欧盟应对气候变化的基本经验及其对中国的借鉴意义
摘要
气候变化是当前和未来人类面临的最大挑战之一。与其他国家——特别是同为发达国家的美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、日本——相比,欧盟在应对这一挑战方面取得了很大的成绩,为世界其他国家和地区提供了宝贵的经验。中国面临的气候变化挑战也十分艰巨,有必要认真研究和借鉴欧盟在这方面的经验。
在应对气候变化方面,欧盟存在一个包含有四个步骤的基本响应模式,即:把握挑战→凝聚共识→依法决策→贯彻实施。
把握挑战,就是对气候变化的事实及其对欧盟的危害进行全方位的评估和预测。在气候变化的事实日益明显、挑战日趋严峻的情况下,欧盟各界直面挑战的态度已经无庸置疑。
凝聚共识,就是在对气候变化提出的挑战进行全面评估和预测的基础上,就应对这一挑战所要达到的主要目标和基本途径集思广益、统一认识。在欧盟,凝聚共识的过程不是讨论要不要应对气候变化,而是以采取什么样的政策路线、达成什么样的政策目标为主要内容。
依法决策,就是通过法定程序,把已经达成的共识转变成具体的、带有不同程度约束力或强制力的政策和法规。决策的过程就制定相关政策和法规的过程,决策的结果主要由三个基本面构成:一是技术路线,它要回答采取什么样的技术手段来落实拟定的政策和法规,如何获得这些技术,以及通过这些技术实现政策目标的潜力有多大,这要由相应的研发政策和行动来支撑;二是内部路线,它要回答在欧盟内部各个相关领域(如能源、交通、农林等)通过什么样的现实途径来落实拟定的政策和法规,其中也包括如何运用已经获得的技术手段;三是国际路线,它是欧盟应对气候变化的战略和政策在国际层面上的反映和延伸,回答的是欧盟通过什么样的外交政策来实现其应对气候变化的战略目标。
贯彻实施,就是通过具体的法律、市场和财税工具,把已经生效的决策结果(政策和法规),落实到现实工作和日常生活中去,主要就是应用到能源、交通、农林、其他温室气体的减排、适应能力建设等领域的一系列具体做法。这既是整个响应过程的阶段性终点,也是新过程的起点。也就是说,贯彻实施的具体成效对前三个环节、尤其是决策过程具有反馈作用。
在能源领域,欧盟致力于开发可再生能源,提高能源的使用效率。在交通领域,欧盟把降低公路交通的温室气体排放作为重点,同时大力发展铁路和水运,推动多式联运。在农业和林业领域,欧盟一直在加强对土壤和森林的保护,并把它们纳入到可持续发展的大框架中。欧盟还注重除CO2以外的其他温室气体的减排,并在最近开始加强适应能力建设。在国际层面上,欧盟针对不同发展程度的国家,制定了不同的方针,以促进其他国家与欧盟一道应对气候变化。
在上述响应模式的各个环节,欧洲国家的法治传统和欧盟社会各阶层、各利益群体的合作主义精神是贯穿始终的两个基本理念。尤其是公民社会和环境非政府组织的广泛参与,成为欧盟气候决策过程的重要因素。事实上,法治主义和合作主义是欧盟应对气候变化的两大文化支撑,也是两条最重要的基本经验。
此外,欧盟在应对气候变化上善于运用市场机制,注重运用财税工具,重视相关的科技研发,这些都可以看作是欧盟在该领域的重要经验。当然,欧盟的经验并非尽善尽美,有些经验不一定适合其他国家。关键在于结合自身实际,扬长避短,合理扬弃。
中国在应对气候变化领域也取得了一定的成绩,同时也存在诸多明显的缺陷与不足,如相关政策和法律的执行效果不佳,环境非政府组织和公民社会发育严重滞后,公众的气候意识急待提高,等。中国需要结合自身国情,认真研究借鉴欧盟的经验,同时推进中欧在应对气候变化方面的合作。
Climate Change is one of the most serious challenges that mankind faces today and in the future. Compared with other countries, especially US, Canada, Australia and Japan, the European Union (EU) has achieved great success in fighting against Climate Change, providing a lot of valuable lessons for other countries and societies. It is necessary for China, still facing great challenges in this area, to learn from EU and draw on their lessons.
There is a four-step basic responding model for EU to fight against Climate Change: Challenge acceptance→Consensus building→Decisions making according to law→Implementation.
Challenge acceptance means comprehensive evaluation and prediction of climate change and its hazards to EU countries. While the facts of Climate Change and challenge related are becoming more and more severely, almost all kinds of interest groups and classes in EU have been convinced that they must struggle to fight against Climate Change.
Consensus building means utilizing the wisdom of the masses and working out some common opinions about the main objectives and approaches to win the fighting against Climate Change. In EU, this proceeding does not mean debating whether to cope with the challenge or not, but discussing how to cope with it, i.e. adopt which policy maps and anticipate what policy goals.
Decisions making according to law means putting the consensus into compulsory or restrictive concrete policies and legislations. The following 3 aspects should be taken into consideration.
A. Technical aspect: What kinds of technologies and techniques could be used to help implement the policies and legislations, and what is the potential of these techs to achieve relative policy goals?
B. Internal aspect: What and how the feasible measures will be adopted to implement the policies and legislations in such domestic areas as energy, transport and agriculture & forestry?
C. Foreign aspect: What foreign policies could be use to achieve EU’s goal as a whole in fighting against Climate Change?
Implementation means taking all the policies and legislations and measures related to the fighting against Climate Change into effect. It relies mainly on three specific policy tools, i.e. law and market and finance, and disseminates in all kinds of sectors such as energy, transport, agriculture & forestry, emissions reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) other than CO2, adapting capacity construction, etc. This step is the periodical end of the whole process and also the start for another new process. This implies that the effect de facto of this step will feed back to the other three steps, especially the step of decision-making.
In the energy sector, the EU is committed to developing renewable energy,increasing energy utilization efficiency and reducing wastage. In the transport sector, the EU makes reducing greenhouse gas emissions from road (cars and trucks) as a key priority of its policy, while struggling to improve the rail and waterway and encourage intermodal transport system. In the agriculture & forestry sector, the EU has been enhancing the protection of soil and forest, integrating them into its sustainable development framework. It also attaches great importance to the emissions reduction of greenhouse gas other than CO2, and emphasizes the adaptation capacity construction recently. On the international level, the EU has different guidelines towards different countries with different development degrees. The aim of EU’s foreign climate policies is to urge other countries to fight against Climate Change along with the EU.
There are 2 basic principles running through the every step of the whole process above and cherished by all the interest groups and classes in EU. They are legalism and cooperatism, the former being European cultural tradition while the later a new symbol of European culture. The civil societies and environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in EU are concerned with all the steps very deeply and extensively, which is a key factor to the whole process. In effect, legalism and cooperatism are the two cultural backbones in the EU’s fighting against Climate Change. They are also two essential lessons from the fighting. Furthermore, in the fighting against Climate Change, EU is adept in using market-oriented schemes, emphasizes the function of financial tools and pays great attention to R&D, all which could be regarded as the essential lessons of EU in the fighting. However, the lessons are not perfect and fit for all the other societies. When studying and learning from the EU’s lessons, every country and society will have to stand on its own bottom and integrate the lessons into its own conditions in order to rationally develop the useful and discard the useless.
China has got some achievement in fighting against Climate Change so far. However, there are still kinds of shortcomings obviously, such as the disappointing implementation of concerned policies and legislations, the insufficiency of activities of civil societies and environmental NGOs, and the low-level awareness about Climate Change of the public, etc. China needs to stand on its own bottom and start from its own conditions, then study and draw on the lessons of EU, promote cooperation between China and EU in fighting against Climate Change at the same time.
在应对气候变化方面,欧盟存在一个包含有四个步骤的基本响应模式,即:把握挑战→凝聚共识→依法决策→贯彻实施。
把握挑战,就是对气候变化的事实及其对欧盟的危害进行全方位的评估和预测。在气候变化的事实日益明显、挑战日趋严峻的情况下,欧盟各界直面挑战的态度已经无庸置疑。
凝聚共识,就是在对气候变化提出的挑战进行全面评估和预测的基础上,就应对这一挑战所要达到的主要目标和基本途径集思广益、统一认识。在欧盟,凝聚共识的过程不是讨论要不要应对气候变化,而是以采取什么样的政策路线、达成什么样的政策目标为主要内容。
依法决策,就是通过法定程序,把已经达成的共识转变成具体的、带有不同程度约束力或强制力的政策和法规。决策的过程就制定相关政策和法规的过程,决策的结果主要由三个基本面构成:一是技术路线,它要回答采取什么样的技术手段来落实拟定的政策和法规,如何获得这些技术,以及通过这些技术实现政策目标的潜力有多大,这要由相应的研发政策和行动来支撑;二是内部路线,它要回答在欧盟内部各个相关领域(如能源、交通、农林等)通过什么样的现实途径来落实拟定的政策和法规,其中也包括如何运用已经获得的技术手段;三是国际路线,它是欧盟应对气候变化的战略和政策在国际层面上的反映和延伸,回答的是欧盟通过什么样的外交政策来实现其应对气候变化的战略目标。
贯彻实施,就是通过具体的法律、市场和财税工具,把已经生效的决策结果(政策和法规),落实到现实工作和日常生活中去,主要就是应用到能源、交通、农林、其他温室气体的减排、适应能力建设等领域的一系列具体做法。这既是整个响应过程的阶段性终点,也是新过程的起点。也就是说,贯彻实施的具体成效对前三个环节、尤其是决策过程具有反馈作用。
在能源领域,欧盟致力于开发可再生能源,提高能源的使用效率。在交通领域,欧盟把降低公路交通的温室气体排放作为重点,同时大力发展铁路和水运,推动多式联运。在农业和林业领域,欧盟一直在加强对土壤和森林的保护,并把它们纳入到可持续发展的大框架中。欧盟还注重除CO2以外的其他温室气体的减排,并在最近开始加强适应能力建设。在国际层面上,欧盟针对不同发展程度的国家,制定了不同的方针,以促进其他国家与欧盟一道应对气候变化。
在上述响应模式的各个环节,欧洲国家的法治传统和欧盟社会各阶层、各利益群体的合作主义精神是贯穿始终的两个基本理念。尤其是公民社会和环境非政府组织的广泛参与,成为欧盟气候决策过程的重要因素。事实上,法治主义和合作主义是欧盟应对气候变化的两大文化支撑,也是两条最重要的基本经验。
此外,欧盟在应对气候变化上善于运用市场机制,注重运用财税工具,重视相关的科技研发,这些都可以看作是欧盟在该领域的重要经验。当然,欧盟的经验并非尽善尽美,有些经验不一定适合其他国家。关键在于结合自身实际,扬长避短,合理扬弃。
中国在应对气候变化领域也取得了一定的成绩,同时也存在诸多明显的缺陷与不足,如相关政策和法律的执行效果不佳,环境非政府组织和公民社会发育严重滞后,公众的气候意识急待提高,等。中国需要结合自身国情,认真研究借鉴欧盟的经验,同时推进中欧在应对气候变化方面的合作。
Climate Change is one of the most serious challenges that mankind faces today and in the future. Compared with other countries, especially US, Canada, Australia and Japan, the European Union (EU) has achieved great success in fighting against Climate Change, providing a lot of valuable lessons for other countries and societies. It is necessary for China, still facing great challenges in this area, to learn from EU and draw on their lessons.
There is a four-step basic responding model for EU to fight against Climate Change: Challenge acceptance→Consensus building→Decisions making according to law→Implementation.
Challenge acceptance means comprehensive evaluation and prediction of climate change and its hazards to EU countries. While the facts of Climate Change and challenge related are becoming more and more severely, almost all kinds of interest groups and classes in EU have been convinced that they must struggle to fight against Climate Change.
Consensus building means utilizing the wisdom of the masses and working out some common opinions about the main objectives and approaches to win the fighting against Climate Change. In EU, this proceeding does not mean debating whether to cope with the challenge or not, but discussing how to cope with it, i.e. adopt which policy maps and anticipate what policy goals.
Decisions making according to law means putting the consensus into compulsory or restrictive concrete policies and legislations. The following 3 aspects should be taken into consideration.
A. Technical aspect: What kinds of technologies and techniques could be used to help implement the policies and legislations, and what is the potential of these techs to achieve relative policy goals?
B. Internal aspect: What and how the feasible measures will be adopted to implement the policies and legislations in such domestic areas as energy, transport and agriculture & forestry?
C. Foreign aspect: What foreign policies could be use to achieve EU’s goal as a whole in fighting against Climate Change?
Implementation means taking all the policies and legislations and measures related to the fighting against Climate Change into effect. It relies mainly on three specific policy tools, i.e. law and market and finance, and disseminates in all kinds of sectors such as energy, transport, agriculture & forestry, emissions reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) other than CO2, adapting capacity construction, etc. This step is the periodical end of the whole process and also the start for another new process. This implies that the effect de facto of this step will feed back to the other three steps, especially the step of decision-making.
In the energy sector, the EU is committed to developing renewable energy,increasing energy utilization efficiency and reducing wastage. In the transport sector, the EU makes reducing greenhouse gas emissions from road (cars and trucks) as a key priority of its policy, while struggling to improve the rail and waterway and encourage intermodal transport system. In the agriculture & forestry sector, the EU has been enhancing the protection of soil and forest, integrating them into its sustainable development framework. It also attaches great importance to the emissions reduction of greenhouse gas other than CO2, and emphasizes the adaptation capacity construction recently. On the international level, the EU has different guidelines towards different countries with different development degrees. The aim of EU’s foreign climate policies is to urge other countries to fight against Climate Change along with the EU.
There are 2 basic principles running through the every step of the whole process above and cherished by all the interest groups and classes in EU. They are legalism and cooperatism, the former being European cultural tradition while the later a new symbol of European culture. The civil societies and environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in EU are concerned with all the steps very deeply and extensively, which is a key factor to the whole process. In effect, legalism and cooperatism are the two cultural backbones in the EU’s fighting against Climate Change. They are also two essential lessons from the fighting. Furthermore, in the fighting against Climate Change, EU is adept in using market-oriented schemes, emphasizes the function of financial tools and pays great attention to R&D, all which could be regarded as the essential lessons of EU in the fighting. However, the lessons are not perfect and fit for all the other societies. When studying and learning from the EU’s lessons, every country and society will have to stand on its own bottom and integrate the lessons into its own conditions in order to rationally develop the useful and discard the useless.
China has got some achievement in fighting against Climate Change so far. However, there are still kinds of shortcomings obviously, such as the disappointing implementation of concerned policies and legislations, the insufficiency of activities of civil societies and environmental NGOs, and the low-level awareness about Climate Change of the public, etc. China needs to stand on its own bottom and start from its own conditions, then study and draw on the lessons of EU, promote cooperation between China and EU in fighting against Climate Change at the same time.
引文
1政府间气候变化专门委员会:《气候变化2007·综合报告》(中文版),第2页。
2事实上,气候变化作为一个长期趋势,并不排除短时期内(如一两年)温度的降低。
3 Ban Ki-Moon. A Climate Culprit in Darfur, Washington Post, 16 June, 2007.
1顾青峰:《气候变化与人类社会》,《气象软科学》2005年第4期,第86页。
2崔大鹏:《国际气候合作的政治经济学分析》,北京·商务印书馆,2003年,第13-16页。
1有关历次COP和MOP的具体成果,可参见UNFCCC官方网站:http://unfccc.int/meetings/archive/items/2749.php
1关于欧盟应对气候变化政策的演进历程,可参见周剑、何建坤:“欧盟气候变化政策及其经济影响”,《现代国际关系》2009年第2期,第38-40页。
1 EU Energy Policy, Factsheets for media, March 2007, by Friends of the Earth Europe. See http://www.foeeurope.org/climate/index.htm
2 First Comments from INFORSE-Europe on the "Energy Package" of proposals from the European Commission, January 2008. See http://www.inforse.org/europe/pdfs/INFORSE-on-EU-energy-package-F.pdf
1赵来文、刘彤:“论西方法治主义传统的借鉴价值”,《理论前沿》2008年第11期,第31页。
2宋玉波、张凌华:“略论欧美法治传统及其历史变迁”,《西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》第32卷第6期,2006年11月,第154页。
1李巍:“如何认识欧盟的‘民主赤字’问题?”,《欧洲研究》2002年第6期,第60-68页。还可参见李秋高:“论欧盟宪政中的‘民主赤字’问题”,《北京理工大学学报(社会科学版)》第8卷第2期,2006年4月,第31-34页。笔者对“欧盟层面上的公众”的理解是,指对欧盟具有较强烈的身份认同、甚至强于对自己国家认同的公众群体。
2 COM(2001) 428 final, European Governance ( A White Paper), European Commission, 25.7.2001.
3 [德]贝娅特·科勒-科赫:“对欧盟治理的批判性评价”,《欧洲研究》2008年第2期,第97页。
1 [德]贝娅特·科勒-科赫:“对欧盟治理的批判性评价”,《欧洲研究》2008年第2期,第97-98页。
2 [德]贝娅特·科勒-科赫:“对欧盟治理的批判性评价”,《欧洲研究》2008年第2期,第100-101页。在这方面更深入的探讨可参见陈玉刚:《国家与超国家:欧洲一体化理论比较研究》,上海人民出版社2001年版。
3王曦:“论欧盟温室气体控制法律和政策的方法论意义”,《西南政法大学学报》,2008年10月,第42页。
1曹建明著:《欧洲联盟法:从欧洲统一大市场到欧洲经济货币联盟》,浙江人民出版社2000年,第48页。
1朱仁显、唐哲文:“欧盟决策机制与欧洲一体化”,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002年第6期,第82页。
2参见蔡守秋主编:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第7-10页。
3朱仁显、唐哲文:“欧盟决策机制与欧洲一体化”,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002年第6期,第82页。
1参见蔡守秋主编:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第13-17页。也有人翻译为总司或总署。
2朱仁显、唐哲文:“欧盟决策机制与欧洲一体化”,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002年第6期,第83页。
3参见蔡守秋主编:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第21-25页。
1刘言浩:“欧洲法院的庭审程序”,《人民法院报》2004年10月15日。
2参见蔡守秋主编:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第29-35页。
1参见蔡守秋主编:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第37页。
2 Council Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 of 7 May 1990 on the establishment of the European Environment Agency and the European environment information and observation network.
3在此需要说明的是,还有一个名为欧洲环境局(European Environment Bureau)的非政府组织,成立于1974年12月。截止2009年1月底,它已拥有30个国家的139个非政府组织成员。欧盟委员会在必要时也会向它提出咨询。
1 European Climate Change Programme, European Commission.
2参见卢静、衡孝军:“透析欧盟治理困境”,《国际问题研究》2008年第2期,第37-39页。
1这五个指令分别涉及到排放交易机制、减排量分担、CO2捕获与封存技术、乘用车CO2排放标准、燃料质量标准。
2 Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy, 26 June 2006, pp.7-8; Climate change: Commission welcomes final adoption of Europe's climate and energy package, Reference: IP/08/1998, Press Room of European Commission.
1关健、刘立:“欧盟框架计划的优先研究领域及其演变初探”,《中国科技论坛》2008年1月第1期,第136页。
2 EU action against climate change: Research and development to fight climate change, European Communities, 2007, p5.
1 EU action against climate change: Research and development to fight climate change, European Communities, 2007, p5.
2 MEMO/08/798, Brussels, 17 December 2008.
3 EU action against climate change: Research and development to fight climate change, European Communities, 2007, pp. 6-8.
1蔡守秋:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第370页。
2 Combating climate change– The EU leads the way, Directorate-General of European Commission, 2008, p12.
3吴玲:“排污交易制度研究的理论基础”,《中国农学研究》第23卷第4期,2007年4月,第500页。关于排污权交易理论的更详细论述,可参见王小龙:《排污权交易研究:一个环境法学的视角》,法律出版社2008年。
1 Regulation (EEC) No 1973/92, (EC) No 1655/2000, concerning the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE).
1 Regulation (EC) No 614/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 May 2007 concerning the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE+).
2 The European Climate Change Programme, European Communities 2006.
3英国于2001年起对非国内用途的能源进行征税,称为“气候变化税”。有些国家把能源税直接称为CO2税或碳税。
4 Council Directive 2003/96/EC, restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity.
5技术壁垒资源网:http://www.tbtmap.gov.cn/portal/Contents/Channel_2125/2008/1006/40239/content_40239.jsf
1 COM(2009) 39 final, Towards a comprehensive climate change agreement in Copenhagen, Brussels, 28.1.2009.
2 COM(2009) 39 final, Towards a comprehensive climate change agreement in Copenhagen, Brussels, 28.1.2009.
3 COM(2009) 39 final, Towards a comprehensive climate change agreement in Copenhagen, Brussels, 28.1.2009.这里所说的“正常水平”,是指按目前条件、不再有其他减排措施的情况下,发展中大国到2020年的排放量。
1 EU action against climate change: working with developing countries to tackle climate change, European Communities, 2007.
1 Commission Decision 2004/156/EC of 29 January 2004, establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.
1 EU emissions trading: an open scheme promoting global innovation, European Communities, 2005, p6.
1庄贵阳:“欧盟温室气体排放贸易机制及其对中国的启示”,第78-79页。
1 Directive 2006/32/EC, on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC.
2 COM(2006)545 final, Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential, Communication from the commission.
1 Reducing emissions from the energy and transport sectors, European Communities, 2006.
2 EU Energy Policy: Factsheets for media, March 2007, by Friends of the Earth Europe, from http://www.foeeurope.org/climate/index.htm
1 Climate for a transport change. TERM 2007: indicators tracking transport and environment in the European Union, EEA Report, No 1/2008.
2 COM(2006)545 final, Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential, Communication from the commission.
3 CSI 010 - Greenhouse gas emission trends - Assessment published Mar 2009, European Environment Agency.
4 Commission Recommendation of 5 February 1999, 1999/125/EC; of 13 April 2000, 2000/304/EC; of 13 2000, 2000/303/EC - on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars.
1 Reference: IP/07/155, Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars.
2新华网:“欧盟汽车尾气排放新标准引发不满”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/auto/2007-12/21/content_7286813.htm。
3 EU Energy Policy, Factsheets for media, March 2007, by Friends of the Earth Europe.
4 P6_TA(2008)0614, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/co2/co2_home.htm#com_2007_19
5 Directive 1999/94/EC, Official Journal L 029 , 03/02/1999 P. 0055– 0059;中国能效标识网:http://test.energylabel.gov.cn/UserFiles/File/2006-3.pdf
1 Climate for a transport change. TERM 2007: indicators tracking transport and environment in the European Union, EEA Report, No 1/2008; White Paper: European transport policy for 2010; COM(2001)370; proposal COM(2003)448 to amend Directive 99/62/EC; COM(2005)261.
2 Directive 2003/30/EC, on the promotion of the use of bio-fuels or other renewable fuels for transport.
1 COM(2005) 718 final, Communication from the Commission, on a thematic strategy on the urban environment.
2 Directive 2008/101/EC amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community.
3国际航空运输协会(IATA)新闻稿:“2012年的‘单一欧洲天空’问题”,http://www.iata.org/index.htm。
4 Regulation (EC) No 549/2004, of 10 March 2004, laying down the framework for the creation of the single European sky.
1侯敬:“关于欧盟铁路支持政策的研究”,《铁道工程学报》2008年第11期,第114页。
2 COM(2006) 6 final on the promotion of inland waterway transport "NAIADES": an Integrated European Action Programme for Inland Waterway Transport.
3“欧洲内河航运:用现代演绎传统”,《中国船检》2007年第3期,第28页。
4 Naiade是古希腊神话里生活在大小河流、湖泊和沼泽地的水中女神。
1 COM(2006) 6 final on the promotion of inland waterway transport "NAIADES": an Integrated European Action Programme for Inland Waterway Transport.
2苏萍、宁涛:“欧洲内河运输发展趋势”,《中国水运》2006年第2期,第54页。
3 COM/2001/0370 final, White Paper - European transport policy for 2010: time to decide.
4杨奕萍:“‘绿色航运’忧思”,《环境经济》2008年第4期,第10-11页。
1“欧盟考虑海运业界也推行温室气体排放权交易制度”,《中国海洋报》2007年5月22日,第3版。
2王杨堃、荣朝和：“多式联运经济组织的演变及其启示”，《综合运输》2007年第9期,第60页。
1 EU Energy Policy: Factsheets for media, March 2007, Friends of the Earth Europe, see http://www.foeeurope.org/climate/index.htm
2 Combating climate change– The EU leads the way, Directorate-General of European Commission, 2008, p8.
1 Forest covers 42% of the EU27 land area, Eurostat News Releases, 146/2008 - 20 October 2008.
1 Council Regulation (EEC) No 1992/93 of 19 July 1993 transferring the financing of certain aids…to encourage the set-aside of arable land.
2卢铮:“欧盟拟改革休耕和农补制度”,《中国证券报》2008年5月22日,第A10版。
3 The European Climate Change Programme, European Communities, 2006.
1 IPCC SRES scenario A2; costs by 2100 in 1995€. Results from EC JRC PESETA study.
2 COM (2007) 354 final, Green Paper: Adapting to climate change in Europe– options for EU action, by Commission of the European Communities.
1 EU action against climate change: working with developing countries to tackle climate change, European Communities, 2007.
1 COM (2007) 354 final, Green Paper: Adapting to climate change in Europe– options for EU action, by Commission of the European Communities.
2 COM (2007) 354 final, Green Paper: Adapting to climate change in Europe– options for EU action, by Commission of the European Communities.
1中华人民共和国新闻办公室:《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书,2008年10月。
1汪同三:“积极解决经济社会发展中的矛盾和问题”,《人民日报》2007年4月25日,第9版。
2蓝庆新:“世界生产性服务业发展特点及趋势”,《天府新论》2009年第1期,第26页。
1刘力:“试析当前我国环境非政府组织发展中的问题”,《法制与社会》2008年第17期,第138～139页。
1中华人民共和国新闻办公室:《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书,2008年10月。
2胡鞍钢:“加强中欧能源与气候安全合作”,中外对话:http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/ch/1836
3《中国和欧盟气候变化联合宣言》,中国外交部网站:http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/wjdt/1179/t210463.htm
1关于中国和欧盟在国际气候谈判领域的合作,可参见薄燕、陈志敏:“全球气候变化治理中的中国与欧盟”,《现代国际关系》2009年第2期,第48-50页。
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations, 1992
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997
Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 of 7 May 1990 on the establishment of the European Environment Agency and the European environment information and observation network
Regulation (EEC) No 1973/92, (EC) No 1655/2000, concerning the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE)
Regulation (EC) No 614/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 May 2007 concerning the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE+)
Regulation (EC) No 549/2004, of 10 March 2004, laying down the framework for the creation of the single European sky
Regulation (EC) No 842/2006, on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases
Regulation (EC) No 1692/2006, establishing the second Marco Polo programme for the granting of Community financial assistance to improve the environmental performance of the freight transport system (Marco Polo II) and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1382/2003
Regulation (EEC) No 1992/93 of 19 July 1993 transferring the financing of certain aids…to encourage the set-aside of arable land
Directive 2008/1/EC, concerning integrated pollution prevention and control
Directive 2003/87/EC, establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Directive 96/61/EC
Directive 2001/77/EC, on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market
Directive 2004/8/EC, on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC
Directive 92/75/EEC, on the indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by household appliances
Directive 2005/32/EC, establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products and amending Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC
Directive 2002/91/EC, on the energy performance of buildings
Directive 2006/32/EC, on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing
Directive 93/76/EEC, to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energy efficiency (SAVE)
Directive 2003/54/EC, concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC
Directive 1999/94/EC, Official Journal L 029, 03/02/1999 P.0055– 0059
Directive 2003/30/EC, on the promotion of the use of bio-fuels or other renewable fuels for transport
Directive 2008/101/EC amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community
Directive 2003/96/EC, restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity
Directive 307/2008, 306/2008, 305/2008, 304/2008, 303/2008 of EEC
Directive 91/676/EEC, on nitrates from agricultural sources
Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste COM (2007) 354 final, Adapting to climate change in Europe - options for EU action, by Commission of the European Communities
COM (2001) 428 final, European Governance, European Commission, 25.7.2001 COM (2005) 658 final, on the review of the Sustainable Development Strategy– A platform for action, Commission of the European Communities
COM (2009) 39 final, towards a comprehensive climate change agreement in Copenhagen, Brussels, 28.1.2009
COM (2003) 830, on guidance to assist Member States in the implementation of the criteria listed in Annex III to Directive 2003/87/EC
COM (2005) 628 final, Commission proposal, Biomass Action Plan
COM (2006) 848 final, Renewable Energy Road Map, Renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future
COM (2006) 545 final, Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential, Communication from the commission
COM (2008) 400 final, Public procurement for a better environment
COM (2007) 1 final, an energy policy for Europe
COM (2003) 448 to amend Directive 99/62/EC
COM (2005) 261, proposal for a Directive on passenger car related taxes
COM (2005) 718 final, Communication from the Commission, on a thematic strategy on the urban environment
COM (96) 421 final, White Paper: A strategy for revitalising the Community's railways, 30 July 1996
COM (2006) 6 final on the promotion of inland waterway transport "NAIADES": an Integrated European Action Programme for Inland Waterway Transport
COM/2001/370 final, White Paper - European transport policy for 2010: time to decide
COM (2006) 302 final, on an EU Forest Action Plan
Decision 2004/156/EC, establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
Decision No 1230/2003/EC, adopting a multiannual programme for action in the field of energy: "Intelligent Energy - Europe" (2003-2006)
Decision No 1639/2006/EC, 24 October 2006, establishing a Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme
Recommendation of 5 February 1999, 1999/125/EC; of 13 April 2000, 2000/304/EC; of 13 2000, 2000/303/EC - on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars
MEMO/08/800, 17 December 2008, amendment to Directive 98/70/EC on environmental quality standards for fuel MEMO/08/798, Brussels, 17 December 2008
Reference: MEMO/08/796, Questions and Answers on the revised EU Emissions Trading System, 17 December 2008
Reference: IP/07/155, Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars
EU action against Climate Change: The European Climate Change Programme, European Communities 2006
EU action against Climate Change: Leading global action to 2020 and beyond, European Communities 2008
EU action against Climate Change: EU emissions trading - an open scheme promoting global innovation, European Communities, 2005
EU action against Climate Change: Adapting to climate change, European Communities, 2008
EU action against Climate Change: Working with developing countries to tackle climate change, European Communities, 2007
EU action against climate change: Research and development to fight climate change, European Communities, 2007
EU action against climate change: Reducing emissions from the energy and transport sectors, European Communities, 2006 Combating climate change - The EU leads the way, European Communities, 2008
Climate Change and International Security, by the Commission and the Secretary-General/High Representative to the European Council, 3 March 2008
EU Strategy for Sustainable Development, Office for Official Publications of the EU, 2002 Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy, 26 June 2006
The Economics of Climate Change, by Stern Review, June 2007
The European Union's Emissions Trading System in perspective, A. Denny Ellerman and Paul L. Joskow, released by Pew Center on Global Climate Change, May 2008
Europe's environment - The fourth assessment, published by European Environment Agency and the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
Application of the Emissions Trading Directive by EU Member States - reporting year 2008,EEA Technical report No 13/2008, European Environment Agency
Energy and environment report 2008, European Environment Agency
Greenhouse gas emission trends - Assessment published Mar 2009, European Environment Agency
Indicators tracking transport and environment in the European Union, EEA Report, No 1/2008 Livestock's Long Shadow: environmental issues and options, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2007
EU Energy Policy, Factsheets for media, March 2007, by Friends of the Earth Europe First Comments from INFORSE-Europe on the "Energy Package" of proposals from the European Commission, January 2008
China’s Clean Revolution, by Climate Group, July 31, 2008
Louise Gray. Scientist warns against overselling climate change, The Daily Telegraph, 4 Dec. 2008
Ban Ki-Moon. A Climate Culprit in Darfur, Washington Post, 16 June, 2007
Geraldo Luís Lino. Global Warming: Facts and Factoids, Global Research, 5th June 2008
Energy Technologies: Knowledge, Perception, Measures, Special Eurobarometer, European Commission, January 2007
Obama moves forward with plans to cut emissions, By Jim Tankersley, Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2009 二、中文资料
政府间气候变化专门委员会:《气候变化2007?综合报告》(中文版)
联合国开发计划署:《2007/2008年人类发展报告——应对气候变化:分化世界中的人类团结》
国家气候变化对策协调小组办公室:《全球气候变化:人类面临的挑战》,商务印书馆2004年
(英)迈克尔?阿拉贝著:《危险的天气?气候变化》,上海科学技术文献出版社2006年
蔡守秋:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年
崔大鹏:《国际气候合作的政治经济学分析》,商务印书馆2003年
曹建明:《欧洲联盟法:从欧洲统一大市场到欧洲经济货币联盟》,浙江人民出版社2000年
王海峰:《世贸组织新型贸易壁垒法律规制及热点研究》,上海社会科学院出版社2008年
中国气象局课题组:《各国气候变化应对体制研究报告》,2005年10月
“欧洲的战略远景”,《国际原子能机构通报49-2》,2008年3月
周剑、何建坤:“欧盟气候变化政策及其经济影响”,《现代国际关系》2009年第2期
魏子迪:“欧盟环境治理下国际非政府组织的角色与作用”,《整合全球化与在地化:21世
纪政治学研究的新趋势》研讨会论文集,(台湾)东海大学政治系2004年12月
赵来文、刘彤:“论西方法治主义传统的借鉴价值”,《理论前沿》2008年第11期
宋玉波、张凌华:“略论欧美法治传统及其历史变迁”,《西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》第32卷第6期,2006年11月
李巍:“如何认识欧盟的‘民主赤字’问题?”,《欧洲研究》2002年第6期
[德]贝娅特?科勒-科赫:“对欧盟治理的批判性评价”,《欧洲研究》2008年第2期
王曦:“论欧盟温室气体控制法律和政策的方法论意义”,《西南政法大学学报》2008年10月
朱仁显、唐哲文:“欧盟决策机制与欧洲一体化”,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002年第6期
卢静、衡孝军:“透析欧盟治理困境”,《国际问题研究》2008年第2期
关健、刘立:“欧盟框架计划的优先研究领域及其演变初探”,《中国科技论坛》2008年第1期
吴玲:“排污交易制度研究的理论基础”,《中国农学研究》第23卷第4期,2007年4月
庄贵阳:“欧盟温室气体排放贸易机制及其对中国的启示”,《欧洲研究》2006年第3期
李婷:“欧盟生态标签制度评析及启示”,《海南大学学报(人文社科版)》第26卷第5期,2008年10月
戴宇欣:“欧盟生态标签制度”,《上海标准化》2005年第2期
辛勤:“欧盟采用新的能源之星计划”,《中国标准化》2008年第2期
沈兴兴、刘尊文:“推动政府绿色采购,建立可持续消费制度”,《环境与可持续发展》2008年第1期
赵凯:“电机挑战计划促进电机系统节能”,《电气时代》2008年第10期
齐绍洲、李萌:“欧盟能源效率与‘理智能源计划’评析”,《法国研究》2007年第2期
李琦:“欧盟航空排放政策的发展及其影响”,《中国民用航空》2007年第2期
董艳华、荣朝和:“欧盟铁路改革的方向与进程”,《铁道学报》第26卷第4期,2004年8月
侯敬:“关于欧盟铁路支持政策的研究”,《铁道工程学报》2008年第11期
“欧洲内河航运:用现代演绎传统”,《中国船检》2007年第3期
苏萍、宁涛:“欧洲内河运输发展趋势”,《中国水运》2006年第2期
薄燕、陈志敏:“全球气候变化治理中的中国与欧盟”,《现代国际关系》2009年第2期
王杨堃、荣朝和：“多式联运经济组织的演变及其启示”，《综合运输》2007年第9期
张旭辉等:“中国湿地土壤碳库保护与气候变化问题”,《气候变化研究进展》第4卷第4期,2008年7月
孙高祥:“适应气候变化是发展中国家当务之急”,《环境经济》2008年第3期
杨奕萍:“‘绿色航运’忧思”,《环境经济》2008年第4期
刘力:“试析当前我国环境非政府组织发展中的问题”,《法制与社会》2008年第17期
蓝庆新:“世界生产性服务业发展特点及趋势”,《天府新论》2009年第1期
刘言浩:“欧洲法院的庭审程序”,《人民法院报》2004年10月15日。
时红秀:“欧盟的节能减排战略”,《学习时报》2007年10月8日
汪同三:“积极解决经济社会发展中的矛盾和问题”,《人民日报》2007年4月25日
“要森林,还是要燃料”,《科技日报》2007年8月30日
“生物燃料加速全球变暖”,《参考消息》2009年2月17日
王宝锟:“欧盟新能源战略趋向核电优先”,《经济日报》2008年5月27日
任鹏:“欧洲原子能论坛呼吁增加使用核能”,《光明日报》2008年5月30日
李永群:“欧盟:生态设计,大势所趋”,《人民日报》2007年8月16日
尚军:“欧盟单一能源市场建设面临阻力”,《中国证券报》2007年7月3日
“欧盟考虑海运业界也推行温室气体排放权交易制度”,《中国海洋报》2007年5月22日
卢铮:“欧盟拟改革休耕和农补制度”,《中国证券报》2008年5月22日
中华人民共和国新闻办公室:《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书,2008年10月
中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会:《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,2007年6月
中华人民共和国科学技术部等:《中国应对气候变化科技专项行动》,2007年6月
中华人民共和国科学技术部等:《气候变化国家评估报告》,科学出版社2007年
《中国和欧盟气候变化联合宣言》,2005年9月
《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处:http://unfccc.int
政府间气候变化专门委员会:http://www.ipcc.ch
世界气象组织:http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html
欧盟应对气候变化专题:http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s15012.htm
欧盟委员会气候政策文献:http://ec.europa.eu/climateaction/key_documents
欧洲能源数据库:http://www.energy.eu
欧洲统计署:http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
欧洲环境署:http://www.eea.europa.eu
欧洲气候行动网络:http://www.climnet.org/index.htm
Green 10集团:http://www.green10.org/
中国气候变化网:http://www.ipcc.cma.gov.cn/cn
中国气候变化信息网:http://www.ccchina.gov.cn
2事实上,气候变化作为一个长期趋势,并不排除短时期内(如一两年)温度的降低。
3 Ban Ki-Moon. A Climate Culprit in Darfur, Washington Post, 16 June, 2007.
1顾青峰:《气候变化与人类社会》,《气象软科学》2005年第4期,第86页。
2崔大鹏:《国际气候合作的政治经济学分析》,北京·商务印书馆,2003年,第13-16页。
1有关历次COP和MOP的具体成果,可参见UNFCCC官方网站:http://unfccc.int/meetings/archive/items/2749.php
1关于欧盟应对气候变化政策的演进历程,可参见周剑、何建坤:“欧盟气候变化政策及其经济影响”,《现代国际关系》2009年第2期,第38-40页。
1 EU Energy Policy, Factsheets for media, March 2007, by Friends of the Earth Europe. See http://www.foeeurope.org/climate/index.htm
2 First Comments from INFORSE-Europe on the "Energy Package" of proposals from the European Commission, January 2008. See http://www.inforse.org/europe/pdfs/INFORSE-on-EU-energy-package-F.pdf
1赵来文、刘彤:“论西方法治主义传统的借鉴价值”,《理论前沿》2008年第11期,第31页。
2宋玉波、张凌华:“略论欧美法治传统及其历史变迁”,《西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》第32卷第6期,2006年11月,第154页。
1李巍:“如何认识欧盟的‘民主赤字’问题?”,《欧洲研究》2002年第6期,第60-68页。还可参见李秋高:“论欧盟宪政中的‘民主赤字’问题”,《北京理工大学学报(社会科学版)》第8卷第2期,2006年4月,第31-34页。笔者对“欧盟层面上的公众”的理解是,指对欧盟具有较强烈的身份认同、甚至强于对自己国家认同的公众群体。
2 COM(2001) 428 final, European Governance ( A White Paper), European Commission, 25.7.2001.
3 [德]贝娅特·科勒-科赫:“对欧盟治理的批判性评价”,《欧洲研究》2008年第2期,第97页。
1 [德]贝娅特·科勒-科赫:“对欧盟治理的批判性评价”,《欧洲研究》2008年第2期,第97-98页。
2 [德]贝娅特·科勒-科赫:“对欧盟治理的批判性评价”,《欧洲研究》2008年第2期,第100-101页。在这方面更深入的探讨可参见陈玉刚:《国家与超国家:欧洲一体化理论比较研究》,上海人民出版社2001年版。
3王曦:“论欧盟温室气体控制法律和政策的方法论意义”,《西南政法大学学报》,2008年10月,第42页。
1曹建明著:《欧洲联盟法:从欧洲统一大市场到欧洲经济货币联盟》,浙江人民出版社2000年,第48页。
1朱仁显、唐哲文:“欧盟决策机制与欧洲一体化”,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002年第6期,第82页。
2参见蔡守秋主编:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第7-10页。
3朱仁显、唐哲文:“欧盟决策机制与欧洲一体化”,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002年第6期,第82页。
1参见蔡守秋主编:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第13-17页。也有人翻译为总司或总署。
2朱仁显、唐哲文:“欧盟决策机制与欧洲一体化”,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002年第6期,第83页。
3参见蔡守秋主编:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第21-25页。
1刘言浩:“欧洲法院的庭审程序”,《人民法院报》2004年10月15日。
2参见蔡守秋主编:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第29-35页。
1参见蔡守秋主编:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第37页。
2 Council Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 of 7 May 1990 on the establishment of the European Environment Agency and the European environment information and observation network.
3在此需要说明的是,还有一个名为欧洲环境局(European Environment Bureau)的非政府组织,成立于1974年12月。截止2009年1月底,它已拥有30个国家的139个非政府组织成员。欧盟委员会在必要时也会向它提出咨询。
1 European Climate Change Programme, European Commission.
2参见卢静、衡孝军:“透析欧盟治理困境”,《国际问题研究》2008年第2期,第37-39页。
1这五个指令分别涉及到排放交易机制、减排量分担、CO2捕获与封存技术、乘用车CO2排放标准、燃料质量标准。
2 Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy, 26 June 2006, pp.7-8; Climate change: Commission welcomes final adoption of Europe's climate and energy package, Reference: IP/08/1998, Press Room of European Commission.
1关健、刘立:“欧盟框架计划的优先研究领域及其演变初探”,《中国科技论坛》2008年1月第1期,第136页。
2 EU action against climate change: Research and development to fight climate change, European Communities, 2007, p5.
1 EU action against climate change: Research and development to fight climate change, European Communities, 2007, p5.
2 MEMO/08/798, Brussels, 17 December 2008.
3 EU action against climate change: Research and development to fight climate change, European Communities, 2007, pp. 6-8.
1蔡守秋:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年,第370页。
2 Combating climate change– The EU leads the way, Directorate-General of European Commission, 2008, p12.
3吴玲:“排污交易制度研究的理论基础”,《中国农学研究》第23卷第4期,2007年4月,第500页。关于排污权交易理论的更详细论述,可参见王小龙:《排污权交易研究:一个环境法学的视角》,法律出版社2008年。
1 Regulation (EEC) No 1973/92, (EC) No 1655/2000, concerning the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE).
1 Regulation (EC) No 614/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 May 2007 concerning the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE+).
2 The European Climate Change Programme, European Communities 2006.
3英国于2001年起对非国内用途的能源进行征税,称为“气候变化税”。有些国家把能源税直接称为CO2税或碳税。
4 Council Directive 2003/96/EC, restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity.
5技术壁垒资源网:http://www.tbtmap.gov.cn/portal/Contents/Channel_2125/2008/1006/40239/content_40239.jsf
1 COM(2009) 39 final, Towards a comprehensive climate change agreement in Copenhagen, Brussels, 28.1.2009.
2 COM(2009) 39 final, Towards a comprehensive climate change agreement in Copenhagen, Brussels, 28.1.2009.
3 COM(2009) 39 final, Towards a comprehensive climate change agreement in Copenhagen, Brussels, 28.1.2009.这里所说的“正常水平”,是指按目前条件、不再有其他减排措施的情况下,发展中大国到2020年的排放量。
1 EU action against climate change: working with developing countries to tackle climate change, European Communities, 2007.
1 Commission Decision 2004/156/EC of 29 January 2004, establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.
1 EU emissions trading: an open scheme promoting global innovation, European Communities, 2005, p6.
1庄贵阳:“欧盟温室气体排放贸易机制及其对中国的启示”,第78-79页。
1 Directive 2006/32/EC, on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing Council Directive 93/76/EEC.
2 COM(2006)545 final, Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential, Communication from the commission.
1 Reducing emissions from the energy and transport sectors, European Communities, 2006.
2 EU Energy Policy: Factsheets for media, March 2007, by Friends of the Earth Europe, from http://www.foeeurope.org/climate/index.htm
1 Climate for a transport change. TERM 2007: indicators tracking transport and environment in the European Union, EEA Report, No 1/2008.
2 COM(2006)545 final, Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential, Communication from the commission.
3 CSI 010 - Greenhouse gas emission trends - Assessment published Mar 2009, European Environment Agency.
4 Commission Recommendation of 5 February 1999, 1999/125/EC; of 13 April 2000, 2000/304/EC; of 13 2000, 2000/303/EC - on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars.
1 Reference: IP/07/155, Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars.
2新华网:“欧盟汽车尾气排放新标准引发不满”,http://news.xinhuanet.com/auto/2007-12/21/content_7286813.htm。
3 EU Energy Policy, Factsheets for media, March 2007, by Friends of the Earth Europe.
4 P6_TA(2008)0614, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/co2/co2_home.htm#com_2007_19
5 Directive 1999/94/EC, Official Journal L 029 , 03/02/1999 P. 0055– 0059;中国能效标识网:http://test.energylabel.gov.cn/UserFiles/File/2006-3.pdf
1 Climate for a transport change. TERM 2007: indicators tracking transport and environment in the European Union, EEA Report, No 1/2008; White Paper: European transport policy for 2010; COM(2001)370; proposal COM(2003)448 to amend Directive 99/62/EC; COM(2005)261.
2 Directive 2003/30/EC, on the promotion of the use of bio-fuels or other renewable fuels for transport.
1 COM(2005) 718 final, Communication from the Commission, on a thematic strategy on the urban environment.
2 Directive 2008/101/EC amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community.
3国际航空运输协会(IATA)新闻稿:“2012年的‘单一欧洲天空’问题”,http://www.iata.org/index.htm。
4 Regulation (EC) No 549/2004, of 10 March 2004, laying down the framework for the creation of the single European sky.
1侯敬:“关于欧盟铁路支持政策的研究”,《铁道工程学报》2008年第11期,第114页。
2 COM(2006) 6 final on the promotion of inland waterway transport "NAIADES": an Integrated European Action Programme for Inland Waterway Transport.
3“欧洲内河航运:用现代演绎传统”,《中国船检》2007年第3期,第28页。
4 Naiade是古希腊神话里生活在大小河流、湖泊和沼泽地的水中女神。
1 COM(2006) 6 final on the promotion of inland waterway transport "NAIADES": an Integrated European Action Programme for Inland Waterway Transport.
2苏萍、宁涛:“欧洲内河运输发展趋势”,《中国水运》2006年第2期,第54页。
3 COM/2001/0370 final, White Paper - European transport policy for 2010: time to decide.
4杨奕萍:“‘绿色航运’忧思”,《环境经济》2008年第4期,第10-11页。
1“欧盟考虑海运业界也推行温室气体排放权交易制度”,《中国海洋报》2007年5月22日,第3版。
2王杨堃、荣朝和：“多式联运经济组织的演变及其启示”，《综合运输》2007年第9期,第60页。
1 EU Energy Policy: Factsheets for media, March 2007, Friends of the Earth Europe, see http://www.foeeurope.org/climate/index.htm
2 Combating climate change– The EU leads the way, Directorate-General of European Commission, 2008, p8.
1 Forest covers 42% of the EU27 land area, Eurostat News Releases, 146/2008 - 20 October 2008.
1 Council Regulation (EEC) No 1992/93 of 19 July 1993 transferring the financing of certain aids…to encourage the set-aside of arable land.
2卢铮:“欧盟拟改革休耕和农补制度”,《中国证券报》2008年5月22日,第A10版。
3 The European Climate Change Programme, European Communities, 2006.
1 IPCC SRES scenario A2; costs by 2100 in 1995€. Results from EC JRC PESETA study.
2 COM (2007) 354 final, Green Paper: Adapting to climate change in Europe– options for EU action, by Commission of the European Communities.
1 EU action against climate change: working with developing countries to tackle climate change, European Communities, 2007.
1 COM (2007) 354 final, Green Paper: Adapting to climate change in Europe– options for EU action, by Commission of the European Communities.
2 COM (2007) 354 final, Green Paper: Adapting to climate change in Europe– options for EU action, by Commission of the European Communities.
1中华人民共和国新闻办公室:《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书,2008年10月。
1汪同三:“积极解决经济社会发展中的矛盾和问题”,《人民日报》2007年4月25日,第9版。
2蓝庆新:“世界生产性服务业发展特点及趋势”,《天府新论》2009年第1期,第26页。
1刘力:“试析当前我国环境非政府组织发展中的问题”,《法制与社会》2008年第17期,第138～139页。
1中华人民共和国新闻办公室:《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书,2008年10月。
2胡鞍钢:“加强中欧能源与气候安全合作”,中外对话:http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/ch/1836
3《中国和欧盟气候变化联合宣言》,中国外交部网站:http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/wjdt/1179/t210463.htm
1关于中国和欧盟在国际气候谈判领域的合作,可参见薄燕、陈志敏:“全球气候变化治理中的中国与欧盟”,《现代国际关系》2009年第2期,第48-50页。
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations, 1992
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997
Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 of 7 May 1990 on the establishment of the European Environment Agency and the European environment information and observation network
Regulation (EEC) No 1973/92, (EC) No 1655/2000, concerning the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE)
Regulation (EC) No 614/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 May 2007 concerning the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE+)
Regulation (EC) No 549/2004, of 10 March 2004, laying down the framework for the creation of the single European sky
Regulation (EC) No 842/2006, on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases
Regulation (EC) No 1692/2006, establishing the second Marco Polo programme for the granting of Community financial assistance to improve the environmental performance of the freight transport system (Marco Polo II) and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1382/2003
Regulation (EEC) No 1992/93 of 19 July 1993 transferring the financing of certain aids…to encourage the set-aside of arable land
Directive 2008/1/EC, concerning integrated pollution prevention and control
Directive 2003/87/EC, establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Directive 96/61/EC
Directive 2001/77/EC, on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market
Directive 2004/8/EC, on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market and amending Directive 92/42/EEC
Directive 92/75/EEC, on the indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by household appliances
Directive 2005/32/EC, establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products and amending Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC
Directive 2002/91/EC, on the energy performance of buildings
Directive 2006/32/EC, on energy end-use efficiency and energy services and repealing
Directive 93/76/EEC, to limit carbon dioxide emissions by improving energy efficiency (SAVE)
Directive 2003/54/EC, concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/EC
Directive 1999/94/EC, Official Journal L 029, 03/02/1999 P.0055– 0059
Directive 2003/30/EC, on the promotion of the use of bio-fuels or other renewable fuels for transport
Directive 2008/101/EC amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community
Directive 2003/96/EC, restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity
Directive 307/2008, 306/2008, 305/2008, 304/2008, 303/2008 of EEC
Directive 91/676/EEC, on nitrates from agricultural sources
Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste COM (2007) 354 final, Adapting to climate change in Europe - options for EU action, by Commission of the European Communities
COM (2001) 428 final, European Governance, European Commission, 25.7.2001 COM (2005) 658 final, on the review of the Sustainable Development Strategy– A platform for action, Commission of the European Communities
COM (2009) 39 final, towards a comprehensive climate change agreement in Copenhagen, Brussels, 28.1.2009
COM (2003) 830, on guidance to assist Member States in the implementation of the criteria listed in Annex III to Directive 2003/87/EC
COM (2005) 628 final, Commission proposal, Biomass Action Plan
COM (2006) 848 final, Renewable Energy Road Map, Renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future
COM (2006) 545 final, Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential, Communication from the commission
COM (2008) 400 final, Public procurement for a better environment
COM (2007) 1 final, an energy policy for Europe
COM (2003) 448 to amend Directive 99/62/EC
COM (2005) 261, proposal for a Directive on passenger car related taxes
COM (2005) 718 final, Communication from the Commission, on a thematic strategy on the urban environment
COM (96) 421 final, White Paper: A strategy for revitalising the Community's railways, 30 July 1996
COM (2006) 6 final on the promotion of inland waterway transport "NAIADES": an Integrated European Action Programme for Inland Waterway Transport
COM/2001/370 final, White Paper - European transport policy for 2010: time to decide
COM (2006) 302 final, on an EU Forest Action Plan
Decision 2004/156/EC, establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
Decision No 1230/2003/EC, adopting a multiannual programme for action in the field of energy: "Intelligent Energy - Europe" (2003-2006)
Decision No 1639/2006/EC, 24 October 2006, establishing a Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme
Recommendation of 5 February 1999, 1999/125/EC; of 13 April 2000, 2000/304/EC; of 13 2000, 2000/303/EC - on the reduction of CO2 emissions from passenger cars
MEMO/08/800, 17 December 2008, amendment to Directive 98/70/EC on environmental quality standards for fuel MEMO/08/798, Brussels, 17 December 2008
Reference: MEMO/08/796, Questions and Answers on the revised EU Emissions Trading System, 17 December 2008
Reference: IP/07/155, Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars
EU action against Climate Change: The European Climate Change Programme, European Communities 2006
EU action against Climate Change: Leading global action to 2020 and beyond, European Communities 2008
EU action against Climate Change: EU emissions trading - an open scheme promoting global innovation, European Communities, 2005
EU action against Climate Change: Adapting to climate change, European Communities, 2008
EU action against Climate Change: Working with developing countries to tackle climate change, European Communities, 2007
EU action against climate change: Research and development to fight climate change, European Communities, 2007
EU action against climate change: Reducing emissions from the energy and transport sectors, European Communities, 2006 Combating climate change - The EU leads the way, European Communities, 2008
Climate Change and International Security, by the Commission and the Secretary-General/High Representative to the European Council, 3 March 2008
EU Strategy for Sustainable Development, Office for Official Publications of the EU, 2002 Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy, 26 June 2006
The Economics of Climate Change, by Stern Review, June 2007
The European Union's Emissions Trading System in perspective, A. Denny Ellerman and Paul L. Joskow, released by Pew Center on Global Climate Change, May 2008
Europe's environment - The fourth assessment, published by European Environment Agency and the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
Application of the Emissions Trading Directive by EU Member States - reporting year 2008,EEA Technical report No 13/2008, European Environment Agency
Energy and environment report 2008, European Environment Agency
Greenhouse gas emission trends - Assessment published Mar 2009, European Environment Agency
Indicators tracking transport and environment in the European Union, EEA Report, No 1/2008 Livestock's Long Shadow: environmental issues and options, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2007
EU Energy Policy, Factsheets for media, March 2007, by Friends of the Earth Europe First Comments from INFORSE-Europe on the "Energy Package" of proposals from the European Commission, January 2008
China’s Clean Revolution, by Climate Group, July 31, 2008
Louise Gray. Scientist warns against overselling climate change, The Daily Telegraph, 4 Dec. 2008
Ban Ki-Moon. A Climate Culprit in Darfur, Washington Post, 16 June, 2007
Geraldo Luís Lino. Global Warming: Facts and Factoids, Global Research, 5th June 2008
Energy Technologies: Knowledge, Perception, Measures, Special Eurobarometer, European Commission, January 2007
Obama moves forward with plans to cut emissions, By Jim Tankersley, Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2009 二、中文资料
政府间气候变化专门委员会:《气候变化2007?综合报告》(中文版)
联合国开发计划署:《2007/2008年人类发展报告——应对气候变化:分化世界中的人类团结》
国家气候变化对策协调小组办公室:《全球气候变化:人类面临的挑战》,商务印书馆2004年
(英)迈克尔?阿拉贝著:《危险的天气?气候变化》,上海科学技术文献出版社2006年
蔡守秋:《欧盟环境政策法律研究》,武汉大学出版社2002年
崔大鹏:《国际气候合作的政治经济学分析》,商务印书馆2003年
曹建明:《欧洲联盟法:从欧洲统一大市场到欧洲经济货币联盟》,浙江人民出版社2000年
王海峰:《世贸组织新型贸易壁垒法律规制及热点研究》,上海社会科学院出版社2008年
中国气象局课题组:《各国气候变化应对体制研究报告》,2005年10月
“欧洲的战略远景”,《国际原子能机构通报49-2》,2008年3月
周剑、何建坤:“欧盟气候变化政策及其经济影响”,《现代国际关系》2009年第2期
魏子迪:“欧盟环境治理下国际非政府组织的角色与作用”,《整合全球化与在地化:21世
纪政治学研究的新趋势》研讨会论文集,(台湾)东海大学政治系2004年12月
赵来文、刘彤:“论西方法治主义传统的借鉴价值”,《理论前沿》2008年第11期
宋玉波、张凌华:“略论欧美法治传统及其历史变迁”,《西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》第32卷第6期,2006年11月
李巍:“如何认识欧盟的‘民主赤字’问题?”,《欧洲研究》2002年第6期
[德]贝娅特?科勒-科赫:“对欧盟治理的批判性评价”,《欧洲研究》2008年第2期
王曦:“论欧盟温室气体控制法律和政策的方法论意义”,《西南政法大学学报》2008年10月
朱仁显、唐哲文:“欧盟决策机制与欧洲一体化”,《厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2002年第6期
卢静、衡孝军:“透析欧盟治理困境”,《国际问题研究》2008年第2期
关健、刘立:“欧盟框架计划的优先研究领域及其演变初探”,《中国科技论坛》2008年第1期
吴玲:“排污交易制度研究的理论基础”,《中国农学研究》第23卷第4期,2007年4月
庄贵阳:“欧盟温室气体排放贸易机制及其对中国的启示”,《欧洲研究》2006年第3期
李婷:“欧盟生态标签制度评析及启示”,《海南大学学报(人文社科版)》第26卷第5期,2008年10月
戴宇欣:“欧盟生态标签制度”,《上海标准化》2005年第2期
辛勤:“欧盟采用新的能源之星计划”,《中国标准化》2008年第2期
沈兴兴、刘尊文:“推动政府绿色采购,建立可持续消费制度”,《环境与可持续发展》2008年第1期
赵凯:“电机挑战计划促进电机系统节能”,《电气时代》2008年第10期
齐绍洲、李萌:“欧盟能源效率与‘理智能源计划’评析”,《法国研究》2007年第2期
李琦:“欧盟航空排放政策的发展及其影响”,《中国民用航空》2007年第2期
董艳华、荣朝和:“欧盟铁路改革的方向与进程”,《铁道学报》第26卷第4期,2004年8月
侯敬:“关于欧盟铁路支持政策的研究”,《铁道工程学报》2008年第11期
“欧洲内河航运:用现代演绎传统”,《中国船检》2007年第3期
苏萍、宁涛:“欧洲内河运输发展趋势”,《中国水运》2006年第2期
薄燕、陈志敏:“全球气候变化治理中的中国与欧盟”,《现代国际关系》2009年第2期
王杨堃、荣朝和：“多式联运经济组织的演变及其启示”，《综合运输》2007年第9期
张旭辉等:“中国湿地土壤碳库保护与气候变化问题”,《气候变化研究进展》第4卷第4期,2008年7月
孙高祥:“适应气候变化是发展中国家当务之急”,《环境经济》2008年第3期
杨奕萍:“‘绿色航运’忧思”,《环境经济》2008年第4期
刘力:“试析当前我国环境非政府组织发展中的问题”,《法制与社会》2008年第17期
蓝庆新:“世界生产性服务业发展特点及趋势”,《天府新论》2009年第1期
刘言浩:“欧洲法院的庭审程序”,《人民法院报》2004年10月15日。
时红秀:“欧盟的节能减排战略”,《学习时报》2007年10月8日
汪同三:“积极解决经济社会发展中的矛盾和问题”,《人民日报》2007年4月25日
“要森林,还是要燃料”,《科技日报》2007年8月30日
“生物燃料加速全球变暖”,《参考消息》2009年2月17日
王宝锟:“欧盟新能源战略趋向核电优先”,《经济日报》2008年5月27日
任鹏:“欧洲原子能论坛呼吁增加使用核能”,《光明日报》2008年5月30日
李永群:“欧盟:生态设计,大势所趋”,《人民日报》2007年8月16日
尚军:“欧盟单一能源市场建设面临阻力”,《中国证券报》2007年7月3日
“欧盟考虑海运业界也推行温室气体排放权交易制度”,《中国海洋报》2007年5月22日
卢铮:“欧盟拟改革休耕和农补制度”,《中国证券报》2008年5月22日
中华人民共和国新闻办公室:《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书,2008年10月
中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会:《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,2007年6月
中华人民共和国科学技术部等:《中国应对气候变化科技专项行动》,2007年6月
中华人民共和国科学技术部等:《气候变化国家评估报告》,科学出版社2007年
《中国和欧盟气候变化联合宣言》,2005年9月
《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处:http://unfccc.int
政府间气候变化专门委员会:http://www.ipcc.ch
世界气象组织:http://www.wmo.int/pages/index_en.html
欧盟应对气候变化专题:http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s15012.htm
欧盟委员会气候政策文献:http://ec.europa.eu/climateaction/key_documents
欧洲能源数据库:http://www.energy.eu
欧洲统计署:http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
欧洲环境署:http://www.eea.europa.eu
欧洲气候行动网络:http://www.climnet.org/index.htm
Green 10集团:http://www.green10.org/
中国气候变化网:http://www.ipcc.cma.gov.cn/cn
中国气候变化信息网:http://www.ccchina.gov.cn