基于图像处理方法的光学瞄具自动调焦技术研究
|
摘要
作为数字成像系统的关键技术之一,自动调焦技术发展迅猛,已广泛应用在照相机领域中并获得不断更新和完善,然而应用在测量仪器中还存在一定的局限性。在轻武器光学瞄具性能参数测试系统中,当CCD摄像系统倍率很高、焦距很短时,焦点便会出现模糊现象。为了获取清晰的分划板图像,进行准确调焦是性能参数测试的第一步,它是保障测量精度的前提和基础,因而具有至关重要的作用。
本文在查阅大量关于自动调焦技术的国内外参考文献和资料的基础上,充分探讨了光学系统成像的基本原理,认真分析了基于图像处理的自动调焦的各个环节,深入研究了调焦评价函数、调焦窗口的选择以及自动调焦反馈控制这三个关键技术。
在充分研究基于图像处理技术的光电自动调焦系统的工作原理的基础上,结合轻武器光学瞄具光学系统性能参数测试的基本要求,设计了一套基于图像处理技术的自动调焦系统。在该系统中,通过分析研究常用图像清晰度评价算法,对基于阈值的最大梯度平方和算法进行了改进,其结果提高了计算精度；通过分析研究离焦深度法和对焦深度法,提出了二者相结合的新的自动调焦法,充分利用离焦深度法速度快和对焦深度法精度高的优势,提高了自动调焦的效果。
本论文首次把上述研究成果应用于轻武器光学瞄具光学系统性能参数测试中。通过反复实验证明,该自动调焦系统性能稳定,精度高,实时性较好,提高了轻武器光学瞄具光学系统性能参数的测量精度和效率,具有很好的实用价值。
Auto-focusing technique, one of the key technologies in digital imaging system is developed rapidly which is employed in the cameras of all grades. The technique is updated and improved continually.However, the technique has some limitations in the measurement instruments. In the small arm optical sighting performance parameter testing system, the focus will be blurred when the CCD camera system magnification is high and the focal length is short. So the focusing accurately is very important, which is the first step of the testing to obtain the clear reticule pattern and guarantee the precision measurement.
On the basis of a large number of domestic and international documents on auto-focusing technique, the paper fully explores the basic principle of the optical imaging system, carefully analyzes each link of the auto-focusing which is based on image processing and deeply researches the three key techniques, focusing evaluation function, focusing window selection and auto-focusing feedback control.
On the basis of full research on the working principle of the photoelectric auto-focusing system, an auto-focusing system based on image processing is designed in this paper according to the basic requirements of the optical sighting performance parameter testing of small weapons. In this system, through the performance comparison of some image analysis operators, the maximum gradient squares algorithm based on threshold is improved. As a result,the computational accuracy is raised greatly. Through the analysis of Depth From Defocus and Depth From Focus,a new auto-focusing algorithm combining both algorithm is presented. It fully uses the high speed of Depth from defocus and the high accurate of Depth from Focus. The effect of Auto-focusing has a statistically significant increase.
The conclusions of above researches are applied in the optical sighting performance parameter testing of small weapons for the first time. Experiments have repeatedly established that this auto-focusing system has stable performance、high precision and good real-time property. The precision and efficiency of the optical sighting performance parameter testing of small weapons are improved greatly. So this system has high practice value.
本文在查阅大量关于自动调焦技术的国内外参考文献和资料的基础上,充分探讨了光学系统成像的基本原理,认真分析了基于图像处理的自动调焦的各个环节,深入研究了调焦评价函数、调焦窗口的选择以及自动调焦反馈控制这三个关键技术。
在充分研究基于图像处理技术的光电自动调焦系统的工作原理的基础上,结合轻武器光学瞄具光学系统性能参数测试的基本要求,设计了一套基于图像处理技术的自动调焦系统。在该系统中,通过分析研究常用图像清晰度评价算法,对基于阈值的最大梯度平方和算法进行了改进,其结果提高了计算精度；通过分析研究离焦深度法和对焦深度法,提出了二者相结合的新的自动调焦法,充分利用离焦深度法速度快和对焦深度法精度高的优势,提高了自动调焦的效果。
本论文首次把上述研究成果应用于轻武器光学瞄具光学系统性能参数测试中。通过反复实验证明,该自动调焦系统性能稳定,精度高,实时性较好,提高了轻武器光学瞄具光学系统性能参数的测量精度和效率,具有很好的实用价值。
Auto-focusing technique, one of the key technologies in digital imaging system is developed rapidly which is employed in the cameras of all grades. The technique is updated and improved continually.However, the technique has some limitations in the measurement instruments. In the small arm optical sighting performance parameter testing system, the focus will be blurred when the CCD camera system magnification is high and the focal length is short. So the focusing accurately is very important, which is the first step of the testing to obtain the clear reticule pattern and guarantee the precision measurement.
On the basis of a large number of domestic and international documents on auto-focusing technique, the paper fully explores the basic principle of the optical imaging system, carefully analyzes each link of the auto-focusing which is based on image processing and deeply researches the three key techniques, focusing evaluation function, focusing window selection and auto-focusing feedback control.
On the basis of full research on the working principle of the photoelectric auto-focusing system, an auto-focusing system based on image processing is designed in this paper according to the basic requirements of the optical sighting performance parameter testing of small weapons. In this system, through the performance comparison of some image analysis operators, the maximum gradient squares algorithm based on threshold is improved. As a result,the computational accuracy is raised greatly. Through the analysis of Depth From Defocus and Depth From Focus,a new auto-focusing algorithm combining both algorithm is presented. It fully uses the high speed of Depth from defocus and the high accurate of Depth from Focus. The effect of Auto-focusing has a statistically significant increase.
The conclusions of above researches are applied in the optical sighting performance parameter testing of small weapons for the first time. Experiments have repeatedly established that this auto-focusing system has stable performance、high precision and good real-time property. The precision and efficiency of the optical sighting performance parameter testing of small weapons are improved greatly. So this system has high practice value.
引文
[1]Yeo T.T.E.Jayasooriah O.S.H.,Sinniah R.Autofocusing for tissue microscopy. Image and Vision Computing,1993,11 (10):629-6391
[2]Boddeke F,Van V.L.,Netten H.,Toung I.Autofocusing in microscopy based on the OTF and sampling.Bioimaging, 1994,2(7):193-203.
[3]Chern N.K.,Nathaniel P.A.N,Marcelo H.A.J.,Practical issues in pixel-based autofocusing for machine vision. Proceeding of the 2001 IEEE international Conference on robotics & automation,Seoul,Korea,2001,5:21-26.
[4]陈国金.数字图像自动聚焦技术研究及系统实现[D].西安电子科技大学,2007
[5]Eskicioglu Ahmet M,Fisher Paul S.Image quality measures and their performance[J].IEEE Transactions on Communications,1995,43(12):2959-2965.
[6]王超素,杨鸣,丁海波.一种基于视频信号处理的显微镜自动聚焦方法[J].宁波大学学报,2008,21(1)：11-14
[7]Blessing P,Vonorelli A,Niederer P. Passive Auto-focus for Digital Endoscopic Imaging System [J]. SPIE,1999,3595:148-155.
[8]Jutamulia S, A sakura T, Bahuguna R D, de Guzman P C. Autofocusing based on power-spectra analysis. Applied Optics,1994,33 (26):6210-6212
[9]Murali SUBBARAO, Jenn-kwei TYAN. The Optimal Focus Measure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-from-Focus[J]. SPIE,1995,2598:89-99.
[10]Subbaro M, Choi T. Focusing techniques [J]. Optical Engineering,1993,32(11):2824-2836.
[11]Murali Subbarao,Jenn-Kwei Tyan. Electing the optimal focusmeasure for autofocusing and depth-from-focus[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1998,20(8):864-870.
[12]H.O. Lim, W. Zhang and L. M. Koh. Automated visual inspection for IC wire-bond using auto-focusing technique. IEEE CHMT Intel Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium,1993:31-36
[13]蒋德才.生物显微镜自动控制载物台的设计与开发[D].2007
[14]CHARFIM, NYECKA, TOSSER A. Focusing criterion[J]. Electronics Letters,1991,27 (14):1233-1235
[15]SUBBARAO Murali, CHOI Tac-sun. NIKZAD Arman. Focusing techniques[J]. SPIE,1992,1823:163-174
[16]Zhishun She, D. A. Gray, R. E. Bogner. Autofocus for inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging [J] Signal Processing,2001,81 (2):275-291
[17]Mukul V. Shirvaikar. An optimal measure for camera focus and exposure[J]. Proceeding of the Thirty Sixth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory,2004.472-475
[18]袁珂.数字成像系统的自动调焦理论和技术研究,2006
[19]徐洲.一种基于图像处理的自动聚焦方法的研究[D]2003
[20]李奇.数字自动对焦技术的理论及实现方法研究[D].浙汀大学,2004
[21]Subbarao M,Surya G. Depth from defocus:A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision,1994,13 (3):271-294
[22]Xiong Yalin, Shafer S A. Depth from focusing and defocusing. Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE Computer Society, New York,1993:68-73
[23]蒋婷.基于图像处理的自动对焦理论和技术研究[M].武汉理工大学,2008
[24]Zhu K F. An effective focusing algorithm based on non-uniform Sampling[C] IEEEVLSI'2005 Suzhou,2005:276-279
[25]任四刚.图像式自动聚焦系统及其测量技术的研究[D].2002
[26]李惠民.关于测量仪器的自动聚焦.北京测绘.1998,3：36-38
[27]Yi Yao, Besma Abidi, Narjes Doggaz, et al. Evaluation of Sharpness Measures and Search Algorithms for the Auto-focusing of High Magnification Images[J]. Visual Information Processing,2006, (6246):1212.
[28]基于FPGA的自动调焦电路设计与实现.哈尔滨工程大学,2009
[29]刘斌.基于图像技术的自动调焦方法研究与实现[M].浙江大学,2004
[30]陈琛.图像式三坐标测量仪大范围快速自动调焦策略的研究[M].上海交通大学,2008
[31]梁翠萍,李清安,乔彦峰,朱玮.简析光学系统自动调焦的方法[J].电光与控制,2006,13(6)：93-96
[32]任四刚,李见为,谢利利.基于灰度差分法的自动调焦技术[J].光电工程,2003,30(2)：53-55
[33]王任华,沈忙作.自动对焦算法研究[J].光电工程,2000,27(4)：11-13
[34]吴振锋,左洪福,邱根良.光学显微镜自动聚焦的技术研究[J].光学仪器,2000,22(4)：10-12.
[35]穆丽娟.数字图像自动聚焦与离焦模糊复原技术研究[D],2009
[36]YEO T. T. E, ONG S. H. Auto-focusing for tissue microscopy [J]. Image and Vision Computing,1993,11(10):629-639.
[37]H.O. Lim, W. Zhang and L. M. Koh. Automated visual inspection for IC wire-bond using auto-focusing technique. IEEE. CHM T Intl Elect ronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium,1993:31-36.
[38]王学影,张洪涛.基于图像处理的CCD摄象机自动调焦方法的研究[J].计量技术,2005,(5).
[39]原育凯.光学系统的自动调焦方法.红外,2004
[40]吴建平.基于DSP的显微镜自动对焦系统设计[D].2008
[41]董代,刘荣,孙明磊,宗光华.基于互相关的自动聚焦方法.北京航空航天大学学报,2006,32(3)：306-310
[42]原育凯,程仕东,裴云天.光学系统离焦对自动调焦评价函数的影响[J].光电工程,2005,32(12)：51-58
[43]屈玉福,浦昭邦,赵慧洁,等.调焦评价函数灵敏度的影响因素分析[J].光学学报,2005,25(7)：902-906.
[44]Jian Li,Renbiao Wu, Victor C. Chen. Robust autofocus algorithm for ISAR imaging of moving targets [J]. IE EE T ransac ions on Aeros pace and Elect ronic Systems,2001,37 (3):1056-1069
[45]刘力双,孙双花,等.视觉系统中调焦函数的选择方法研究[J].北京机械工业学院学报,2008,23(3)：1-4.
[46]Groen F. C. A, Young I. T., Ligthart G. A. comparison of different focus funtions for use in autofocus algorithms. Cytometry,1985,6(8):81-91.
[47]赵辉,鲍歌堂,陶卫.图像测量中自动调焦函数的实验研究与分析[J].光学精密工程,2004,12(5)：531-536
[48]高赞,姜威,朱孔凤,等.一种自适应的自动聚焦算法[J].光学学报,2006,26(10)：1474-1478
[49]Jie He, Rongzhen Zhou, Zhiliang Hong. Modified fast climbing search auto-focus algorithm with adaptive step size searching technique for digital camera [J]. IE EE Transaction on Consumer Electronics,2003,49 (2):257-262
[50]Yun Gao, Stanley J. Reeves. Optimal sampling in array-based image formation [J]. Proceedings,2000 Interna tional Conf erence on Image Processing,2000,1:733-736
[51]F. C. A. Groen, Ian T. Young, G. Lighart. A comparison of different focus functions for use in autofocus algorit hms [J]. Cytometry,1985,6(2):81-91
[52]L. Firestone, K. Cook, K. Culp et al.. Comparison of autofocus methods for automated microscopy [J]. Cytometry,1991,12 (3):195-206
[53]J.w.顾德门.傅里叶光学导论[M].詹达三,董经武,顾本源译.北京：科学出版社,1976.88-170
[54]姚松,曹丹华,吴裕斌.图像信息量的变化对自动对焦评价函数的影响[J].光电工程,2006,33(5)：81-84
[55]郑玉珍,吴勇,倪旭翔.实时自动对焦的研究[J].光电工程,2004,31(4)：64-66
[56]高赞,姜威,朱孔凤.基于最大梯度和阈值的自动聚焦算法[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2007,21(5)：49-54
[57]林玉池,崔彦平,黄银国.复杂背景下边缘提取与目标识别方法研究[J].光学精密工程,2006,14(3)：509-514
[58]李金宗.模式识别导论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1994：360-364.
[59]HUGHL ETTE,KAISER P. An autofocus technique for imaging microscopy[C] IEEE Int Confon Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,1992:93-96.
[60]杨再华.显微系统自动调焦方法研究[D].北京：清华大学,2004.
[61]方以,郑崇勋,闫相国.显微镜自动聚焦算法的研究[J].仪器仪表学报,2005,26(12)：1275-1277.
[62]朱铮涛,黎绍发,陈华平.基于图像熵的自动聚焦函数研究[J].光学精密工程,2004,12(5)：537-542.
[63]康宗明,张利,谢攀.一种基于能量和熵的自动聚焦算法[J].电子学报,2003,31(4)：552-555.
[64]曹茂永,孙农亮,郁道银.基于灰度梯度的数字图像评价函数[J].光电工程,2003,30(4)：70-71
[65]杨再华,李玉和,李庆祥,等.基于边缘特征提取的图像清晰度评价函数[J].计算机工程与应用,2005
[66]F C A Groen, I T Young, G Lighart. A comparision of different focus functions for use in autofocus algorithms[J]. Cytometry,1985,6:81-91
[67]Kang-Sun Choi, Jun-Suk Lee, Sung-Jae Ko. New autofocusing technique using the frequency selective weighted median filter for video cameras[J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,1999,45(3):820-827
[68]蒋昀赟,汪同庆,叶俊勇,等.一种基于灰度分割的调焦评价函数[J].现代电子技术,2009,6：119-121
[69]蔡明荣,马军山,王福红.自动调焦系统中图像清晰度判别方法的研究[J].光学仪器,2008,30(5)：35-39
[70]仲伟川.显微图像系统调焦精度的确定与聚焦算法选择[J].四川大学学报.1997,34(4)：448-452.
[71]黄剑琪.基于频谱分析的数字对焦技术的研究[D].浙江大学,2001：21-31
[72]王鸿南,钟文,汪静.图像清晰度评价方法研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2004,9(7)：828-831
[73]曹茂永,孙农亮,郁道银.离焦模糊图像清晰度评价函数的研究[J].仪器仪表学报,2001,22(3)：259-260
[74]李奇,冯华君,徐之海.数字图象清晰度评价函数研究[J].光子学报,2002,31(6)：736-738
[75]王欣,安志勇,杨瑞宁.基于图像清晰度评价函数的CCD摄像机自动调焦技术研究[J].长春理工大学学报,2008,31(1)：11-14
[76]蒋海华.基于图像清晰度评价函数的显微镜自动调焦技术研究[j].光学技术,2008,34：284-285
[77]田宜彬,徐之海,冯华君,等.用于数码相机的瞳孔控制自动对焦技术[J].光学技术,2003,29(1)：53-55
[78]李奇,徐之海,冯华君,等.数字成象系统自动对焦区域设计[J].光子学报,2004,31(1)：63-66
[79]张乐,姜威,高赞.数字图像一阶矩的自动聚焦区域选择算法[J].光学技术,2008,34(2)：163-165
[80]Yu Sun, Duthaler S,Nelson B J. Autofocusing algorithm selection in computer microscopy [A]. IEEE/RSJ International Conference[C].2005.70-76.
[81]黄剑琪,等.基于分辨力空间变化的自动聚焦方法[J].光电工程,2001,28(1)：22-26.
[82]王勇,谭毅华,田金文.一种新的图像清晰度评价函数[J].武汉理工大学学报,2007,29(3)：124-126
[83]朱孔凤,等.用高斯非均匀采样解决自动聚焦中的误判[J].光学技术,2005,31(6)：910-912.
[84]胡涛,陈世哲,刘国栋,浦昭邦.图像法自动调焦的最佳调焦区域选取算法[J].光学技术,2006,32(6)：851-854
[85]冯华君,毛邦福,李奇,等.一种用于数字成像的自动对焦系统,光电工程,2004,31(10)：69-72
[86]朱孔凤.自动聚焦区域选择算法[J].安徽大学学报,2009,33(2)：31-34
[87]李奇,冯华君,徐之海.自动对焦系统中图像非均匀采样的实验研究[J].光子学报,2003,32(12)：1499-1501
[88]Sun Y,Duthaler S,Nelson B J. Autofocusing in computer microscopy:Selecting the optimal focus algorithm [J]. Microscopy Research and Technique,2004,65:139-149.
[89]朱孔凤,姜威,王端芳.一种新的图像清晰度评价函数[J].红外与激光工程,2005,34(4)：465-468.
[90]周贤,姜威.基于边缘能量的自动聚焦算法[J].光学技术,2006,32(1)：36-40.
[91]朱孔凤,姜威,高赞,等.自动聚焦系统中聚焦窗口的选择及参量的确定[J]光学学报,2006,26(6)：836-840
[92]原育凯,贾伟,裴云天,自动调焦中的评价区域自动选取[J].科学技术与工程,2006,6(23)：4764-4766
[93]孙明磊,宗光华,余志伟,等.基于图像分析的显微视觉自动聚焦系统[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2005,31(2)：192-196
[94]ZHU K F, WEI J, GAO Z, et al. Using non-uniform sampling to make automatic focusing result correct[C]. IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications Proceedings.2005.1264-1266.
[95]李奇,冯华君，徐之海.面向自动调焦的图像预处理技术.光电工程,2004,31(9)：66-68
[96]张宁,王希勒,彭应宁.自适应中心加权的改进均值滤波算法[J].清华大学学报,1999,39(9)：76-78
[97]项震.基于CCD器件特征的图像噪声消除[J].光电工程,2001,28(6)：66-67.
[98]许秀贞,李自田,薛利军.CCD噪声分析及处理技术[J].红外与激光工程,2004,33(4)：344.
[99]蔡昌金,朱明.基于DSP的自动调焦系统[J].电子器件,2007,30(1)：297-299
[100]ASHO K A, NEIFELD M A. Information based analysis of simple incoherent imaging systems[J]. Opt. Express,2003 (11),2153-2162.
[101]李晓燕,朱庆生.一种基于图像清晰度评价的天文望远镜自动调焦系统[J].天文研究与技术,2008,5(3)：294-298
[102]姜志国等.基于全自动控制显微镜的自动聚焦算法研究[J].北京：中国图形图像学报,2004,9(4)：397-401.
[103]陈智君,林玉池,赵美蓉,等.万能工具显微镜目镜视场字符识别的预处理算法[J].光电子·激光,2005,16(1)：80-82.
[104]白立芬,徐毓娴,于水,李庆祥.基于图像处理的显微镜自动调焦方法研究[J],仪器仪表学报,1999,20(6)：612-614
[105]陈国良,黄心汉,王敏,刘明尧.基于图像分析的显微视觉自动调焦方法研究[J],华中科技大学学报,2007,35(5)：1-4
[106]唐成辉,朱森元,王旭辉.计算机控制下的显微镜自动调焦技术[J].兵工自动化,1999(4)：41-43……放在5.2标题那
[107]伏德贵,汪法根,孙朝明.面向对象的光学系统自动对焦方法[J].光电工程,2005,32(7)：64-67
[108]杨再华,李玉和,李庆祥,郭阳宽.一种粗精结合的图像反馈自动调焦方法[J].计算机工程与设计,2005,26(9)：2271-2273
[109]胡涛,陈世哲,刘国栋,浦昭邦.大范围自动调焦快速搜索算法[J].光电子·激光,2006,17(4)：464-467
[110]唐春晓.高清晰度摄像机自动聚焦新技术[J].浙江传媒学院学报,2005,2：19-20
[111]段瑞玲,段惠波,李庆祥,李玉和,杨再华.基于图像处理的微装配自动调焦系统[J].光学精密工程,2006,14(3)：468-472
[112]王蔚,宁新宝,张胜.基于图像清晰度的自动聚焦算法[J].2008,17-18
[113]Meng Bo, Zhu Ming, Cai Chang jin. Design of Video Auto Focusing Based on Image Processing[J]. Optical Information Processing,2006, (6027):501-509.
[114]Feng Li, Hong Jin. A Fast Auto-focusing Method For Digital Still Camera [A]. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics[C]. Guangzhou:Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE,2005.5001-5005.
[115]贾晓艳,萧泽新,邓仕超.基于聚焦评价函数的自动调焦方法的研究[J].光学技术,2007,33：7-9
[116]付强.基于FPGA的图像处理算法的研究与硬件设计[D].南昌大学信息工程学院,2006.
[117]王倩,宋恩民,许向阳,等。基于加权邻域相关性的显微镜自动聚焦函数[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(1)：166-171
[118]PECH P J L, CRISTBAL G. Diatom autofocusing in brightfield microscopy:a comparative study [C]. Internaional Conference on Pattern Recogni tion (ICPR' 00), Barcelona, Spain,2000:314-317.
[119]麻恒阔,魏国强.基于图像处理自动调焦方法的稳定性研究[J].航空精密制造技术,2007,43(4)：33-36.
[120]Kehtarnavaza N, Oh H J.Development and Real-time Implementation of a Rule based Auto-focus Algorithm [J]. Real-time Imaging,2003, (9):197-203.
[121]摘自http://www.oecr.com/,2006-9-7.
[122]王因明等.光学计量仪器设计.北京：机械工业出版社.1983.
[123]袁旭沧.应用光学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1988.
[124]李庆祥,王东生,李玉和.现代精密仪器设计[M].北京：清大学出版社,2004,P.395-397.
[125]李家辉等编著.晶体光学.北京：北京理上大学出版社,1989.
[126]龙槐生,张仲先,谈恒英编著.光的偏振及其应用.北京：机械工业出版社,1989.
[127](日)新各隆一等著.偏振光.北京：原子能出版社,1994.
[128]王磊,王守印,周虎,张余彬.仪器仪表学报,2006,vol.27,No.6.
[129]曹根瑞.一种新概念平行光管[J].北京：北京理工大学学报,2003,p.453-456.
[130]机械工业部仪器仪表工业局.光学测量[M].北京：北京工业出版社,1985(9)：19-25.
[131]谈新权.CCD高分辨率成像技术(一).电子与自动化.1999(2)：52-54.
[132]谈新权.CCD高分辨率成像技术(二).电子与自动化.1999(3)：53-55.
[133]谈新权.CCD高分辨率成像技术(三).电子与自动化.1999(4)：52-55.
[134]谈新权.CCD高分辨率成像技术(四).电子与自动化.1999(5)：52-55.
[135]谈新权.CCD高分辨率成像技术(五).电子与自动化.1999(6)：5355.
[136]陈琛.图像式三坐标测量仪大范围快速自动调焦策略的研究[M].上海交通大学,2008
[2]Boddeke F,Van V.L.,Netten H.,Toung I.Autofocusing in microscopy based on the OTF and sampling.Bioimaging, 1994,2(7):193-203.
[3]Chern N.K.,Nathaniel P.A.N,Marcelo H.A.J.,Practical issues in pixel-based autofocusing for machine vision. Proceeding of the 2001 IEEE international Conference on robotics & automation,Seoul,Korea,2001,5:21-26.
[4]陈国金.数字图像自动聚焦技术研究及系统实现[D].西安电子科技大学,2007
[5]Eskicioglu Ahmet M,Fisher Paul S.Image quality measures and their performance[J].IEEE Transactions on Communications,1995,43(12):2959-2965.
[6]王超素,杨鸣,丁海波.一种基于视频信号处理的显微镜自动聚焦方法[J].宁波大学学报,2008,21(1)：11-14
[7]Blessing P,Vonorelli A,Niederer P. Passive Auto-focus for Digital Endoscopic Imaging System [J]. SPIE,1999,3595:148-155.
[8]Jutamulia S, A sakura T, Bahuguna R D, de Guzman P C. Autofocusing based on power-spectra analysis. Applied Optics,1994,33 (26):6210-6212
[9]Murali SUBBARAO, Jenn-kwei TYAN. The Optimal Focus Measure for Passive Autofocusing and Depth-from-Focus[J]. SPIE,1995,2598:89-99.
[10]Subbaro M, Choi T. Focusing techniques [J]. Optical Engineering,1993,32(11):2824-2836.
[11]Murali Subbarao,Jenn-Kwei Tyan. Electing the optimal focusmeasure for autofocusing and depth-from-focus[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1998,20(8):864-870.
[12]H.O. Lim, W. Zhang and L. M. Koh. Automated visual inspection for IC wire-bond using auto-focusing technique. IEEE CHMT Intel Electronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium,1993:31-36
[13]蒋德才.生物显微镜自动控制载物台的设计与开发[D].2007
[14]CHARFIM, NYECKA, TOSSER A. Focusing criterion[J]. Electronics Letters,1991,27 (14):1233-1235
[15]SUBBARAO Murali, CHOI Tac-sun. NIKZAD Arman. Focusing techniques[J]. SPIE,1992,1823:163-174
[16]Zhishun She, D. A. Gray, R. E. Bogner. Autofocus for inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging [J] Signal Processing,2001,81 (2):275-291
[17]Mukul V. Shirvaikar. An optimal measure for camera focus and exposure[J]. Proceeding of the Thirty Sixth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory,2004.472-475
[18]袁珂.数字成像系统的自动调焦理论和技术研究,2006
[19]徐洲.一种基于图像处理的自动聚焦方法的研究[D]2003
[20]李奇.数字自动对焦技术的理论及实现方法研究[D].浙汀大学,2004
[21]Subbarao M,Surya G. Depth from defocus:A spatial domain approach. International Journal of Computer Vision,1994,13 (3):271-294
[22]Xiong Yalin, Shafer S A. Depth from focusing and defocusing. Proceedings of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE Computer Society, New York,1993:68-73
[23]蒋婷.基于图像处理的自动对焦理论和技术研究[M].武汉理工大学,2008
[24]Zhu K F. An effective focusing algorithm based on non-uniform Sampling[C] IEEEVLSI'2005 Suzhou,2005:276-279
[25]任四刚.图像式自动聚焦系统及其测量技术的研究[D].2002
[26]李惠民.关于测量仪器的自动聚焦.北京测绘.1998,3：36-38
[27]Yi Yao, Besma Abidi, Narjes Doggaz, et al. Evaluation of Sharpness Measures and Search Algorithms for the Auto-focusing of High Magnification Images[J]. Visual Information Processing,2006, (6246):1212.
[28]基于FPGA的自动调焦电路设计与实现.哈尔滨工程大学,2009
[29]刘斌.基于图像技术的自动调焦方法研究与实现[M].浙江大学,2004
[30]陈琛.图像式三坐标测量仪大范围快速自动调焦策略的研究[M].上海交通大学,2008
[31]梁翠萍,李清安,乔彦峰,朱玮.简析光学系统自动调焦的方法[J].电光与控制,2006,13(6)：93-96
[32]任四刚,李见为,谢利利.基于灰度差分法的自动调焦技术[J].光电工程,2003,30(2)：53-55
[33]王任华,沈忙作.自动对焦算法研究[J].光电工程,2000,27(4)：11-13
[34]吴振锋,左洪福,邱根良.光学显微镜自动聚焦的技术研究[J].光学仪器,2000,22(4)：10-12.
[35]穆丽娟.数字图像自动聚焦与离焦模糊复原技术研究[D],2009
[36]YEO T. T. E, ONG S. H. Auto-focusing for tissue microscopy [J]. Image and Vision Computing,1993,11(10):629-639.
[37]H.O. Lim, W. Zhang and L. M. Koh. Automated visual inspection for IC wire-bond using auto-focusing technique. IEEE. CHM T Intl Elect ronics Manufacturing Technology Symposium,1993:31-36.
[38]王学影,张洪涛.基于图像处理的CCD摄象机自动调焦方法的研究[J].计量技术,2005,(5).
[39]原育凯.光学系统的自动调焦方法.红外,2004
[40]吴建平.基于DSP的显微镜自动对焦系统设计[D].2008
[41]董代,刘荣,孙明磊,宗光华.基于互相关的自动聚焦方法.北京航空航天大学学报,2006,32(3)：306-310
[42]原育凯,程仕东,裴云天.光学系统离焦对自动调焦评价函数的影响[J].光电工程,2005,32(12)：51-58
[43]屈玉福,浦昭邦,赵慧洁,等.调焦评价函数灵敏度的影响因素分析[J].光学学报,2005,25(7)：902-906.
[44]Jian Li,Renbiao Wu, Victor C. Chen. Robust autofocus algorithm for ISAR imaging of moving targets [J]. IE EE T ransac ions on Aeros pace and Elect ronic Systems,2001,37 (3):1056-1069
[45]刘力双,孙双花,等.视觉系统中调焦函数的选择方法研究[J].北京机械工业学院学报,2008,23(3)：1-4.
[46]Groen F. C. A, Young I. T., Ligthart G. A. comparison of different focus funtions for use in autofocus algorithms. Cytometry,1985,6(8):81-91.
[47]赵辉,鲍歌堂,陶卫.图像测量中自动调焦函数的实验研究与分析[J].光学精密工程,2004,12(5)：531-536
[48]高赞,姜威,朱孔凤,等.一种自适应的自动聚焦算法[J].光学学报,2006,26(10)：1474-1478
[49]Jie He, Rongzhen Zhou, Zhiliang Hong. Modified fast climbing search auto-focus algorithm with adaptive step size searching technique for digital camera [J]. IE EE Transaction on Consumer Electronics,2003,49 (2):257-262
[50]Yun Gao, Stanley J. Reeves. Optimal sampling in array-based image formation [J]. Proceedings,2000 Interna tional Conf erence on Image Processing,2000,1:733-736
[51]F. C. A. Groen, Ian T. Young, G. Lighart. A comparison of different focus functions for use in autofocus algorit hms [J]. Cytometry,1985,6(2):81-91
[52]L. Firestone, K. Cook, K. Culp et al.. Comparison of autofocus methods for automated microscopy [J]. Cytometry,1991,12 (3):195-206
[53]J.w.顾德门.傅里叶光学导论[M].詹达三,董经武,顾本源译.北京：科学出版社,1976.88-170
[54]姚松,曹丹华,吴裕斌.图像信息量的变化对自动对焦评价函数的影响[J].光电工程,2006,33(5)：81-84
[55]郑玉珍,吴勇,倪旭翔.实时自动对焦的研究[J].光电工程,2004,31(4)：64-66
[56]高赞,姜威,朱孔凤.基于最大梯度和阈值的自动聚焦算法[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2007,21(5)：49-54
[57]林玉池,崔彦平,黄银国.复杂背景下边缘提取与目标识别方法研究[J].光学精密工程,2006,14(3)：509-514
[58]李金宗.模式识别导论[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1994：360-364.
[59]HUGHL ETTE,KAISER P. An autofocus technique for imaging microscopy[C] IEEE Int Confon Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,1992:93-96.
[60]杨再华.显微系统自动调焦方法研究[D].北京：清华大学,2004.
[61]方以,郑崇勋,闫相国.显微镜自动聚焦算法的研究[J].仪器仪表学报,2005,26(12)：1275-1277.
[62]朱铮涛,黎绍发,陈华平.基于图像熵的自动聚焦函数研究[J].光学精密工程,2004,12(5)：537-542.
[63]康宗明,张利,谢攀.一种基于能量和熵的自动聚焦算法[J].电子学报,2003,31(4)：552-555.
[64]曹茂永,孙农亮,郁道银.基于灰度梯度的数字图像评价函数[J].光电工程,2003,30(4)：70-71
[65]杨再华,李玉和,李庆祥,等.基于边缘特征提取的图像清晰度评价函数[J].计算机工程与应用,2005
[66]F C A Groen, I T Young, G Lighart. A comparision of different focus functions for use in autofocus algorithms[J]. Cytometry,1985,6:81-91
[67]Kang-Sun Choi, Jun-Suk Lee, Sung-Jae Ko. New autofocusing technique using the frequency selective weighted median filter for video cameras[J]. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,1999,45(3):820-827
[68]蒋昀赟,汪同庆,叶俊勇,等.一种基于灰度分割的调焦评价函数[J].现代电子技术,2009,6：119-121
[69]蔡明荣,马军山,王福红.自动调焦系统中图像清晰度判别方法的研究[J].光学仪器,2008,30(5)：35-39
[70]仲伟川.显微图像系统调焦精度的确定与聚焦算法选择[J].四川大学学报.1997,34(4)：448-452.
[71]黄剑琪.基于频谱分析的数字对焦技术的研究[D].浙江大学,2001：21-31
[72]王鸿南,钟文,汪静.图像清晰度评价方法研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2004,9(7)：828-831
[73]曹茂永,孙农亮,郁道银.离焦模糊图像清晰度评价函数的研究[J].仪器仪表学报,2001,22(3)：259-260
[74]李奇,冯华君,徐之海.数字图象清晰度评价函数研究[J].光子学报,2002,31(6)：736-738
[75]王欣,安志勇,杨瑞宁.基于图像清晰度评价函数的CCD摄像机自动调焦技术研究[J].长春理工大学学报,2008,31(1)：11-14
[76]蒋海华.基于图像清晰度评价函数的显微镜自动调焦技术研究[j].光学技术,2008,34：284-285
[77]田宜彬,徐之海,冯华君,等.用于数码相机的瞳孔控制自动对焦技术[J].光学技术,2003,29(1)：53-55
[78]李奇,徐之海,冯华君,等.数字成象系统自动对焦区域设计[J].光子学报,2004,31(1)：63-66
[79]张乐,姜威,高赞.数字图像一阶矩的自动聚焦区域选择算法[J].光学技术,2008,34(2)：163-165
[80]Yu Sun, Duthaler S,Nelson B J. Autofocusing algorithm selection in computer microscopy [A]. IEEE/RSJ International Conference[C].2005.70-76.
[81]黄剑琪,等.基于分辨力空间变化的自动聚焦方法[J].光电工程,2001,28(1)：22-26.
[82]王勇,谭毅华,田金文.一种新的图像清晰度评价函数[J].武汉理工大学学报,2007,29(3)：124-126
[83]朱孔凤,等.用高斯非均匀采样解决自动聚焦中的误判[J].光学技术,2005,31(6)：910-912.
[84]胡涛,陈世哲,刘国栋,浦昭邦.图像法自动调焦的最佳调焦区域选取算法[J].光学技术,2006,32(6)：851-854
[85]冯华君,毛邦福,李奇,等.一种用于数字成像的自动对焦系统,光电工程,2004,31(10)：69-72
[86]朱孔凤.自动聚焦区域选择算法[J].安徽大学学报,2009,33(2)：31-34
[87]李奇,冯华君,徐之海.自动对焦系统中图像非均匀采样的实验研究[J].光子学报,2003,32(12)：1499-1501
[88]Sun Y,Duthaler S,Nelson B J. Autofocusing in computer microscopy:Selecting the optimal focus algorithm [J]. Microscopy Research and Technique,2004,65:139-149.
[89]朱孔凤,姜威,王端芳.一种新的图像清晰度评价函数[J].红外与激光工程,2005,34(4)：465-468.
[90]周贤,姜威.基于边缘能量的自动聚焦算法[J].光学技术,2006,32(1)：36-40.
[91]朱孔凤,姜威,高赞,等.自动聚焦系统中聚焦窗口的选择及参量的确定[J]光学学报,2006,26(6)：836-840
[92]原育凯,贾伟,裴云天,自动调焦中的评价区域自动选取[J].科学技术与工程,2006,6(23)：4764-4766
[93]孙明磊,宗光华,余志伟,等.基于图像分析的显微视觉自动聚焦系统[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2005,31(2)：192-196
[94]ZHU K F, WEI J, GAO Z, et al. Using non-uniform sampling to make automatic focusing result correct[C]. IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for Wireless Communications Proceedings.2005.1264-1266.
[95]李奇,冯华君，徐之海.面向自动调焦的图像预处理技术.光电工程,2004,31(9)：66-68
[96]张宁,王希勒,彭应宁.自适应中心加权的改进均值滤波算法[J].清华大学学报,1999,39(9)：76-78
[97]项震.基于CCD器件特征的图像噪声消除[J].光电工程,2001,28(6)：66-67.
[98]许秀贞,李自田,薛利军.CCD噪声分析及处理技术[J].红外与激光工程,2004,33(4)：344.
[99]蔡昌金,朱明.基于DSP的自动调焦系统[J].电子器件,2007,30(1)：297-299
[100]ASHO K A, NEIFELD M A. Information based analysis of simple incoherent imaging systems[J]. Opt. Express,2003 (11),2153-2162.
[101]李晓燕,朱庆生.一种基于图像清晰度评价的天文望远镜自动调焦系统[J].天文研究与技术,2008,5(3)：294-298
[102]姜志国等.基于全自动控制显微镜的自动聚焦算法研究[J].北京：中国图形图像学报,2004,9(4)：397-401.
[103]陈智君,林玉池,赵美蓉,等.万能工具显微镜目镜视场字符识别的预处理算法[J].光电子·激光,2005,16(1)：80-82.
[104]白立芬,徐毓娴,于水,李庆祥.基于图像处理的显微镜自动调焦方法研究[J],仪器仪表学报,1999,20(6)：612-614
[105]陈国良,黄心汉,王敏,刘明尧.基于图像分析的显微视觉自动调焦方法研究[J],华中科技大学学报,2007,35(5)：1-4
[106]唐成辉,朱森元,王旭辉.计算机控制下的显微镜自动调焦技术[J].兵工自动化,1999(4)：41-43……放在5.2标题那
[107]伏德贵,汪法根,孙朝明.面向对象的光学系统自动对焦方法[J].光电工程,2005,32(7)：64-67
[108]杨再华,李玉和,李庆祥,郭阳宽.一种粗精结合的图像反馈自动调焦方法[J].计算机工程与设计,2005,26(9)：2271-2273
[109]胡涛,陈世哲,刘国栋,浦昭邦.大范围自动调焦快速搜索算法[J].光电子·激光,2006,17(4)：464-467
[110]唐春晓.高清晰度摄像机自动聚焦新技术[J].浙江传媒学院学报,2005,2：19-20
[111]段瑞玲,段惠波,李庆祥,李玉和,杨再华.基于图像处理的微装配自动调焦系统[J].光学精密工程,2006,14(3)：468-472
[112]王蔚,宁新宝,张胜.基于图像清晰度的自动聚焦算法[J].2008,17-18
[113]Meng Bo, Zhu Ming, Cai Chang jin. Design of Video Auto Focusing Based on Image Processing[J]. Optical Information Processing,2006, (6027):501-509.
[114]Feng Li, Hong Jin. A Fast Auto-focusing Method For Digital Still Camera [A]. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics[C]. Guangzhou:Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE,2005.5001-5005.
[115]贾晓艳,萧泽新,邓仕超.基于聚焦评价函数的自动调焦方法的研究[J].光学技术,2007,33：7-9
[116]付强.基于FPGA的图像处理算法的研究与硬件设计[D].南昌大学信息工程学院,2006.
[117]王倩,宋恩民,许向阳,等。基于加权邻域相关性的显微镜自动聚焦函数[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(1)：166-171
[118]PECH P J L, CRISTBAL G. Diatom autofocusing in brightfield microscopy:a comparative study [C]. Internaional Conference on Pattern Recogni tion (ICPR' 00), Barcelona, Spain,2000:314-317.
[119]麻恒阔,魏国强.基于图像处理自动调焦方法的稳定性研究[J].航空精密制造技术,2007,43(4)：33-36.
[120]Kehtarnavaza N, Oh H J.Development and Real-time Implementation of a Rule based Auto-focus Algorithm [J]. Real-time Imaging,2003, (9):197-203.
[121]摘自http://www.oecr.com/,2006-9-7.
[122]王因明等.光学计量仪器设计.北京：机械工业出版社.1983.
[123]袁旭沧.应用光学[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1988.
[124]李庆祥,王东生,李玉和.现代精密仪器设计[M].北京：清大学出版社,2004,P.395-397.
[125]李家辉等编著.晶体光学.北京：北京理上大学出版社,1989.
[126]龙槐生,张仲先,谈恒英编著.光的偏振及其应用.北京：机械工业出版社,1989.
[127](日)新各隆一等著.偏振光.北京：原子能出版社,1994.
[128]王磊,王守印,周虎,张余彬.仪器仪表学报,2006,vol.27,No.6.
[129]曹根瑞.一种新概念平行光管[J].北京：北京理工大学学报,2003,p.453-456.
[130]机械工业部仪器仪表工业局.光学测量[M].北京：北京工业出版社,1985(9)：19-25.
[131]谈新权.CCD高分辨率成像技术(一).电子与自动化.1999(2)：52-54.
[132]谈新权.CCD高分辨率成像技术(二).电子与自动化.1999(3)：53-55.
[133]谈新权.CCD高分辨率成像技术(三).电子与自动化.1999(4)：52-55.
[134]谈新权.CCD高分辨率成像技术(四).电子与自动化.1999(5)：52-55.
[135]谈新权.CCD高分辨率成像技术(五).电子与自动化.1999(6)：5355.
[136]陈琛.图像式三坐标测量仪大范围快速自动调焦策略的研究[M].上海交通大学,2008