器官模型重建的关键技术研究
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摘要
计算机可视化技术为我们提供了直观、有效、准确的医学分析手段，基于医学影像的器官三维模型重建就是其中十分重要的一个方面，它在外科手术计划、医学研究与教学、远程诊断分析等领域发挥着关键的作用。
本文针对人体器官重建这一研究课题，对基于医学影像的器官轮廓检测、分割和模型重建等技术进行了深入的研究。主要的工作包括如下方面：
1．研究了医学影像的获取和预处理技术，其中包括DICOM标准、医学影像的增强及校正等内容，并给出了对医学影像获取及优化的方法。
2．在医学影像的边缘检测方面，讨论了基于梯度、二阶导数等检测方法，并对基于活动轮廓模型的边缘提取做了一定的分析研究。
3．在器官组织的分割上，研究了基于灰度阈值和纹理信息等多种常用分割原理，提出了基于变形模板的一种新分割方法。
4．通过基于轮廓线的方法和基于等值面提取的方法，实现了对三维器官的重建。
5．基于本文中所论述的算法理论，开发了分析处理医学数据的医学影像系统(Medical Image System)。本文给出了该系统的主要功能及实验结果分析。
基于医学影像的器官三维模型重建是当前医学领域的研究热点，它不仅在理论研究方面有意义，而且对于实际的临床诊断和治疗都有着重大的意义和应用价值，它会对现有的医疗现代化带来深远的影响，有着良好的社会效益和经济效益。
The development of computer visualization technology provides us an accurate, intuitionistic, and efficient way for medical analyzing. Such as the three-dimensional modeling of organ based on medical image has be one most important aspect, and it has become a key part of surgical, medical researching and teaching, telemedicine and so on.
Aiming at the task of the organ modeling, this thesis focuses on the techniques of organ contour-detecting, segmentation and modeling based on medical image. The research work can be summarized in following aspects:
1. The technology of obtaining and pre-processing medical images is researched, including the DICOM standards, image enhancement and geometric correction of medical images, and also present the method of medical images obtaining and optimizing.
2. The edge-detection of medical image base on grads and second derivative is expatiated, especially, some work on edge extraction using improved active contour models also has been done.
3. Some techniques for organ segmentation, such as grayscale threshold, texture and especially the new way of image segmentation based on deformable templates, are presented in detail.
4. Two primary ways designed for three-dimensional modeling, which is based on contours triangularization or iso-surfaces extraction, are presented in this thesis.
5. According to these arithmetic and theory presented in this thesis, a system for processing medical data, which named Medical Image System, is designed and implemented. The main functions and result analysis of the system are highly detailed and discussed in this thesis.
The three-dimensional modeling of organ based on medical image is the hotspot of medical research. It not only has theoretic significance but also represents great importance in clinical diagnostic and treatment. And it also will cause (or has caused) a revolution in the modernization of medical treatment.
本文针对人体器官重建这一研究课题，对基于医学影像的器官轮廓检测、分割和模型重建等技术进行了深入的研究。主要的工作包括如下方面：
1．研究了医学影像的获取和预处理技术，其中包括DICOM标准、医学影像的增强及校正等内容，并给出了对医学影像获取及优化的方法。
2．在医学影像的边缘检测方面，讨论了基于梯度、二阶导数等检测方法，并对基于活动轮廓模型的边缘提取做了一定的分析研究。
3．在器官组织的分割上，研究了基于灰度阈值和纹理信息等多种常用分割原理，提出了基于变形模板的一种新分割方法。
4．通过基于轮廓线的方法和基于等值面提取的方法，实现了对三维器官的重建。
5．基于本文中所论述的算法理论，开发了分析处理医学数据的医学影像系统(Medical Image System)。本文给出了该系统的主要功能及实验结果分析。
基于医学影像的器官三维模型重建是当前医学领域的研究热点，它不仅在理论研究方面有意义，而且对于实际的临床诊断和治疗都有着重大的意义和应用价值，它会对现有的医疗现代化带来深远的影响，有着良好的社会效益和经济效益。
The development of computer visualization technology provides us an accurate, intuitionistic, and efficient way for medical analyzing. Such as the three-dimensional modeling of organ based on medical image has be one most important aspect, and it has become a key part of surgical, medical researching and teaching, telemedicine and so on.
Aiming at the task of the organ modeling, this thesis focuses on the techniques of organ contour-detecting, segmentation and modeling based on medical image. The research work can be summarized in following aspects:
1. The technology of obtaining and pre-processing medical images is researched, including the DICOM standards, image enhancement and geometric correction of medical images, and also present the method of medical images obtaining and optimizing.
2. The edge-detection of medical image base on grads and second derivative is expatiated, especially, some work on edge extraction using improved active contour models also has been done.
3. Some techniques for organ segmentation, such as grayscale threshold, texture and especially the new way of image segmentation based on deformable templates, are presented in detail.
4. Two primary ways designed for three-dimensional modeling, which is based on contours triangularization or iso-surfaces extraction, are presented in this thesis.
5. According to these arithmetic and theory presented in this thesis, a system for processing medical data, which named Medical Image System, is designed and implemented. The main functions and result analysis of the system are highly detailed and discussed in this thesis.
The three-dimensional modeling of organ based on medical image is the hotspot of medical research. It not only has theoretic significance but also represents great importance in clinical diagnostic and treatment. And it also will cause (or has caused) a revolution in the modernization of medical treatment.
引文
[1] "Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) ", National Electrical Manufactures Association Press, 2000.
[2] 林天毅，段会龙，吕维雪，“医学数字图像通讯(DICOM)标准及在我国的实验策略”，国外医学生物医学工程分册，21：65-73，1998．
[3] Kenneth. R. Castleman, "Digital Image Processing", Prentice-Hall International Inc. 1998.
[4] L. G. Roberts, "Marching Preception of Three-Dimentional Solids". Optical and ElectroOptical Information Processing, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1965.
[5] Z. Jericevic, D. M. Benson, J. Bryan, and L. C. Smith, "Geometric Correction of Digital Images Using Orthonormal Decomposition", Journal of Microscopy, 149(3):233-245, 1987
[6] J. Weszka, "A survey of Threshold Selection Techniques", Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 7, 259-265, 1978
[7] L. S. Davis, "A Survey of Edge Detection Techniques", CGIP, 4:248-270, 1975
[8] J. Prewitt, "Object Enhancement and Extraction", Picture Processing and Psychopictorics, Acdamic Press, New York, 1970
[9] R. A. Kirsch, "Computer Determination of the Constituent Structure of Biological Images", Computers in Biomedical Research, 4, 315-328, 1971
[10] D. Marr and E. Hildreth, "Theory of Edge Detection", Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B. 207:187-217, 1980
[11] J. Canny. "A Computational Approach to Edge Detection", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 8(6):679-698, 1986
[12] S. Suzuki, K. Abe. "Topological Structural Analysis of Digital Binary Images by Border Following", CVGIP, 30: 32-46, 1985
[13] Forkert Gerald, Kerschner Martin, Prinz Reinhard, Rottensteiner Franz, "Reconstruction of Free-formed Spatial Curves from Digital Images", Proceedings of the ISPRS WG 5 Symposium in Zurich, Switzerland International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Volume ⅩⅩⅩ:163-168, 1995
[14] Rosenfeld and E. Johnston, "Angle Detection on Digital Curves", IEEE Trans. Computers, 22:875-878, 1973
[15] H. Teh, R. T. Chin, "On the Detection of Dominant Points on Digital Curves", IEEE Tr. PAMI, 11(8):859-872, 1989
[16] J. Hershberger and J. Snoeyink, "An O(n log n) implementation of the Douglas-Peucker algorithm for line simplification". In Proc. 10th Annu. ACM Sympos. Comput. Geom., 383-384, 1994
[17] 唐果，赵晓东，汪元美，“三维医学图像分割与可视化研究”，计算机学报，21(3)：205-209，1998
[18] Mihran Tuceryan, "Moment Based Texture Segmentation 1", European Computer-Industry Research Centre (ECRC), Pattern Recognition Letters, 15:659-668, July 1994
[19] T. Caelli and M. N. Oguztoreli. "Some tasks and signal dependent rules for spatial vision", Spatial Vision, 2:295-315, 1987
[20] K. Jain and R. C. Dubes, "Algorithms for Clustering Data", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, 1988
[21] Fuchs H. , Kedem Z. M., Uselton S. P., "Optimail Surface Reconstruction from Planar Contours", Communication of the ACM, 20(10):693-702, 1977
[22] Keppel E., "Approximating complex surfaces by triangulation of contour lines", IBM. J. Res. Del.,19:2-11, 1975
[23] Christiansen H. N. and Sederberg T. W., "Conversion of Complex Contour Line Definitions into Polygonal Element Mosaics", Computer Graphics, 12(2): 187-192, 1978
[24] Cook P. N. and Batnitsky S., "Three-dimensional reconstruction from serial-sections for medical applications". Proceedings of the 14th Hawaii Internationat Conference on S. vstem Sciences, 2:358-389, 1981
[25] Cook P. W., "Three-dimensional reconstruction from surface contour for head CT examinations", J. Comput. Assist. Tomography, 5, 1981
[26] Ganapathy S. and Dennehy T. G., "A new general triangulation method for planar contours", Computer Graphics, 16(3):69-75, 1982
[27] Ekoule A., Peyrin F. and Odet C., "A triangulation algorithm for surface display in biomedical engineering", Proceeding of EUSIPCO, 801-804, 1982
[28] Ekoule A., Peyrin F. and Odet C., "A Triangulation Algorithm from Arbitrary Shaped Multiple Planar Contours", ACM Transactions on Graphics, 10(2): 182-199, 1991
[29] D. M. Weinstein, "Separating surfaces: Extraction, smooth-ing and simplification", University of Utah Technical Report, UUCS-00-009, 2000.
[30] Schroeder W. J., Zarge J. A., Lorensen W. E., "Decimation of Triangle Meshes", Computer Graphics, Proceedings, Aug. 65～70, 1992
[31] Hoppe H., DeRose T., Duchamp T., "Mesh Optimization", Computer Graphics, Proceedings, Aug. 19～26, 1993
[32] Hamann B., "A Data Reduction Scheme for Triangulated Surfaces", Computer Aided Geometric Design, 11(2):197～214, 1994
[33] Schmitt F. J. M., Barkly B. A., Du W., "An Adaptive Subdivision Method for Surface Fitting from Sampled Data". Computer Graphics Proceeding, 197～188, 1986
[34] Kalvin A. D., Taylor R. H., "Superfaces:Polygonal Mesh Simplification with Bounded Error", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, May, 64～77, 1996
[35] G. E. Christensen, R. D. Rabbitt, andM. I. Miller. Deformable templates using large deformation kinematics. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 5 (10): 1435-1437, 1996.
[36] M. T. Heath. Scientific Computing: An Introductory Survey. McGraw-Hill, 1997.
[37] M. Skouson and Z. P. Liang. Template deformation by maximizing mutual information. In IEEE Joint BMES/EMBS Conference, Atlanta, GA, October 1999.
[38] 耿国华，赵杰，赵宗涛，医学图像处理中三维模型的快速重构与简化，西北大学学报，2002，Vol．32，No．3，221-224，资助项目：863(2001AA114182)，省基金2000X14．
[39] 李燕，周明全，耿国华，医学体数据三维可视化改进算法研究，计算机应用与软件，2003，Vol．20，No．2，P75-77．
[2] 林天毅，段会龙，吕维雪，“医学数字图像通讯(DICOM)标准及在我国的实验策略”，国外医学生物医学工程分册，21：65-73，1998．
[3] Kenneth. R. Castleman, "Digital Image Processing", Prentice-Hall International Inc. 1998.
[4] L. G. Roberts, "Marching Preception of Three-Dimentional Solids". Optical and ElectroOptical Information Processing, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1965.
[5] Z. Jericevic, D. M. Benson, J. Bryan, and L. C. Smith, "Geometric Correction of Digital Images Using Orthonormal Decomposition", Journal of Microscopy, 149(3):233-245, 1987
[6] J. Weszka, "A survey of Threshold Selection Techniques", Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 7, 259-265, 1978
[7] L. S. Davis, "A Survey of Edge Detection Techniques", CGIP, 4:248-270, 1975
[8] J. Prewitt, "Object Enhancement and Extraction", Picture Processing and Psychopictorics, Acdamic Press, New York, 1970
[9] R. A. Kirsch, "Computer Determination of the Constituent Structure of Biological Images", Computers in Biomedical Research, 4, 315-328, 1971
[10] D. Marr and E. Hildreth, "Theory of Edge Detection", Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B. 207:187-217, 1980
[11] J. Canny. "A Computational Approach to Edge Detection", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 8(6):679-698, 1986
[12] S. Suzuki, K. Abe. "Topological Structural Analysis of Digital Binary Images by Border Following", CVGIP, 30: 32-46, 1985
[13] Forkert Gerald, Kerschner Martin, Prinz Reinhard, Rottensteiner Franz, "Reconstruction of Free-formed Spatial Curves from Digital Images", Proceedings of the ISPRS WG 5 Symposium in Zurich, Switzerland International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Volume ⅩⅩⅩ:163-168, 1995
[14] Rosenfeld and E. Johnston, "Angle Detection on Digital Curves", IEEE Trans. Computers, 22:875-878, 1973
[15] H. Teh, R. T. Chin, "On the Detection of Dominant Points on Digital Curves", IEEE Tr. PAMI, 11(8):859-872, 1989
[16] J. Hershberger and J. Snoeyink, "An O(n log n) implementation of the Douglas-Peucker algorithm for line simplification". In Proc. 10th Annu. ACM Sympos. Comput. Geom., 383-384, 1994
[17] 唐果，赵晓东，汪元美，“三维医学图像分割与可视化研究”，计算机学报，21(3)：205-209，1998
[18] Mihran Tuceryan, "Moment Based Texture Segmentation 1", European Computer-Industry Research Centre (ECRC), Pattern Recognition Letters, 15:659-668, July 1994
[19] T. Caelli and M. N. Oguztoreli. "Some tasks and signal dependent rules for spatial vision", Spatial Vision, 2:295-315, 1987
[20] K. Jain and R. C. Dubes, "Algorithms for Clustering Data", Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey, 1988
[21] Fuchs H. , Kedem Z. M., Uselton S. P., "Optimail Surface Reconstruction from Planar Contours", Communication of the ACM, 20(10):693-702, 1977
[22] Keppel E., "Approximating complex surfaces by triangulation of contour lines", IBM. J. Res. Del.,19:2-11, 1975
[23] Christiansen H. N. and Sederberg T. W., "Conversion of Complex Contour Line Definitions into Polygonal Element Mosaics", Computer Graphics, 12(2): 187-192, 1978
[24] Cook P. N. and Batnitsky S., "Three-dimensional reconstruction from serial-sections for medical applications". Proceedings of the 14th Hawaii Internationat Conference on S. vstem Sciences, 2:358-389, 1981
[25] Cook P. W., "Three-dimensional reconstruction from surface contour for head CT examinations", J. Comput. Assist. Tomography, 5, 1981
[26] Ganapathy S. and Dennehy T. G., "A new general triangulation method for planar contours", Computer Graphics, 16(3):69-75, 1982
[27] Ekoule A., Peyrin F. and Odet C., "A triangulation algorithm for surface display in biomedical engineering", Proceeding of EUSIPCO, 801-804, 1982
[28] Ekoule A., Peyrin F. and Odet C., "A Triangulation Algorithm from Arbitrary Shaped Multiple Planar Contours", ACM Transactions on Graphics, 10(2): 182-199, 1991
[29] D. M. Weinstein, "Separating surfaces: Extraction, smooth-ing and simplification", University of Utah Technical Report, UUCS-00-009, 2000.
[30] Schroeder W. J., Zarge J. A., Lorensen W. E., "Decimation of Triangle Meshes", Computer Graphics, Proceedings, Aug. 65～70, 1992
[31] Hoppe H., DeRose T., Duchamp T., "Mesh Optimization", Computer Graphics, Proceedings, Aug. 19～26, 1993
[32] Hamann B., "A Data Reduction Scheme for Triangulated Surfaces", Computer Aided Geometric Design, 11(2):197～214, 1994
[33] Schmitt F. J. M., Barkly B. A., Du W., "An Adaptive Subdivision Method for Surface Fitting from Sampled Data". Computer Graphics Proceeding, 197～188, 1986
[34] Kalvin A. D., Taylor R. H., "Superfaces:Polygonal Mesh Simplification with Bounded Error", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, May, 64～77, 1996
[35] G. E. Christensen, R. D. Rabbitt, andM. I. Miller. Deformable templates using large deformation kinematics. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 5 (10): 1435-1437, 1996.
[36] M. T. Heath. Scientific Computing: An Introductory Survey. McGraw-Hill, 1997.
[37] M. Skouson and Z. P. Liang. Template deformation by maximizing mutual information. In IEEE Joint BMES/EMBS Conference, Atlanta, GA, October 1999.
[38] 耿国华，赵杰，赵宗涛，医学图像处理中三维模型的快速重构与简化，西北大学学报，2002，Vol．32，No．3，221-224，资助项目：863(2001AA114182)，省基金2000X14．
[39] 李燕，周明全，耿国华，医学体数据三维可视化改进算法研究，计算机应用与软件，2003，Vol．20，No．2，P75-77．