‐reunification/2._de_emn_ncp_small‐scale_study_iv_family_reunification_final_en_version_en.pdf,2014年3月5日最后登录。
1《世界人权宣言》，http://www.un.org/zh/documents/udhr/。
2《公民和政治权利公约》，http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20999/volume‐999‐I‐14668‐English.pdf。
1《欧洲人权公约》，http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf。
2“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal of the European Union, C83/389,30.3.2010.
3Sonia Morano‐Foadi and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2012, p280.
4Sonia Morano‐Foadi and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2012, p280.
1“Council Directive2003/86/EC of22September2003on the right to family reunification”, Official Journal L251,03/10/2003.
2参见宋全成著：《欧洲移民研究》，山东大学出版社2007版，p121‐157。
1委员会，《关于居住在欧盟的第三国国民家庭团聚权的绿皮书》，COM(2011)735of15.11.2011，p2.
2Acosta Arcarazo，An EU rule of law in the area of migration policy，Journal of Common Market Studies，2013，Volume51，No.2, p179‐193.
3“Council Resolution of4December1997on the Combating of Marriage of Convenience”, Official Journal of theEuropean Communities, C382/1,16.12.1997.
4Kees Groenendijk，Roel Fernhout，Dominique van Dam，Ricky van Oers，Tineke Strik，“The Family ReunificationDirective in the Member States: the First year of Implementation”, Nijmegen: WLP,2007.
1“Council Directive2003/86/EC of22September2003on the right to family reunification”, Official Journal L251,03/10/2003.
1“Council Directive2003/86/EC of22September2003on the right to family reunification”, Official Journal L251,03/10/2003.
2“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/86/EC on the Right to Family Reunification”, COM(2008)610,8.10.2008, p10‐25.
1Kees Groenendijk，Roel Fernhout，Dominique van Dam，Ricky van Oers，Tineke Strik，“The family reunificationdirective in the member states: the First year of implantation”, Nijmegen: WLP,2007.
2Steven Peers and Nic holas Rogers, Eu Immigration And Asylum Law: Text And Commentary, Martinus NijhofPublishers,2006, p590.
3C540/03，European Parliament v. Council.
4“Council Directive2003/86/EC of22September2003on the right to family reunification”, Official Journal L251,03/10/2003.
5CaseC‐540/03judgment, para.60.
1CaseC‐540/03judgment, para.37.
2CaseC‐540/03judgment, para.104,105.
3Axel Kreienbrink and Stefan Rühl,“Family Reunification in Germany Small Scale Study IV in the Framework ofthe European Migration Network”, p31‐33,http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home‐affairs/what‐we‐do/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn‐studies/family‐reunification/2._de_emn_ncp_small‐scale_study_iv_family_reunification_final_en_version_en.pdf,2014年3月5日最后登录。
2Tineke Strik, Betty de Hart and Ellen Nissen,“Family Reunification: a Barrier or facilitator of integration? AComparative Study”，http://familyreunification.eu/wp‐content/uploads/2013/03/FamilyReunification‐web1.pdf，2014年3月5日最后登录。
3Directive2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of29April2004on the Right of Citizens ofthe Union and Their Family Members to Move and Reside Freely within the Territory of the Member States,official Journal of the European Union l158,30.4.2004.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/86/EC on the Right to Family Reunification”, COM(2008)610,8.10.2008, p5.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/86/EC on the Right to Family Reunification”, COM(2008)610,8.10.2008.
2Case C‐57/07, commission v. Luxemburg.
3Kees Groenendijk，Roel Fernhout，Dominique van Dam，Ricky van Oers，Tineke Strik，“The family reunificationdirective in the member states: the First year of implantation”, Nijmegen: WLP,2007.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/86/EC on the Right to Family Reunification”, COM(2008)610,8.10.2008.
4International Organization for Migration,“Laws for Legal Immigration in the27EU Member States”,2009.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/86/EC on the Right to Family Reunification”, COM(2008)610,8.10.2008.
2有关《家庭团聚权指令》在申请人住房、保险、收入、融合条件以及家庭成员独立居留许可和工作权方面相关条款的转化实施情况，参见委员会《关于2003/86/EC家庭团聚权指令实施情况的报告》，COM(2008)610。
2Family Reunification: A Barrier or Facilitator of Integration? A Comparative Study，p20
1Tineke Strik, Betty de Hart and Ellen Nissen,“Family Reunification: a Barrier or facilitator of integration? AComparative Study”，p20，http://familyreunification.eu/wp‐content/uploads/2013/03/FamilyReunification‐web1.pdf，2014年3月5日最后对
1Case C‐578/08Chakroun v. Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken,[2010] ECR I‐0000.
2Case C‐578/08, Paras.40of the Advocate‐General’s Opinion.
3Case C‐578/08, Paras.70of the Advocate‐General’s Opinion.
4Case C‐578/08, Judgment Paras.41‐43.
1Case C‐578/08, judgment Para52.
2Case C‐578/08, judgment Para64.
3Anja Wiesbrock, The Right to Family Reunification of Third‐Country Nationals under EU Law; Decision of4March2010, Case C‐578/08, Rhimou Chakroun v. Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken, European ConstitutionalLaw Review,6:462–480,2010，p18.
4CJEU Case155/11PPU, Bibi Mohammad Imran v Minister van Buitenlanse Zaken, OJC219, July2011.
1CJEU Case155/11PPU, Bibi Mohammad Imran v Minister van Buitenlanse Zaken, OJC219, July2011.
2Acosta Arcarazo，An EU rule of law in the area of migration policy，Journal of Common Market Studies，2013，Volume51，No.2, p179‐193.
3Sec.30(1), German Residence Act.
4Sonia Morano‐Foadi and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2012, p319.
1Sonia Morano‐Foadi and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2012, p304‐315.
2Sonia Morano‐Foadi and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2012, p316.
1Christof Roos,“The EU and Immigration Policy: Cracks in the Walls of Fortress Europe?”, Palgrave Macmillan,2013, p108.
2Kees Groenendijk，Roel Fernhout，Dominique van Dam，Ricky van Oers，Tineke Strik，“The family reunificationdirective in the member states: the First year of implantation”, Nijmegen: WLP,2007.
4有关《家庭团聚权指令》促进第三国国民家庭团聚权实现的具体例证，参见Kees Groenendijk，RoelFernhout，Dominique van Dam，Ricky van Oers，Tineke Strik，“The family reunification directive in the memberstates: the First year of implantation”, Nijmegen: WLP,2007.
1T. Kostakopoulou,“Long‐Term Resident Third Country Nationals in the European Union: Normative Expectationsand Institutional Openings”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol.28(3), p443.
2K. Groenendijk,“Security of Residence and Access to Free Movement for Settled Third Country Nationals underCommunity Law”, in E. Guild and C. Harlow (eds.) Implementing Amsterdam, Immigration and Asylum Rights in ECLaw, Hart Publishing: Oxford, p225.
3K. Groenendijk and E. Guild,“Converging Criteria: Creating an Area of Security of Residence for Europe’s ThirdCountry Nationals”, European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol.3, p40.
1“Council Directive2003/109/EC of25November2003concerning the status of third‐country nationals who arelong‐term residents”, Official Journal of the European Union, L16/44,23.1.24, P1.
2Recital18,“Council Directive2003/109/EC of25November2003concerning the status of third‐countrynationals who are long‐term residents”, Official Journal of the European Union, L16/44,23.1.24.
1Louise Halleskov Storgaard,“The Long‐Term Residents Directive: A Fulfillment of the Tampere Objectives ofNear‐Equality?”, Elspeth Guild and Paul Minderhoud, The First Decade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, MartinusNijhoff Publishers,2011, p324.
2Directive2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of29April2004on the Right of Citizens ofthe Union and their Family Members to Move andReside Freely within the Territory of the Member States, OfficialJournal of the European Union, L158,30.4.2004.
1欧洲联盟法院案例C‐5/07(委员会诉葡萄牙), C‐59/07(委员会诉西班牙)以及C‐34/07(委员会诉卢森堡)。
2“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Directive2003/109/EC concerning the status of third‐country nationals who are long‐term residents”，COM(2011)585,28.9.2011, p2‐9.
2Diego Acosta Arcarazo, The Long‐Term Residence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship, Martinus NijhoffPublishers,2011, p102.
3Cresencia Cabotaje Motilla v Republic of Cyprus through the Interior Minister and the Chief Immigration Officer,Supreme Court Case No.673/2006(21January2008).
4Diego Acosta Arcarazo, The Long‐Term Residence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship, Martinus NijhoffPublishers,2011, p104.
1Nicos Trimikliniotis, Country Report: Cyprus, European Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute,2010, P17.
2Diego Acosta Arcarazo, The Long‐Term Residence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship, Martinus NijhoffPublishers,2011, p107‐119.
3C‐502/10, Staatssecretaris van Justitie v Mangat Singh.
4C‐502/10，Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber),18October2012.
1C‐502/10，Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber),18October2012.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Directive2003/109/EC concerning the status of third‐country nationals who are long‐term residents”，COM(2011)585,28.9.2011, p2‐9.
2C‐508/10, Commission v. Netherlands.
3C‐508/10, Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber),26April2012.
5C‐508/10, Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber),26April2012.
2C‐508/10, Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber),26April2012.
1“Council Directive2003/109/EC of25November2003concerning the status of third‐country nationals who arelong‐term residents”, Official Journal of the European Union, L16/44,23.1.24.
2“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Directive2003/109/EC concerning the status of third‐country nationals who are long‐term residents”，COM(2011)585,28.9.2011, p2‐9.
3C‐571/10, Kamberaj.
1C‐571/10, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber),24April2012.
2C‐571/10, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber),24April2012.
1Steve Peers,“EU Immigration and Asylum Law”, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV,2012, p325‐330.
2Steve Peers,“EU Immigration and Asylum Law”, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV,2012, p325‐330.
1Diego Acosta Arcarazo, The Long‐Term Residence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship, Martinus NijhoffPublishers,2011, p228.
1《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》，联合国人权事务网站http://www.un.org/chinese/hr/issue/esc.htm，2014年3月6日最后登录。
2“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal of the European Union, C83/389,30.3.2010，p397‐398.
1“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal of the European Union, C83/389,30.3.2010，p397‐398.
1Recital3,“Council Directive2009/50/EC of25May2009on the conditions of entry and residence ofthird‐country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, Official Journal of the European Union L155,18.6.2009.
2Council directive2004/114/EC of13December2004on the conditions of admission of third‐country nationalsfor the purposes of studies, pupil exchange, unremunerated training or voluntary service.
3“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2004/114/EC on the conditions of admission of third‐country nationals for the purposes of studies, pupil exchange,unremunerated training or voluntary service”, COM(2011)587, Brussels,28.9.2011.
1CJEU Case C‐568/10, Commission v. Austria.
2Council directive2005/71/EC of12October2005on a specific procedure for admitting third country nationalsfor the purposes of scientific research.
3“Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the conditions of entry andresidence of third‐country nationals for the purposes of research, studies, pupil exchange, remunerated andunremunerated training, voluntary service and au pairing”, COM(2013)151,2013/0081(COD)25.3.2013.
1“Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the conditions of entry andresidence of third‐country nationals for the purposes of research, studies, pupil exchange, remunerated andunremunerated training, voluntary service and au pairing”, COM(2013)151,2013/0081(COD)25.3.2013.
1“Regulation (EU) No492/2011of the European Parliament and the Council of5April2011on freedom ofmovement for workers within the Union”，Official Journal of the European Union, L141/1,27.5.2011.
2“Council Resolution of20June1994on limitation of admission of third‐country nationals to the territory of theMember states for employment”，Official Journal of the European Communities，C274/3，19.9.1996.
1International Organization for Migration,“Laws for Legal Immigration in the27EU Member States”,2009,p75‐78.
1International Organization for Migration,“Laws for Legal Immigration in the27EU Member States”,2009,p135‐501.。
1“Commission Communication on a Community Immigration Policy”, COM(2000)757,22.11.2000.
2“Proposal for a Council Directive on the conditions of entry and residence of third‐country nationals for thepurpose of paid employment and self‐employed economic activities”, OJ C332E,27.11.2001, p.248–256.
3Commission Communication,“Policy Plan on Legal Migration”, COM (2005)669,21.12.2005.
1“Presidency Conclusions”, Lisbon European Council of23/24.3.2000,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lis1_en.htm,2014年3月6日最后登录。
2“Presidency Conclusions”, Brussels European Council4/5November2004,14292/1/04REV1,8December2004，http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/82534.pdf,2014年3月6日最后登录。
3“European Commission, Explanatory Memorandum to the Proposal for a Council Directive on the conditions ofentry and residence of third‐country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, COM(2007)637,23.10.2007.
4“Council Directive2009/50/EC of25May2009on the conditions of entry and residence of third‐countrynationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, Official Journal of the European Union L155,18.6.2009.
1“Council Directive2009/50/EC of25May2009on the conditions of entry and residence of third‐countrynationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, Official Journal of the European Union L155,18.6.2009.
1“Council Directive2009/50/EC of25May2009on the conditions of entry and residence of third‐countrynationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, Official Journal of the European Union L155,18.6.2009.
1Lucie Cerna,“Understanding the diversity of EU migration policy in practice: the implementation of the BlueCard initiative”,“Policy Studies”,34:2,180‐200, DOI:10.1080/01442872.2013.767587.
2“Attracting Highly Qualified and Qualified Third‐Country Nationals”，European Migration Network Study2013，http://www.emn.lv/wp‐content/uploads/emnsr_attractinghqworkers_finalversion_23oct2013_publication.pdf.
1“Attracting Highly Qualified and Qualified Third‐Country Nationals”，European Migration Network Study2013，http://www.emn.lv/wp‐content/uploads/emnsr_attractinghqworkers_finalversion_23oct2013_publication.pdf.
2Katharina Eisele，“Why come here if I can go there? Assessing the ‘Attractiveness’ of the EU’s Blue CardDirective for ‘Highly Qualified’ Immigrants，CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security, No.60/October2013.
3有关德国、法国、西班牙、匈牙利和瑞典对《蓝卡指令》的转化措施，参见Katharina Eisele，“Why comehere if I can go there? Assessing the ‘Attractiveness’ of the EU’s Blue Card Directive for ‘Highly Qualified’Immigrants，CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security, No.60/October2013；有关保加利亚、捷克、罗马尼亚和斯洛伐克对《蓝卡指令》的转化措施参见Lucie Cerna (2013) Understanding the diversity of EU migration policy inpractice: the implementation of the Blue Card initiative,“Policy Studies”,34:2,180‐200, DOI:10.1080/01442872.2013.767587
1“Attracting Highly Qualified and Qualified Third‐Country Nationals”，European Migration Network Study2013.
2C. Dauvergne,“Sovereignty, Migration and the Rule of Law in Global Times”, The Modern Law Review,67(4),2004.
3Lucie Cerna，The EU Blue Card: Preferences, Policies, and Negotiations between Member States, MigrationStudies,2013, p1–24.
1Y.K. Gumus,“EU Blue Card Scheme: The Rights Step in the Right Direction?”, European Journal of Migration andLaw,12:435‐453,2010.
2S. Carrera (2007),“Building a Common Policy on Labour Immigration: Towards a Comprehensive and GlobalApproach in the EU”, CEPS Working Document No.256, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, p.2.
3Recital7,“Council Directive2009/50/EC of25May2009on the conditions of entry and residence ofthird‐country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, Official Journal of the European Union L155,18.6.2009.
1Mortiz Jesse,“Third Country Nationals, Integration andAccess to Employment and Occupation under EU Law”,Morano-Foadi, Sonia and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Publishing Limited,2012.
1“Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees”, http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.pdf.
2“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal of the European Union, C83/389,30.3.2010.
4“Directive2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of13December2011on standards for thequalification of third‐country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for auniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protectiongranted”，Official Journal of the European Union, L337/920,12.2011, p3‐13.
1程卫东、李靖堃译，《欧洲联盟基础条约——经<里斯本条约>修订》，社会科学文献出版社，2010
1Dimiter Toshkov&Laura de Haan (2013)“The Europeanization of asylum policy: an assessment of the EUimpact on asylum applications and recognitions rates”, Journal of European Public Policy,20:5,661‐683.
2“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the evaluation of the Dublinsystem”, COM(2007)299final, Brussels,6.6.2007.
3“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2004/83/EC of29April2004on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals orStateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons Who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of theProtection”, COM(2010)314，Brussels,16.6.2010.
4“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2005/85/EC of1December2005on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting andwithdrawing refugee status, Brussels, COM(2011)901final,20.12.2011.
5“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/9/EC OF27January2003Laying Down Minimum Standards for the Reception of Asylum Seekers”,COM(2007)745,26.11.2007.
1Regulation (EU) No604/2013of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2013establishing anapplication for international protection lodged in one of the member states by a third country national or astateless person, L180, Official Journal of the European Union,29.6.2013.
1UNHCR, Response to the European Commission’s Green Paper on the Future Common European Asylum System,September2007, p.38.
2Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the evaluation of the Dublinsystem,Com（2007）299.
3Steve Peers, EU Justice and Home Affairs Law, Oxford University Press,2011, p362.
1Joint cases C‐411/10and C‐493/10, N.S. v Secretary of State for the Home Department et M.E. and Others vRefugee Applications Commissioner and Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform.
2“Directive2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of13December2011on standards forthe qualification of third‐country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for auniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protectiongranted”，Official Journal of the European Union, L337/920,12.2011, p3‐13.
1“Directive2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of13December2011on standards for thequalification of third‐country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for auniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protectiongranted”，Official Journal of the European Union, L337/920,12.2011, p3‐13.
3“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2004/83/EC of29April2004on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals orStateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons Who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of theProtection”, COM(2010)314，Brussels,16.6.2010.
1Joint cases C‐57/09and C‐101/09, Germany v. B. and Germany v. D. and others.
1Judgment, CJEU Joined Cases C‐175/08, C‐176/08, C‐178/08and C‐179/08.
1CJEU, Joined cases C‐71/11and C‐99/11[2012], Federal Republic of Germany v. Y and Z.
2C‐465/07Elgafaji and Elgafaji v Staatssecretarus van Justitie, ECR [2009] I‐921.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2004/83/EC of29April2004on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals orStateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons Who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of theProtection”, COM(2010)314，Brussels,16.6.2010.
2“Directive2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2013laying down standards forthe reception of applicants for international protection”，L180/96, Official Journal of the European Union,29.6.2013.
1“Directive2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2013laying down standards forthe reception of applicants for international protection”，L180/96, Official Journal of the European Union,29.6.2013, p101.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive ofDirective2003/9/EC OF27January2003Laying Down Minimum Standards for the Reception of Asylum Seekers”,COM(2007)745,26.11.2007.
1Directive2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2013on common procedures forgranting and withdrawing international protection”，L180, Official Journal of the European Union,29.6.2013
1Case C‐431/10，European Commission v Ireland. European Court Reports2011Page I‐00056.
1C‐69/10, Brahim Samba Diouf v Ministre du Travail, de l’Emploi et de l’ Immigration, Judgement of28July2011.
2C‐69/10Judgment, Official Journal of the European Union C298/6,8.10.2011.
1Kee Groenendijk,“Introduction: Migration and Law in Europe”, Elspeth Guild and Paul Minderhoud, The FirstDecade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011, p9.
1Steve Peers，Elspeth Guild，Diego Acosta Arcarazo，Kees Groenendijk, EU Immigration and Asylum Law: Textand Commentary: Second Revised Edition, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2012, p25.
1Kee Groenendijk,“Introduction: Migration and Law in Europe”, Elspeth Guild and Paul Minderhoud, The FirstDecade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011, p4.
1Sara Iglesias Sánchez, Fundamental Rights Protection for Third Country Nationals and Citizens of the Union:Principles for Enhancing Coherence, European Journal of Migration and Law15(2013)137–153.
2Denis Martin, Louise Halleskov Storgaard和Kee Groenendijk都在各自的文章中提到了这种“类比式”的解释方式，参见Elspeth Guild and Paul Minderhoud, The First Decade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, MartinusNijhoff Publishers,2011.
3Case C‐291‐05,Eind,[2007] ECRI‐10719.
4Case C‐127/08, Metock,[2008] ECRI‐6241.
5Seyla Benhabib，The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents and Citizens, Cambridge University Press,2004，p158.
6Migration Policy Group，“Migrant Political Participation”，January2013, http://www.integration.eu.
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“Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on aCommunity Immigration Policy”，COM(2000)757，22.11.2000.
“Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Area ofFreedom, Security and Justice: Assessment of the Tampere Programme and Future Orientations”,COM(2004)401,2.6.2004.
European Commission，“The Stockholm Programme–An open and secure Europe serving andprotecting citizens”, Official Journal C115of4.5.2010.
“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application ofDirective2003/109/EC concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-termresidents”，COM(2011)585,28.9.2011.
“Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the application ofDirective2005/71/EC on a specific procedure for admitting third country nationals for thepurposes of scientific research”, COM(2011)901，20.12.2011.
“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the evaluation ofthe Dublin system”, COM(2007)299final, Brussels,6.6.2007.
“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application ofDirective2005/85/EC of1December2005on minimum standards on procedures in MemberStates for granting and withdrawing refugee status, Brussels, COM(2011)901final,20.12.2011.
“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application ofDirective2003/9/EC OF27January2003Laying Down Minimum Standards for the Receptionof Asylum Seekers”, COM(2007)745,26.11.2007.
UNHCR, Response to the European Commission’s Green Paper on the Future Common EuropeanAsylum System, September2007.
2联合国经济与社会事务部人口司的报告“国际移民存量趋势：2013年更新”。
1[美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著，周琪等译：《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》，新华出版社2012年版，第176页。
22United Nations, Recommendations on statistics of international migrations. Revision1, Statistical Papers, seriesM No.58, Rev.1, New York,1998, p17.
3United Nations, Recommendations on statistics of international migrations. Revision1, Statistical Papers, seriesM No.58, Rev.1, New York,1998, p95.
4IOM（国际移民组织），Glossary on Migration, http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/IML_1_EN.pdf,2014年4月12日访问。
1李明欢著：《国际移民政策研究》，厦门大学出版社，2011年版，第6页。
2李明欢著：《国际移民政策研究》，厦门大学出版社，2011年版，第6页。
3李明欢著：《国际移民政策研究》，厦门大学出版社，2011年版，第6页。
1Christina Boswell and Andrew Geddes,“Migration and Mobility in the European Union”, Palgrave Macmillan,2011, p3.”
1Douglas S. Massey, Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrina and J. Edward Taylor,“Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal”, Population and Development Review,19(3)(1993):431‐466.
2参见Caroline B. Brettell and James F. Hollifield,“Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines”, Routledge,2000,p3.
3Douglas S. Massey, Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrina and J. Edward Taylor,“Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal”, Population and Development Review,19(3)(1993):431‐466.
1J. Simon,“Immigrants, Taxes and Welfare in the United States”, Population and Development Review, Vol.10, No.1, p55‐59.
2Assaf Razin and Efraim Sadka,“Interaction Between International Migration and the Welfare State”,International Migration: Trends, Policies and Economic Impact, Edited by Slobodan Djajic, Routledge,2001,p69‐89.
3Gary Freeman, Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic States, International Migration Review,xxix(4)(1995), p431‐466.
4J. F. Hollifield, The Politics of International Migration: How Can We Bring the State Back In?, C. B. Brettel&J. F.Hollifield eds.,“Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines”, Routledge,2000, p137‐185.
1Christof Roos, The EU and Immigration Policies: Cracks in the Walls of Fortress Europe?, Palgrave Macmillan,2013.
2[美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著，周琪等译：《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》，新华出版社2012年版，第177页。
3Stanley Hoffmann,“The Case for Leadership”, Foreign Policy,81(winter1990‐1991), P30.
4[美]萨义德著，王宇根译，《东方学》，生活读书新知三联书店2007年版。
5Robin Cohen, Migration and Its Enemies: Global Capital, Migrant Labour and the Nation‐State, AshgatePublishing,2006, p90‐109.
1有关人权保护国际化的历史，参见莫纪宏：《国际人权公约与中国》，世界知识出版社2005年版。
2王哲：《西方政治法律学说史》，北京大学出版社1988年版，第133页。
1张爱宁：《国际人权法专论》，法律出版社2006年版，第53‐54页。
2[美]罗纳德·德沃金著：《认真对待权利》，信春鹰、吴玉章译，中国大百科全书出版社1998年版，中文版序言第21页。
3夏勇：《人权概念起源》，中国社会科学出版社，2007年版，第147页。
1有关欧洲人权法院的情况介绍，参见欧洲人权法院网站文章，“Court in brief”,http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Court_in_brief_ENG.pdf，2013年9月24日登录。
2朱晓青：《欧洲一体化进程中人权法律地位的演变》，《法学研究》2002年05期，第136‐151页。
1Case1/58, Stork v High Authority of the ECSC [1959] ECR17.
2Joined cases36,37,38and40/59, Geitling v. High Authority [1960] ECR423.
3Case40/64, Sgarlata v Commission of the EEC [1965]ECR215.
4Case6/64, Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR585.
5Case92/78Simmenthal v Commission [1979] ECR777.
6赵海峰：《欧洲法问题专论》，中国法制出版社2007年版，第166页。
7Case29/69ECR419，Stauder v. City of Ulm.
1Case11/70，International Handelsgesellschaft v Einfuhr‐und Vorratsstelle Getreide [1970] ECR1125.
2Case4/73J. Nold v. Commission [1974] ECR491.
3赵海峰：《欧洲法问题专论》，中国法制出版社2007年版，第58页。
4“Single European Act”,http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/emu_history/documents/treaties/singleuropeanact.pdf,2013年10月8日最后登录。
5Treaty on the European Union，Official Journal C191,29July1992.
1赵海峰：《欧洲法问题专论》，中国法制出版社2007年版，第62页。
2“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal2000，C364/1.
3欧洲联盟法院在欧洲议会诉理事会一案（C540/03）中提到《欧洲基本权利宪章》，尽管当时宪章尚未生效。
4程卫东、李靖堃译：《欧洲联盟基础条约》，社科文献出版社2010年版，第34页。
1Judgment of2.3.2010—Joined Cases C‐175/08, C‐176/08, C‐178/08AND C‐179/08，参见欧洲联盟法院网站http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?language=fr&jur=C,T,F&num=c‐179/08&td=ALL，2013年10月8日最后登录。
2“2012Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights”，COM(2013)271final.
1Communication adopted by the Commission on19.10.2010，“Strategy for the effective implementationof the Charter of Fundamental Rights by the European Union“，COM (2010)573final，p7.22011Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, COM(2012)169final, Brussels,16April2012.
3ECJ, Case C‐236/09, Test‐Achats,30.4.2011.
4CJEU, Case T‐439/10and T‐440/10, Fulmen and F. Mahloudian v Council,21.3.2012.
5CJEU, Case C‐355/10, European Parliament v. Council of EU,5.9.2012.
1参见委员会报告“2012Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights”，http://ec.europa.eu/justice/fundamental‐rights/files/charter_report_2012_en.pdf，2013年10月8日最后登录。
2CJEU, Case C370/12, Pringle v Ireland,27.11.2012
3European Commission，“2010Report on the Application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights”,COM(2011)160final, Brussels,30March2011.
1ECtHR, MSS v Belgium and Greece, application no.30696/09,21.01.2011.
2ECJ, joined cases C‐411/10and C‐493/10, N.S. v Secretary of State for the Home Department and M.E. e.a. vRefugee Applications Commissioner,21.12.2011.
3赵海峰：《欧洲法问题专论》，中国法制出版社2007年版，第169页。
1“Single European Act”，Official Journal of the European Communities, L169, Vol.30,29June1986，p7.
2有关欧共体各机构和成员国在移民方面的立场分歧，参见Diego Acosta Arcarazo,“The Long-TermResidence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship”, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011，p43-74.
1“Treaty on the European Union”, Official Journal of the European Union, C191,29July1992.
2“Council Resolution of20June1994on limitation of admission of third‐country nationals to the territory ofthe Member states for employment”，Official Journal of the European Communities，C274/3，19.9.1996;“CouncilResolution of30November1994on limitation on admission of third‐country nationals to the territory of theMember states for the purpose of pursuing activities as self‐employed persons”, Official Journal of the EuropeanCommunities，C274/7，19.9.1996.
3“Council Resolution of30November1994on the admission of third‐country nationals to the territory of theMember States for study purpose”, Official Journal of the European Communities，C274/10，19.9.1996.
4“Council Resolution of20June1995on minimum guarantees for asylum procedures”，Official Journal of theEuropean Communities，C274/13，19.9.1996.
5“Council Recommendation of24July1995on the guiding principles to be followed in drawing up protocols onthe implementation of readmission agreements”，Official Journal of the European Communities，C274/25，19.9.1996.
6七个国家包括比利时、法国、德国、卢森堡和荷兰这五个创始成员国和后加入的西班牙和葡萄牙。
1有关申根区域的发展现状，参见欧盟网站http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home‐affairs/what‐we‐do/policies/borders‐and‐visas/schengen/index_en.htm，2013年10月12日最后登录。
2Treaty establishing the European Community (consolidated text)，Official Journal C325/33of24December
2002.
1“Council Decision of22December2004providing for certain areas covered by Title IV of Part Three of theTreaty establishing the European Community to be governed by the procedure laid down in Article251of thatTreaty”, Official Journal of the European Union, L396/45,31.12.2004.
1《欧洲联盟基础条约——经<里斯本条约>修订》，程卫东、李靖堃译，社会科学文献出版社，2010, p77‐78。
1《欧洲联盟基础条约——经<里斯本条约>修订》，程卫东、李靖堃译，社会科学文献出版社，2010, p77‐78。
2Treaty establishing the European Community (consolidated text)，Official Journal C325/33of24December2002.
1“Presidency Conclusion”, Tampere European Council,15‐16October1999, SN200/99Brussels.
2“Council Resolution of4December1997on the Combating of Marriage of Convenience”, Official Journal of theEuropean Communities, C382/1,16.12.1997.
3“Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on a CommunityImmigration Policy”，COM(2000)757，22.11.2000.
1Sergio Carrera,“The Impact of the Treaty of Lisbon over EU Policies on Migration, Asylum and Borders: theStruggles over the Ownership of the Stockholm Programme”, Elspeth Guild and Paul Minderhoud,“The FirstDecade of EU Migration and Asylum Law”, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011, p230-254.
2“Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Area of Freedom,Security and Justice: Assessment of the Tampere Programme and Future Orientations”, COM(2004)401,2.6.2004.
1“Presidency Conclusions”, Brussels European Council4/5November2004,14292/1/04REV1,8December2004.http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/82534.pdf,2014年3月5日最后登录。
2“The Hague Programme: Ten Priorities for the Next Five years‐The Partnership for European Renewal in theField of Freedom, Security and Justice”，COM（2005）184，10.5.2005.
1“European Pact on Immigration and Asylum”，http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/free_movement_of_persons_asylum_immigration/jl0038_en.htm，2014年3月5日最后登录。
2Case C‐540/03, European Parliament v. Council.
3Sergio Carrera&Elspeth Guild，“The French Presidency’s European Pact on Immigration and Asylum:Intergovernmentalism vs. Europeanisation? Security vs. Rights?”，CEPS policy brief, September2008.
1参见欧洲理事会2009年12月11日决议，European Council Conclusions,10/11DECEMBER2009,http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/st00006.en09.pdf，2013年10月16日最后登录。
3“The Stockholm Programme–An open and secure Europe serving and protecting citizens”, Official Journal C115of4.5.2010，p27‐31.
1Sergio Carrera,“The Impact of the Treaty of Lisbon over EU Policies on Migration, Asylum andBorders: the Struggles over the Ownership of the Stockholm Programme”, Elspeth Guild and PaulMinderhoud,“The First Decade of EU Migration and Asylum Law”, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011, p230-254.
1参见赫鲁怡著：《欧盟国际移民法律制度研究》，人民出版社2011年版。
2宋全成、葛谨雁，《移民政策中的民族国家主权的部分让渡与欧洲一体化》，《欧洲》2000年第5期，第57页。
3宋全成、葛谨雁，《移民政策中的民族国家主权的部分让渡与欧洲一体化》，《欧洲》2000年第5期，第55页。
1《欧洲联盟基础条约——经<里斯本条约>修订》，程卫东、李靖堃译，社会科学文献出版社，2010, p75‐80。
5“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal of the European Union, C83/389,30.3.2010.
1程卫东、李靖堃译：《欧洲联盟基础条约——经里斯本条约修订》，社科文献出版社2010年版。
2Nicola Rogers，“Free Movement of Persons in the Enlarged European Union”，Sweet&Maxwell,2012.
3有关欧盟与EEA国家、土耳其和马其顿的协议内容，参见赫鲁怡著：《欧盟国际移民法律制度研究》，人民出版社2011年版。
1《欧共体及其成员国与阿尔巴尼亚的稳定与联系协定》，欧盟官方公报OJ2009L107，第166页。
2有关欧盟与东欧、中亚、地中海和ACP国家协议的内容，参见Diego Acosta Arcarazo, The Long-TermResidence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011，p26-29.
1程卫东、李靖堃译：《欧洲联盟基础条约——经里斯本条约修订》，社科文献出版社2010年版。
1“Presidency Conclusion”, Tampere European Council,15‐16October1999, SN200/99Brussels, p3.
1《欧洲联盟基础条约——经<里斯本条约>修订》，程卫东、李靖堃译，社会科学文献出版社，2010。
2为督促卢森堡将《家庭团聚权指令》转化实施，委员会在2007年将卢森堡诉至欧洲联盟法院，（Case C‐57/07,委员会诉卢森堡）；为监督《长期居民指令》的实施，委员会将葡萄牙、西班牙和卢森堡诉至欧洲联盟法院，详见C‐5/07(委员会诉葡萄牙), C‐59/07(委员会诉西班牙)以及C‐34/07(委员会诉卢森堡)。
3ECJ C‐578/08.
1Axel Kreienbrink and Stefan Rühl,“Family Reunification in Germany Small Scale Study IV in the Framework ofthe European Migration Network”, p36,http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home‐affairs/what‐we‐do/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn‐studies/family‐reunification/2._de_emn_ncp_small‐scale_study_iv_family_reunification_final_en_version_en.pdf,2014年3月5日最后登录。
1《世界人权宣言》，http://www.un.org/zh/documents/udhr/。
2《公民和政治权利公约》，http://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20999/volume‐999‐I‐14668‐English.pdf。
1《欧洲人权公约》，http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf。
2“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal of the European Union, C83/389,30.3.2010.
3Sonia Morano‐Foadi and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2012, p280.
4Sonia Morano‐Foadi and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2012, p280.
1“Council Directive2003/86/EC of22September2003on the right to family reunification”, Official Journal L251,03/10/2003.
2参见宋全成著：《欧洲移民研究》，山东大学出版社2007版，p121‐157。
1委员会，《关于居住在欧盟的第三国国民家庭团聚权的绿皮书》，COM(2011)735of15.11.2011，p2.
2Acosta Arcarazo，An EU rule of law in the area of migration policy，Journal of Common Market Studies，2013，Volume51，No.2, p179‐193.
3“Council Resolution of4December1997on the Combating of Marriage of Convenience”, Official Journal of theEuropean Communities, C382/1,16.12.1997.
4Kees Groenendijk，Roel Fernhout，Dominique van Dam，Ricky van Oers，Tineke Strik，“The Family ReunificationDirective in the Member States: the First year of Implementation”, Nijmegen: WLP,2007.
1“Council Directive2003/86/EC of22September2003on the right to family reunification”, Official Journal L251,03/10/2003.
1“Council Directive2003/86/EC of22September2003on the right to family reunification”, Official Journal L251,03/10/2003.
2“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/86/EC on the Right to Family Reunification”, COM(2008)610,8.10.2008, p10‐25.
1Kees Groenendijk，Roel Fernhout，Dominique van Dam，Ricky van Oers，Tineke Strik，“The family reunificationdirective in the member states: the First year of implantation”, Nijmegen: WLP,2007.
2Steven Peers and Nic holas Rogers, Eu Immigration And Asylum Law: Text And Commentary, Martinus NijhofPublishers,2006, p590.
3C540/03，European Parliament v. Council.
4“Council Directive2003/86/EC of22September2003on the right to family reunification”, Official Journal L251,03/10/2003.
5CaseC‐540/03judgment, para.60.
1CaseC‐540/03judgment, para.37.
2CaseC‐540/03judgment, para.104,105.
3Axel Kreienbrink and Stefan Rühl,“Family Reunification in Germany Small Scale Study IV in the Framework ofthe European Migration Network”, p31‐33,http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home‐affairs/what‐we‐do/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn‐studies/family‐reunification/2._de_emn_ncp_small‐scale_study_iv_family_reunification_final_en_version_en.pdf,2014年3月5日最后登录。
2Tineke Strik, Betty de Hart and Ellen Nissen,“Family Reunification: a Barrier or facilitator of integration? AComparative Study”，http://familyreunification.eu/wp‐content/uploads/2013/03/FamilyReunification‐web1.pdf，2014年3月5日最后登录。
3Directive2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of29April2004on the Right of Citizens ofthe Union and Their Family Members to Move and Reside Freely within the Territory of the Member States,official Journal of the European Union l158,30.4.2004.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/86/EC on the Right to Family Reunification”, COM(2008)610,8.10.2008, p5.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/86/EC on the Right to Family Reunification”, COM(2008)610,8.10.2008.
2Case C‐57/07, commission v. Luxemburg.
3Kees Groenendijk，Roel Fernhout，Dominique van Dam，Ricky van Oers，Tineke Strik，“The family reunificationdirective in the member states: the First year of implantation”, Nijmegen: WLP,2007.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/86/EC on the Right to Family Reunification”, COM(2008)610,8.10.2008.
4International Organization for Migration,“Laws for Legal Immigration in the27EU Member States”,2009.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/86/EC on the Right to Family Reunification”, COM(2008)610,8.10.2008.
2有关《家庭团聚权指令》在申请人住房、保险、收入、融合条件以及家庭成员独立居留许可和工作权方面相关条款的转化实施情况，参见委员会《关于2003/86/EC家庭团聚权指令实施情况的报告》，COM(2008)610。
2Family Reunification: A Barrier or Facilitator of Integration? A Comparative Study，p20
1Tineke Strik, Betty de Hart and Ellen Nissen,“Family Reunification: a Barrier or facilitator of integration? AComparative Study”，p20，http://familyreunification.eu/wp‐content/uploads/2013/03/FamilyReunification‐web1.pdf，2014年3月5日最后对
1Case C‐578/08Chakroun v. Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken,[2010] ECR I‐0000.
2Case C‐578/08, Paras.40of the Advocate‐General’s Opinion.
3Case C‐578/08, Paras.70of the Advocate‐General’s Opinion.
4Case C‐578/08, Judgment Paras.41‐43.
1Case C‐578/08, judgment Para52.
2Case C‐578/08, judgment Para64.
3Anja Wiesbrock, The Right to Family Reunification of Third‐Country Nationals under EU Law; Decision of4March2010, Case C‐578/08, Rhimou Chakroun v. Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken, European ConstitutionalLaw Review,6:462–480,2010，p18.
4CJEU Case155/11PPU, Bibi Mohammad Imran v Minister van Buitenlanse Zaken, OJC219, July2011.
1CJEU Case155/11PPU, Bibi Mohammad Imran v Minister van Buitenlanse Zaken, OJC219, July2011.
2Acosta Arcarazo，An EU rule of law in the area of migration policy，Journal of Common Market Studies，2013，Volume51，No.2, p179‐193.
3Sec.30(1), German Residence Act.
4Sonia Morano‐Foadi and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2012, p319.
1Sonia Morano‐Foadi and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2012, p304‐315.
2Sonia Morano‐Foadi and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2012, p316.
1Christof Roos,“The EU and Immigration Policy: Cracks in the Walls of Fortress Europe?”, Palgrave Macmillan,2013, p108.
2Kees Groenendijk，Roel Fernhout，Dominique van Dam，Ricky van Oers，Tineke Strik，“The family reunificationdirective in the member states: the First year of implantation”, Nijmegen: WLP,2007.
4有关《家庭团聚权指令》促进第三国国民家庭团聚权实现的具体例证，参见Kees Groenendijk，RoelFernhout，Dominique van Dam，Ricky van Oers，Tineke Strik，“The family reunification directive in the memberstates: the First year of implantation”, Nijmegen: WLP,2007.
1T. Kostakopoulou,“Long‐Term Resident Third Country Nationals in the European Union: Normative Expectationsand Institutional Openings”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol.28(3), p443.
2K. Groenendijk,“Security of Residence and Access to Free Movement for Settled Third Country Nationals underCommunity Law”, in E. Guild and C. Harlow (eds.) Implementing Amsterdam, Immigration and Asylum Rights in ECLaw, Hart Publishing: Oxford, p225.
3K. Groenendijk and E. Guild,“Converging Criteria: Creating an Area of Security of Residence for Europe’s ThirdCountry Nationals”, European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol.3, p40.
1“Council Directive2003/109/EC of25November2003concerning the status of third‐country nationals who arelong‐term residents”, Official Journal of the European Union, L16/44,23.1.24, P1.
2Recital18,“Council Directive2003/109/EC of25November2003concerning the status of third‐countrynationals who are long‐term residents”, Official Journal of the European Union, L16/44,23.1.24.
1Louise Halleskov Storgaard,“The Long‐Term Residents Directive: A Fulfillment of the Tampere Objectives ofNear‐Equality?”, Elspeth Guild and Paul Minderhoud, The First Decade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, MartinusNijhoff Publishers,2011, p324.
2Directive2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of29April2004on the Right of Citizens ofthe Union and their Family Members to Move andReside Freely within the Territory of the Member States, OfficialJournal of the European Union, L158,30.4.2004.
1欧洲联盟法院案例C‐5/07(委员会诉葡萄牙), C‐59/07(委员会诉西班牙)以及C‐34/07(委员会诉卢森堡)。
2“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Directive2003/109/EC concerning the status of third‐country nationals who are long‐term residents”，COM(2011)585,28.9.2011, p2‐9.
2Diego Acosta Arcarazo, The Long‐Term Residence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship, Martinus NijhoffPublishers,2011, p102.
3Cresencia Cabotaje Motilla v Republic of Cyprus through the Interior Minister and the Chief Immigration Officer,Supreme Court Case No.673/2006(21January2008).
4Diego Acosta Arcarazo, The Long‐Term Residence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship, Martinus NijhoffPublishers,2011, p104.
1Nicos Trimikliniotis, Country Report: Cyprus, European Citizenship Observatory, European University Institute,2010, P17.
2Diego Acosta Arcarazo, The Long‐Term Residence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship, Martinus NijhoffPublishers,2011, p107‐119.
3C‐502/10, Staatssecretaris van Justitie v Mangat Singh.
4C‐502/10，Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber),18October2012.
1C‐502/10，Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber),18October2012.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Directive2003/109/EC concerning the status of third‐country nationals who are long‐term residents”，COM(2011)585,28.9.2011, p2‐9.
2C‐508/10, Commission v. Netherlands.
3C‐508/10, Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber),26April2012.
5C‐508/10, Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber),26April2012.
2C‐508/10, Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber),26April2012.
1“Council Directive2003/109/EC of25November2003concerning the status of third‐country nationals who arelong‐term residents”, Official Journal of the European Union, L16/44,23.1.24.
2“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of Directive2003/109/EC concerning the status of third‐country nationals who are long‐term residents”，COM(2011)585,28.9.2011, p2‐9.
3C‐571/10, Kamberaj.
1C‐571/10, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber),24April2012.
2C‐571/10, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber),24April2012.
1Steve Peers,“EU Immigration and Asylum Law”, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV,2012, p325‐330.
2Steve Peers,“EU Immigration and Asylum Law”, Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV,2012, p325‐330.
1Diego Acosta Arcarazo, The Long‐Term Residence Status as a Subsidiary Form of EU Citizenship, Martinus NijhoffPublishers,2011, p228.
1《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》，联合国人权事务网站http://www.un.org/chinese/hr/issue/esc.htm，2014年3月6日最后登录。
2“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal of the European Union, C83/389,30.3.2010，p397‐398.
1“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal of the European Union, C83/389,30.3.2010，p397‐398.
1Recital3,“Council Directive2009/50/EC of25May2009on the conditions of entry and residence ofthird‐country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, Official Journal of the European Union L155,18.6.2009.
2Council directive2004/114/EC of13December2004on the conditions of admission of third‐country nationalsfor the purposes of studies, pupil exchange, unremunerated training or voluntary service.
3“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2004/114/EC on the conditions of admission of third‐country nationals for the purposes of studies, pupil exchange,unremunerated training or voluntary service”, COM(2011)587, Brussels,28.9.2011.
1CJEU Case C‐568/10, Commission v. Austria.
2Council directive2005/71/EC of12October2005on a specific procedure for admitting third country nationalsfor the purposes of scientific research.
3“Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the conditions of entry andresidence of third‐country nationals for the purposes of research, studies, pupil exchange, remunerated andunremunerated training, voluntary service and au pairing”, COM(2013)151,2013/0081(COD)25.3.2013.
1“Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the conditions of entry andresidence of third‐country nationals for the purposes of research, studies, pupil exchange, remunerated andunremunerated training, voluntary service and au pairing”, COM(2013)151,2013/0081(COD)25.3.2013.
1“Regulation (EU) No492/2011of the European Parliament and the Council of5April2011on freedom ofmovement for workers within the Union”，Official Journal of the European Union, L141/1,27.5.2011.
2“Council Resolution of20June1994on limitation of admission of third‐country nationals to the territory of theMember states for employment”，Official Journal of the European Communities，C274/3，19.9.1996.
1International Organization for Migration,“Laws for Legal Immigration in the27EU Member States”,2009,p75‐78.
1International Organization for Migration,“Laws for Legal Immigration in the27EU Member States”,2009,p135‐501.。
1“Commission Communication on a Community Immigration Policy”, COM(2000)757,22.11.2000.
2“Proposal for a Council Directive on the conditions of entry and residence of third‐country nationals for thepurpose of paid employment and self‐employed economic activities”, OJ C332E,27.11.2001, p.248–256.
3Commission Communication,“Policy Plan on Legal Migration”, COM (2005)669,21.12.2005.
1“Presidency Conclusions”, Lisbon European Council of23/24.3.2000,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/lis1_en.htm,2014年3月6日最后登录。
2“Presidency Conclusions”, Brussels European Council4/5November2004,14292/1/04REV1,8December2004，http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/82534.pdf,2014年3月6日最后登录。
3“European Commission, Explanatory Memorandum to the Proposal for a Council Directive on the conditions ofentry and residence of third‐country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, COM(2007)637,23.10.2007.
4“Council Directive2009/50/EC of25May2009on the conditions of entry and residence of third‐countrynationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, Official Journal of the European Union L155,18.6.2009.
1“Council Directive2009/50/EC of25May2009on the conditions of entry and residence of third‐countrynationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, Official Journal of the European Union L155,18.6.2009.
1“Council Directive2009/50/EC of25May2009on the conditions of entry and residence of third‐countrynationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, Official Journal of the European Union L155,18.6.2009.
1Lucie Cerna,“Understanding the diversity of EU migration policy in practice: the implementation of the BlueCard initiative”,“Policy Studies”,34:2,180‐200, DOI:10.1080/01442872.2013.767587.
2“Attracting Highly Qualified and Qualified Third‐Country Nationals”，European Migration Network Study2013，http://www.emn.lv/wp‐content/uploads/emnsr_attractinghqworkers_finalversion_23oct2013_publication.pdf.
1“Attracting Highly Qualified and Qualified Third‐Country Nationals”，European Migration Network Study2013，http://www.emn.lv/wp‐content/uploads/emnsr_attractinghqworkers_finalversion_23oct2013_publication.pdf.
2Katharina Eisele，“Why come here if I can go there? Assessing the ‘Attractiveness’ of the EU’s Blue CardDirective for ‘Highly Qualified’ Immigrants，CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security, No.60/October2013.
3有关德国、法国、西班牙、匈牙利和瑞典对《蓝卡指令》的转化措施，参见Katharina Eisele，“Why comehere if I can go there? Assessing the ‘Attractiveness’ of the EU’s Blue Card Directive for ‘Highly Qualified’Immigrants，CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security, No.60/October2013；有关保加利亚、捷克、罗马尼亚和斯洛伐克对《蓝卡指令》的转化措施参见Lucie Cerna (2013) Understanding the diversity of EU migration policy inpractice: the implementation of the Blue Card initiative,“Policy Studies”,34:2,180‐200, DOI:10.1080/01442872.2013.767587
1“Attracting Highly Qualified and Qualified Third‐Country Nationals”，European Migration Network Study2013.
2C. Dauvergne,“Sovereignty, Migration and the Rule of Law in Global Times”, The Modern Law Review,67(4),2004.
3Lucie Cerna，The EU Blue Card: Preferences, Policies, and Negotiations between Member States, MigrationStudies,2013, p1–24.
1Y.K. Gumus,“EU Blue Card Scheme: The Rights Step in the Right Direction?”, European Journal of Migration andLaw,12:435‐453,2010.
2S. Carrera (2007),“Building a Common Policy on Labour Immigration: Towards a Comprehensive and GlobalApproach in the EU”, CEPS Working Document No.256, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, p.2.
3Recital7,“Council Directive2009/50/EC of25May2009on the conditions of entry and residence ofthird‐country nationals for the purposes of highly qualified employment”, Official Journal of the European Union L155,18.6.2009.
1Mortiz Jesse,“Third Country Nationals, Integration andAccess to Employment and Occupation under EU Law”,Morano-Foadi, Sonia and Micaela Malena, Integration for Third Country Nationals in the European Union: theEquality Challenge, Edward Publishing Limited,2012.
1“Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees”, http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.pdf.
2“Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”Official Journal of the European Union, C83/389,30.3.2010.
4“Directive2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of13December2011on standards for thequalification of third‐country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for auniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protectiongranted”，Official Journal of the European Union, L337/920,12.2011, p3‐13.
1程卫东、李靖堃译，《欧洲联盟基础条约——经<里斯本条约>修订》，社会科学文献出版社，2010
1Dimiter Toshkov&Laura de Haan (2013)“The Europeanization of asylum policy: an assessment of the EUimpact on asylum applications and recognitions rates”, Journal of European Public Policy,20:5,661‐683.
2“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the evaluation of the Dublinsystem”, COM(2007)299final, Brussels,6.6.2007.
3“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2004/83/EC of29April2004on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals orStateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons Who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of theProtection”, COM(2010)314，Brussels,16.6.2010.
4“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2005/85/EC of1December2005on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting andwithdrawing refugee status, Brussels, COM(2011)901final,20.12.2011.
5“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2003/9/EC OF27January2003Laying Down Minimum Standards for the Reception of Asylum Seekers”,COM(2007)745,26.11.2007.
1Regulation (EU) No604/2013of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2013establishing anapplication for international protection lodged in one of the member states by a third country national or astateless person, L180, Official Journal of the European Union,29.6.2013.
1UNHCR, Response to the European Commission’s Green Paper on the Future Common European Asylum System,September2007, p.38.
2Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the evaluation of the Dublinsystem,Com（2007）299.
3Steve Peers, EU Justice and Home Affairs Law, Oxford University Press,2011, p362.
1Joint cases C‐411/10and C‐493/10, N.S. v Secretary of State for the Home Department et M.E. and Others vRefugee Applications Commissioner and Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform.
2“Directive2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of13December2011on standards forthe qualification of third‐country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for auniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protectiongranted”，Official Journal of the European Union, L337/920,12.2011, p3‐13.
1“Directive2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of13December2011on standards for thequalification of third‐country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for auniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protectiongranted”，Official Journal of the European Union, L337/920,12.2011, p3‐13.
3“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2004/83/EC of29April2004on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals orStateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons Who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of theProtection”, COM(2010)314，Brussels,16.6.2010.
1Joint cases C‐57/09and C‐101/09, Germany v. B. and Germany v. D. and others.
1Judgment, CJEU Joined Cases C‐175/08, C‐176/08, C‐178/08and C‐179/08.
1CJEU, Joined cases C‐71/11and C‐99/11[2012], Federal Republic of Germany v. Y and Z.
2C‐465/07Elgafaji and Elgafaji v Staatssecretarus van Justitie, ECR [2009] I‐921.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive2004/83/EC of29April2004on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals orStateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons Who Otherwise Need International Protection and the Content of theProtection”, COM(2010)314，Brussels,16.6.2010.
2“Directive2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2013laying down standards forthe reception of applicants for international protection”，L180/96, Official Journal of the European Union,29.6.2013.
1“Directive2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2013laying down standards forthe reception of applicants for international protection”，L180/96, Official Journal of the European Union,29.6.2013, p101.
1“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive ofDirective2003/9/EC OF27January2003Laying Down Minimum Standards for the Reception of Asylum Seekers”,COM(2007)745,26.11.2007.
1Directive2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of26June2013on common procedures forgranting and withdrawing international protection”，L180, Official Journal of the European Union,29.6.2013
1Case C‐431/10，European Commission v Ireland. European Court Reports2011Page I‐00056.
1C‐69/10, Brahim Samba Diouf v Ministre du Travail, de l’Emploi et de l’ Immigration, Judgement of28July2011.
2C‐69/10Judgment, Official Journal of the European Union C298/6,8.10.2011.
1Kee Groenendijk,“Introduction: Migration and Law in Europe”, Elspeth Guild and Paul Minderhoud, The FirstDecade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011, p9.
1Steve Peers，Elspeth Guild，Diego Acosta Arcarazo，Kees Groenendijk, EU Immigration and Asylum Law: Textand Commentary: Second Revised Edition, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2012, p25.
1Kee Groenendijk,“Introduction: Migration and Law in Europe”, Elspeth Guild and Paul Minderhoud, The FirstDecade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2011, p4.
1Sara Iglesias Sánchez, Fundamental Rights Protection for Third Country Nationals and Citizens of the Union:Principles for Enhancing Coherence, European Journal of Migration and Law15(2013)137–153.
2Denis Martin, Louise Halleskov Storgaard和Kee Groenendijk都在各自的文章中提到了这种“类比式”的解释方式，参见Elspeth Guild and Paul Minderhoud, The First Decade of EU Migration and Asylum Law, MartinusNijhoff Publishers,2011.
3Case C‐291‐05,Eind,[2007] ECRI‐10719.
4Case C‐127/08, Metock,[2008] ECRI‐6241.
5Seyla Benhabib，The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents and Citizens, Cambridge University Press,2004，p158.
6Migration Policy Group，“Migrant Political Participation”，January2013, http://www.integration.eu.
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