电阻抗监护软件图像显示和数据管理模块开发与真实人体边界成像的仿真研究
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摘要
电阻抗断层成像(Electrical Impedance Tomography，EIT)作为一种新的医学成像技术研究始于20世纪70年代。它是在人体表面特定部位加载对人体无损害的电信号(电压或电流)，并测量相应确定部位的电信号(电流或电压)，根据驱动、响应信号的关系，用一定的重构算法得到人体内部的电阻抗或其变化的分布，显示人体组织分布或生理、病理变化。
课题目的与意义：
第四军医大学研究小组在电阻抗断层成像的各方面开展了研究，做了大量的工作。针对实际需求开发出实时的电阻抗断层成像监护系统，使其具有功能成像的特点在床旁监护中发挥作用。目前该系统应用于模型对象和实验动物研究。随着研究深入开展，电阻抗断层成像将从实验室研究过渡向临床研究。而面向临床研究而最终被临床接受，服务于患者才是最终目标。
在实际的电阻抗监护系统应用中，软件系统是人机交互的接口，是图像监护、数据分析、疾病诊断实现的载体和途径。软件系统开发与应用有许多考虑因素。监护系统成像结果的准确性，成像结果的可分析性，软件系统的临床接受程度等都是电阻抗监护系统走向实用的重要因素。
本课题就是根据课题组的研究需要，基于这些重要因素开展针对性的
Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) as a new technology of medical imaging was started from 1970s. Electrical signals (voltage and current) are inputted on human body surface and the output (current and voltage) are gathered from special points without damage. Get the distribution of electrical impedance or the changing based on the relationship between driving and response by special reconstruction algorithm. Show the distribution of human tissues, even the physiological or pathological variation of human body.
Objective:
Research and Development was implemented at all aspects of Electrical Impedance Tomography by the research group of Fourth Military Medical University. The group has already established a set of Electrical Impedance Tomography monitor system to play the monitoring role based on the applicable requisition. The system is used for physical model and experimental animals now. The study of Electrical Impedance Tomography will step from laboratory to clinic with the more working and the aim of study is server for patients.
Software system of Electrical Impedance Tomography monitor system is
课题目的与意义：
第四军医大学研究小组在电阻抗断层成像的各方面开展了研究，做了大量的工作。针对实际需求开发出实时的电阻抗断层成像监护系统，使其具有功能成像的特点在床旁监护中发挥作用。目前该系统应用于模型对象和实验动物研究。随着研究深入开展，电阻抗断层成像将从实验室研究过渡向临床研究。而面向临床研究而最终被临床接受，服务于患者才是最终目标。
在实际的电阻抗监护系统应用中，软件系统是人机交互的接口，是图像监护、数据分析、疾病诊断实现的载体和途径。软件系统开发与应用有许多考虑因素。监护系统成像结果的准确性，成像结果的可分析性，软件系统的临床接受程度等都是电阻抗监护系统走向实用的重要因素。
本课题就是根据课题组的研究需要，基于这些重要因素开展针对性的
Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) as a new technology of medical imaging was started from 1970s. Electrical signals (voltage and current) are inputted on human body surface and the output (current and voltage) are gathered from special points without damage. Get the distribution of electrical impedance or the changing based on the relationship between driving and response by special reconstruction algorithm. Show the distribution of human tissues, even the physiological or pathological variation of human body.
Objective:
Research and Development was implemented at all aspects of Electrical Impedance Tomography by the research group of Fourth Military Medical University. The group has already established a set of Electrical Impedance Tomography monitor system to play the monitoring role based on the applicable requisition. The system is used for physical model and experimental animals now. The study of Electrical Impedance Tomography will step from laboratory to clinic with the more working and the aim of study is server for patients.
Software system of Electrical Impedance Tomography monitor system is
引文
[1] Barber DC, Brwon BH et al. Applied potential tomography [J]. J. Phys. E:Sci. Instrucm., 1984, 17: 723-733
[2] Brown BH, Seagar AD. The Sheffield data collection system [J]. Clin Phys Physiol Meas, 1987, 8(Suppl A): 91-97.
[3] Yorkey TJ, Webster JG, Tompkins WJ. Comparing reconstruction algorithms for electrical impedance tomography [J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1987, 34: 843-852.
[4] Barber D.C. A review of image reconstruction techniques for electrical impedance tomography [J]. Med.Phys, 16(2), 162-169.
[5] B.H.Brown, D.C.Barber et al. Applied potential tomography: Possible clinical application[J].Clin.Phys.Physiol.Meas,1985,6: 109-121
[6] B. H. Brown Electrical impedance tomography (EIT): a review [J]. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2003, 27(3): 97-108
[7] 付峰．生物组织复电阻抗频谱测量及电阻抗断层成像系统的研究[D]．第四军医大学博士学位论文．1999
[8] 董秀珍，秦明新，付峰等．生物电阻抗断层成像技术的研究进展[J]．第四军医大学学报，1999，20(3)：252-255．
[9] 安源，任超世．电阻抗断层功能成像技术的发展[J] 第四军医大学学报，2001，22(1)：90-92
[10] 徐桂芝，杨硕等．电阻抗断层成像技术综述[J]．河北工业大学学报 2004，33(4)：35-40
[11] 汤孟兴．动态电阻抗断层成像算法的研究[D]．第四军医大学硕士学位论文．1997
[12] 董秀珍，秦明新等．影响生物电阻抗断层成像质量的因素[J]．中国医??学物理学杂志，2001，18(4)：206-210
[13] 董秀珍，付峰等．一种基于物理模型的生物电阻抗断层成像系统的研究[J]．中国医学物理学杂志，2004，18(4)：226-230
[14] 刘晓东，杨国胜，董秀珍等．电阻抗软件系统资料与数据管理模块的开发[J]．医疗卫生装备，2006，27(3)：16-17
[15] 罗述谦，周果宏．医学图像处理与分析[M]。北京：科学出版社，2003
[16] Issac N.Bankman. Handbook of Medical Imaging Processing and Analysis [M]. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000
[17] R. H. Smallwood et al. A comparison of neonatal and adult lung impedances derived from EIT images [J]. Physiol. Meas., 1999, 20: 401-413
[18] Paivi J.,Vauhkonen, Marko Vauhkonen et al. Dynamic Electrical Impedance Tomography Phantom Studies [M]. Finland: University of Kuopio Department of Applied Physics Report Series,2000
[19] Margaret Cheney et al. Electrical Impedance Tomography [J]. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,1999,41(1): 85-101
[20] A D Liston,, R H Bayford et al.A multi-shell algorithm to reconstruct EIT images of brain function[J]. Physiol. Meas., 2002, 23: 105-119
[21] R H Bayford, A Gibson et al. Solving the forward problem in electrical impedance tomography for the human head using IDEAS (integrated design engineering analysis software), a finite element modelling tool Physiol. Meas., 2001,22: 55-64
[22] 徐管鑫．电阻抗成像技术理论及应用研究．重庆大学博士学位论文．2003
[23] 曹赞，徐管鑫，何为．电阻抗成像中有限元后处理的实现[J]．重庆大学学报，2003，26(12)：67-69[24] Shuai Wanjun, Dong Xiuzhen et al. Different Approaches to the Completion of the Back-Projection Algorithm in Image Monitoring by Electrical Impedance Tomography. The 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.2005
[25] 盛剑霓．工程电磁场数值分析[M]．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1991．
[26] Thomas M. Lehmann, Claudia Gonner et al. Survey: interpolation methods in medical image processin[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1999, 18(2):1049-1075
[27] 何斌等．Visual C++数字图像处理[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001．
[28] Liang KH et al. Roof Edge Detection using Regularized Cubic B-Spline Fitting[J].Pattern Recognition, 1997,30(5):483-491
[29] 邱力军，石明国等．CT数字影像DICOM接口技术的研究[J]．第四军医大学学报，2001，22(Suppl)：22-24
[30] Gibson A, Tidswell T, Bayford RH, Holder DS. Spherical and Realistic Head Models in Electrical Impedance Tomography. Biomedical Applications of EIT. London, UK:2000.150-154
[31] Frangi, A. Casas, O. Sellart et al. Quantification improvement in EIT Reconstruction Algorithms by incorporating a priori geometrical information [J]. Medical& Biological Engineering & Computing, 1997,35(Suppl1) 321
[32] Birsen Saka, Atila Yilmaz. Elliptic Cylinder Geometry for Distinguish ability Analysis in Impedance Tomography [J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2004,51(1):126-132
[33] Gibson, A. Electrical impedance tomography of human brain function [D].University College London.2000.[34] Jain H, Isaacson D et al. Electrical impedance tomography of complex conductivity distributions with noncircular boundary [J].IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1997,44(11):1051-60
[35] Molinari, M., Cox, S.J. et al. Optimal Finite Element Modelling and Efficient Reconstruction in Non-Linear 3D Electrical Resistance Tomography. 3rd EPSRC Engineering Network Meeting on Biomedical Applications of EIT. London, UK,2001:41-45
[36] Paivi J. Vauhkonen, Marko Vauhkonen et al. Static three-dimensional electrical impedance tomography [J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Science,1999, 873: 472-481
[37] M.J. van Burik, M.J. Peters. Estimation of the electric conductivity from scalp measurements: feasibility and application to source localization[J]. Clinical Neurophysiology,2000,111: 1514-1521
[38] A. Borsic, C. McLeod et al. Realistic 2D human thorax modeling for EIT [J]. Physiol. Meas., 2001, 22(1): 77-83
[39] Mengxing Tang, Wei Wang, James Wheeler, et al. Effects of Incompatible Boundary Information in EIT on the Convergence Behavior of an Iterative Algorithm[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2002,21(6): 620-628
[40] Andrew P. Bagshaw et al. Electrical impedance tomography of human brain function using reconstruction algorithms based on the finite element method[J]. NeuroImage. 2003, 20:752-764
[41] 帅万钧，董秀珍等．在逼近真实脑有限元模型上实现电阻抗断层成像的仿真研究[J]．医疗卫生装备，2004，11：11-12
[42] 孙家广，杨长贵．计算机图形学(第三版)[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2001[43] 徐晓刚，于金辉，马利庄．复杂物体轮廓提取[J]．中国图像图形学报，2001，6(5)：455-459
[44] 王斌等编著．Oracle 9i入门与提高[M]．北京：清华大学出版社 2003
[45] Groge Sheperd，David J．Kruglinski著 潘爱民译 Visual c++．NET技术内幕[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2004
[46] 罗杰森著，杨秀章译．COM技术内幕：微软组件对象模型[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1998
[47] John H．Mathews，Kurtis D．Fink著，陈渝，周璐，钱方等译．数值方法(MATLAB版第三版)．北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[48] 帅万钧，董秀珍等．一种具有真实人脑外形的脑有限元模型的建立方法[J]．生物医学工程学杂志，2005，22(4)：663-667
[49] 刘锐岗．基于物理模型的静态电阻抗断层成像正则化重构算法研究[D]．第四军医大学硕士学位论文．2000
[50] William s Donna, Shah Mubarak. A fast algorithm for active contours and curvature estimation[J].Image Understanding, 1992, 55(1):14-26.
[51] Chien Y P, Fu K S. A decision function method for boundary detection[J]. Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 1974, 3(2): 125-140
[52] 唐章宏，袁建生．用有限元法计算媒质各向异性真实头模型脑电正问题[J]．中国生物医学工程学报．2003，22(3)：208-214．
[53] 侯卫东，张卫民，莫玉龙．电阻抗成像中有限元法的算法实现[J]．上海大学学报(自然科学版)，2000，6(4)：343-346
[54] Golias N A, Dutton R W. Delaunay triangulation and 3D adaptive mesh generation [J]. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 1997,25:331-341
[55] Molinari M, Cox S J et al. Adaptive mesh refinement techniques for??electrical impedance tomography[J]. Physiol. Meas., 2001,22:91-96
[56] Marc Molinari, Barry H Blott et al. Optimal imaging with adaptive mesh refinement in electrical impedance tomography [J]. Physiol. Meas., 2002 23: 121-128
[57] 张慧，陈玉健等．一种基于局部优先的平面任意区域三角剖分算法[J]．计算机辅助设计与图形学报，2000，12(8)：561-565
[58] K. Ho-Le. Finite Element Mesh Generation Methods: a Review and Classification [J]. Computer-aided Design, 1988, 1(20):27-38
[59] LoSH. A new mesh generation scheme for arbitrary planar domains[J]. International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1985,21(8):1403
[60] 王华侨．结构有限元分析中的网格划分技术及其应用实例[J]．CAD／CAM与制造业信息化，2005，1：42-47
[2] Brown BH, Seagar AD. The Sheffield data collection system [J]. Clin Phys Physiol Meas, 1987, 8(Suppl A): 91-97.
[3] Yorkey TJ, Webster JG, Tompkins WJ. Comparing reconstruction algorithms for electrical impedance tomography [J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1987, 34: 843-852.
[4] Barber D.C. A review of image reconstruction techniques for electrical impedance tomography [J]. Med.Phys, 16(2), 162-169.
[5] B.H.Brown, D.C.Barber et al. Applied potential tomography: Possible clinical application[J].Clin.Phys.Physiol.Meas,1985,6: 109-121
[6] B. H. Brown Electrical impedance tomography (EIT): a review [J]. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2003, 27(3): 97-108
[7] 付峰．生物组织复电阻抗频谱测量及电阻抗断层成像系统的研究[D]．第四军医大学博士学位论文．1999
[8] 董秀珍，秦明新，付峰等．生物电阻抗断层成像技术的研究进展[J]．第四军医大学学报，1999，20(3)：252-255．
[9] 安源，任超世．电阻抗断层功能成像技术的发展[J] 第四军医大学学报，2001，22(1)：90-92
[10] 徐桂芝，杨硕等．电阻抗断层成像技术综述[J]．河北工业大学学报 2004，33(4)：35-40
[11] 汤孟兴．动态电阻抗断层成像算法的研究[D]．第四军医大学硕士学位论文．1997
[12] 董秀珍，秦明新等．影响生物电阻抗断层成像质量的因素[J]．中国医??学物理学杂志，2001，18(4)：206-210
[13] 董秀珍，付峰等．一种基于物理模型的生物电阻抗断层成像系统的研究[J]．中国医学物理学杂志，2004，18(4)：226-230
[14] 刘晓东，杨国胜，董秀珍等．电阻抗软件系统资料与数据管理模块的开发[J]．医疗卫生装备，2006，27(3)：16-17
[15] 罗述谦，周果宏．医学图像处理与分析[M]。北京：科学出版社，2003
[16] Issac N.Bankman. Handbook of Medical Imaging Processing and Analysis [M]. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000
[17] R. H. Smallwood et al. A comparison of neonatal and adult lung impedances derived from EIT images [J]. Physiol. Meas., 1999, 20: 401-413
[18] Paivi J.,Vauhkonen, Marko Vauhkonen et al. Dynamic Electrical Impedance Tomography Phantom Studies [M]. Finland: University of Kuopio Department of Applied Physics Report Series,2000
[19] Margaret Cheney et al. Electrical Impedance Tomography [J]. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,1999,41(1): 85-101
[20] A D Liston,, R H Bayford et al.A multi-shell algorithm to reconstruct EIT images of brain function[J]. Physiol. Meas., 2002, 23: 105-119
[21] R H Bayford, A Gibson et al. Solving the forward problem in electrical impedance tomography for the human head using IDEAS (integrated design engineering analysis software), a finite element modelling tool Physiol. Meas., 2001,22: 55-64
[22] 徐管鑫．电阻抗成像技术理论及应用研究．重庆大学博士学位论文．2003
[23] 曹赞，徐管鑫，何为．电阻抗成像中有限元后处理的实现[J]．重庆大学学报，2003，26(12)：67-69[24] Shuai Wanjun, Dong Xiuzhen et al. Different Approaches to the Completion of the Back-Projection Algorithm in Image Monitoring by Electrical Impedance Tomography. The 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.2005
[25] 盛剑霓．工程电磁场数值分析[M]．西安：西安交通大学出版社，1991．
[26] Thomas M. Lehmann, Claudia Gonner et al. Survey: interpolation methods in medical image processin[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 1999, 18(2):1049-1075
[27] 何斌等．Visual C++数字图像处理[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001．
[28] Liang KH et al. Roof Edge Detection using Regularized Cubic B-Spline Fitting[J].Pattern Recognition, 1997,30(5):483-491
[29] 邱力军，石明国等．CT数字影像DICOM接口技术的研究[J]．第四军医大学学报，2001，22(Suppl)：22-24
[30] Gibson A, Tidswell T, Bayford RH, Holder DS. Spherical and Realistic Head Models in Electrical Impedance Tomography. Biomedical Applications of EIT. London, UK:2000.150-154
[31] Frangi, A. Casas, O. Sellart et al. Quantification improvement in EIT Reconstruction Algorithms by incorporating a priori geometrical information [J]. Medical& Biological Engineering & Computing, 1997,35(Suppl1) 321
[32] Birsen Saka, Atila Yilmaz. Elliptic Cylinder Geometry for Distinguish ability Analysis in Impedance Tomography [J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2004,51(1):126-132
[33] Gibson, A. Electrical impedance tomography of human brain function [D].University College London.2000.[34] Jain H, Isaacson D et al. Electrical impedance tomography of complex conductivity distributions with noncircular boundary [J].IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1997,44(11):1051-60
[35] Molinari, M., Cox, S.J. et al. Optimal Finite Element Modelling and Efficient Reconstruction in Non-Linear 3D Electrical Resistance Tomography. 3rd EPSRC Engineering Network Meeting on Biomedical Applications of EIT. London, UK,2001:41-45
[36] Paivi J. Vauhkonen, Marko Vauhkonen et al. Static three-dimensional electrical impedance tomography [J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Science,1999, 873: 472-481
[37] M.J. van Burik, M.J. Peters. Estimation of the electric conductivity from scalp measurements: feasibility and application to source localization[J]. Clinical Neurophysiology,2000,111: 1514-1521
[38] A. Borsic, C. McLeod et al. Realistic 2D human thorax modeling for EIT [J]. Physiol. Meas., 2001, 22(1): 77-83
[39] Mengxing Tang, Wei Wang, James Wheeler, et al. Effects of Incompatible Boundary Information in EIT on the Convergence Behavior of an Iterative Algorithm[J]. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 2002,21(6): 620-628
[40] Andrew P. Bagshaw et al. Electrical impedance tomography of human brain function using reconstruction algorithms based on the finite element method[J]. NeuroImage. 2003, 20:752-764
[41] 帅万钧，董秀珍等．在逼近真实脑有限元模型上实现电阻抗断层成像的仿真研究[J]．医疗卫生装备，2004，11：11-12
[42] 孙家广，杨长贵．计算机图形学(第三版)[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2001[43] 徐晓刚，于金辉，马利庄．复杂物体轮廓提取[J]．中国图像图形学报，2001，6(5)：455-459
[44] 王斌等编著．Oracle 9i入门与提高[M]．北京：清华大学出版社 2003
[45] Groge Sheperd，David J．Kruglinski著 潘爱民译 Visual c++．NET技术内幕[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，2004
[46] 罗杰森著，杨秀章译．COM技术内幕：微软组件对象模型[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1998
[47] John H．Mathews，Kurtis D．Fink著，陈渝，周璐，钱方等译．数值方法(MATLAB版第三版)．北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[48] 帅万钧，董秀珍等．一种具有真实人脑外形的脑有限元模型的建立方法[J]．生物医学工程学杂志，2005，22(4)：663-667
[49] 刘锐岗．基于物理模型的静态电阻抗断层成像正则化重构算法研究[D]．第四军医大学硕士学位论文．2000
[50] William s Donna, Shah Mubarak. A fast algorithm for active contours and curvature estimation[J].Image Understanding, 1992, 55(1):14-26.
[51] Chien Y P, Fu K S. A decision function method for boundary detection[J]. Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 1974, 3(2): 125-140
[52] 唐章宏，袁建生．用有限元法计算媒质各向异性真实头模型脑电正问题[J]．中国生物医学工程学报．2003，22(3)：208-214．
[53] 侯卫东，张卫民，莫玉龙．电阻抗成像中有限元法的算法实现[J]．上海大学学报(自然科学版)，2000，6(4)：343-346
[54] Golias N A, Dutton R W. Delaunay triangulation and 3D adaptive mesh generation [J]. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 1997,25:331-341
[55] Molinari M, Cox S J et al. Adaptive mesh refinement techniques for??electrical impedance tomography[J]. Physiol. Meas., 2001,22:91-96
[56] Marc Molinari, Barry H Blott et al. Optimal imaging with adaptive mesh refinement in electrical impedance tomography [J]. Physiol. Meas., 2002 23: 121-128
[57] 张慧，陈玉健等．一种基于局部优先的平面任意区域三角剖分算法[J]．计算机辅助设计与图形学报，2000，12(8)：561-565
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[59] LoSH. A new mesh generation scheme for arbitrary planar domains[J]. International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, 1985,21(8):1403
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