肺功能电阻抗成像技术研究
|
摘要
生物电阻抗是指生物体或生物组织、生物器官、生物细胞在低于兴奋阈值的安全电流作用下所表现出的阻抗变化。生物电阻抗断层层析成像技术(Biomedical Electrical Impedance Tomography,MEIT)是通过配置体表电极阵列、施加一定频率的低幅交变安全电流,并通过扫描电极测量电压数据,从而提取与人体生理、病理状态相关的组织或器官的电特性信息,并经数据采集和处理后,重构被测组织或器官的断层分布图像。
与CT及MRI技术相比,EIT具有安全、无毒、无害、便携等优点,而且能对人体组织与器官进行无损伤的功能成像,可实现长期、动态、连续图像观察。本课题围绕人体呼吸过程的功能性成像技术开展研究,主要的研究工作包括:
1.基于FPGA的数字化肺功能成像系统研究;
2.图像重建算法研究:提出肺部电阻抗成像技术的双模型图像重建算法,利用MATLAB仿真重建肺部物理模型的静态图像及肺部呼吸过程的二维动态图像;研究了自适应多重网格算法,参考后验误差求解正问题,采用正则化与自适应多重网格剖分相结合的算法重建场域内部电阻率分布;最后研究了最小二乘共轭梯度图像重建算法,并进行成像仿真,给出了相应技术指标。
3.研究了正常肺、心脏、脂肪和肌肉四种离体生物组织的电阻抗特性;并对人体健康肺组织及浸润性肺癌组织的电阻抗频率特性进行了测量及研究。
4.融合灵敏场几何分布与电导率分布等先验信息的肺功能成像技术研究:从肺部CT图像获取人体胸部生理结构信息并结合电导率信息,求解灵敏度矩阵,利用MATLAB进行图像重构,提高了重建图像的分辨率;利用Visual C++与Matlab C++数学库以及MathTools混合编程,开发了融入先验信息的肺部电阻抗成像实时软件包,实现了动态监护过程临床需求。
5.EIT_TJU_II系统的空间分辨率和阻抗分辨率的系统性能参数研究,并给出了相应结果。
6.利用生物电阻抗断层成像技术实现了人体呼吸过程的电阻抗实时成像,并提出利用特征单元数据挖掘更丰富的生物阻抗信息,为临床研究提供了新的监测方法,通过分析特征单元数据,进一步挖掘与呼吸过程相关的心动信息。
最后,在总结本课题研究工作基础上,提出今后研究工作改进建议。
Bioelectrical impedance is one of the electrical characteristics of biological tissue, organs and cells when injected a safety current under threshold value. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an imaging technique which aims at estimating the interior conductivity or resistivity distribution within a region of interest (ROI). In EIT, a sensing electrode array is attached on the boundary of an object, safe alternating currents are injected through these electrodes, and the resulting voltages are measured which reflecting the electrical characteristics of the biological tissue and organs. After data collection and processing, the conductivity or resistivity distribution is imaged by reconstructed algorithms.
Compared to the conventional medical imaging techniques, such as X-ray computerized tomography (CT) or Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), EIT has the advantages of reasonable cost, harmlessness, and portability, etc. Furthermore,it is of advantage, such as non-invasion functional imaging technique through mining a wealth of physiological and pathological information by means of bioelectrical impedance. EIT makes bedside continuous monitoring achievable. The research work of lung ventilation functional imaging by EIT is illustrated briefly as following:
1. EIT_TJU_III system is researched based on Field Programmable Array (FPGA);
2. Reconstruction algorithms are researched. Firstly, a dual-model reconstruction algorithm is put forward, which reconstructs two dimension images based on a sensitivity matrix calculated from three dimension model. The dynamic ventilation is imaged by Matlab. Secondly, adaptive multigrid (AMG) reconstruction algorithm considering posterior estimate and adaptive refinement in the forward problem is researched, and the imaging results using regularized gauss-Newton algorithm are achieved. Finally, the conjugate gradient least squares (CGLS) algorithm is also researched and the some performance indexes are given out.
3. The impedance frequency characters of pig’s lung, heart, muscle and fat are measured with small current injecting under different frequencies, the human health lung tissue and the soakage lung cancer tissues are also measured and analyzed by frequency dispersion theory. The Cole-Cole parameters are calculated.
4. An approach to producing an accurate reconstruction image of the object regarding the physical geometry and prior conductivities information within thorax is proposed and simulated. The sensitivity distributions of traditional circular platform and the proposed physical platform are compared. The lung ventilation experiments are undertaken. A software kit is developed using Visual C++ and the math library of Matlab C++, it can realize the real-time dynamic imaging with prior information.
5. The experiments for testing the spatial resolution and the resistivity resolution of EIT_TJU_II are undertaken. The thesis gives out some performance indexes.
6. An idea of characteristic pixels is put forward in medical electrical impedance tomography, which can mine more useful biological information for clinic application.
At the end of the thesis, the research work is summarized briefly and further research work is suggested.
与CT及MRI技术相比,EIT具有安全、无毒、无害、便携等优点,而且能对人体组织与器官进行无损伤的功能成像,可实现长期、动态、连续图像观察。本课题围绕人体呼吸过程的功能性成像技术开展研究,主要的研究工作包括:
1.基于FPGA的数字化肺功能成像系统研究;
2.图像重建算法研究:提出肺部电阻抗成像技术的双模型图像重建算法,利用MATLAB仿真重建肺部物理模型的静态图像及肺部呼吸过程的二维动态图像;研究了自适应多重网格算法,参考后验误差求解正问题,采用正则化与自适应多重网格剖分相结合的算法重建场域内部电阻率分布;最后研究了最小二乘共轭梯度图像重建算法,并进行成像仿真,给出了相应技术指标。
3.研究了正常肺、心脏、脂肪和肌肉四种离体生物组织的电阻抗特性;并对人体健康肺组织及浸润性肺癌组织的电阻抗频率特性进行了测量及研究。
4.融合灵敏场几何分布与电导率分布等先验信息的肺功能成像技术研究:从肺部CT图像获取人体胸部生理结构信息并结合电导率信息,求解灵敏度矩阵,利用MATLAB进行图像重构,提高了重建图像的分辨率;利用Visual C++与Matlab C++数学库以及MathTools混合编程,开发了融入先验信息的肺部电阻抗成像实时软件包,实现了动态监护过程临床需求。
5.EIT_TJU_II系统的空间分辨率和阻抗分辨率的系统性能参数研究,并给出了相应结果。
6.利用生物电阻抗断层成像技术实现了人体呼吸过程的电阻抗实时成像,并提出利用特征单元数据挖掘更丰富的生物阻抗信息,为临床研究提供了新的监测方法,通过分析特征单元数据,进一步挖掘与呼吸过程相关的心动信息。
最后,在总结本课题研究工作基础上,提出今后研究工作改进建议。
Bioelectrical impedance is one of the electrical characteristics of biological tissue, organs and cells when injected a safety current under threshold value. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an imaging technique which aims at estimating the interior conductivity or resistivity distribution within a region of interest (ROI). In EIT, a sensing electrode array is attached on the boundary of an object, safe alternating currents are injected through these electrodes, and the resulting voltages are measured which reflecting the electrical characteristics of the biological tissue and organs. After data collection and processing, the conductivity or resistivity distribution is imaged by reconstructed algorithms.
Compared to the conventional medical imaging techniques, such as X-ray computerized tomography (CT) or Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), EIT has the advantages of reasonable cost, harmlessness, and portability, etc. Furthermore,it is of advantage, such as non-invasion functional imaging technique through mining a wealth of physiological and pathological information by means of bioelectrical impedance. EIT makes bedside continuous monitoring achievable. The research work of lung ventilation functional imaging by EIT is illustrated briefly as following:
1. EIT_TJU_III system is researched based on Field Programmable Array (FPGA);
2. Reconstruction algorithms are researched. Firstly, a dual-model reconstruction algorithm is put forward, which reconstructs two dimension images based on a sensitivity matrix calculated from three dimension model. The dynamic ventilation is imaged by Matlab. Secondly, adaptive multigrid (AMG) reconstruction algorithm considering posterior estimate and adaptive refinement in the forward problem is researched, and the imaging results using regularized gauss-Newton algorithm are achieved. Finally, the conjugate gradient least squares (CGLS) algorithm is also researched and the some performance indexes are given out.
3. The impedance frequency characters of pig’s lung, heart, muscle and fat are measured with small current injecting under different frequencies, the human health lung tissue and the soakage lung cancer tissues are also measured and analyzed by frequency dispersion theory. The Cole-Cole parameters are calculated.
4. An approach to producing an accurate reconstruction image of the object regarding the physical geometry and prior conductivities information within thorax is proposed and simulated. The sensitivity distributions of traditional circular platform and the proposed physical platform are compared. The lung ventilation experiments are undertaken. A software kit is developed using Visual C++ and the math library of Matlab C++, it can realize the real-time dynamic imaging with prior information.
5. The experiments for testing the spatial resolution and the resistivity resolution of EIT_TJU_II are undertaken. The thesis gives out some performance indexes.
6. An idea of characteristic pixels is put forward in medical electrical impedance tomography, which can mine more useful biological information for clinic application.
At the end of the thesis, the research work is summarized briefly and further research work is suggested.
引文
[1] Cole K.S, Electrical impedance of suspension of sphere, J. Gen. Physiol, 1928,12(1): 29-36
[2]Cole K.S, Cole R.H, Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics, J.Chem.Phys, 1941,9 (4):341-351
[3] Henderson R.P. and Webster T.G. An impedance camera for spatially specific measurements of the thorax. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1978 25:250-254
[4] A.M. Dijkstra, R.H.Brown,A.D.Leathard,et.al, Review clinical Application of electrical impedance tomography, Journal of Medical Engineering&Technology 1993,(17)3:89-98
[5]颜威利,徐桂芝等著,生物医学电磁场数值分析,机械工业出版社: 2006年
[6] Hahn G,Frerichs I, Kleyer M and Hellige G Local mechanics of the lung tissue determined by functional EIT Physiol.Meas. 1996.17 Suppl 4AA:159-A166
[7] Frerichs I. Electrical impedance tomography(EIT)in applications related to lung and ventilation: a review of experimental and clinical activities Physiol.Meas. 200021(2):R1-R21
[8] Holder D S, Electrical impedance tomography methods, history and applications, IoP Publishing: Bristol and Philadelphia, 2004
[9] Barber D C, Brown B H and Freestone I F. Experimental results of electrical impedance tomography, in Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on Electrical Bio-impedance,Zadar, Yugoslavia,Medical Jadertina XV: Supplementary Issue 1-5
[10] International conference of electrical impedance tomography 2008, Dartmouth, USA. Jane 15-18,2008 http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/EIT2008/
[11] www.eit.org.uk
[12] Eyuboglu B M, Brown B H, Barber D C Localisation of cardiac related impedance changes in the thorax Clin.Phys.Physiol.Meas. 1984.8 Suppl A: 167-173
[13] Harris N D, Suggett A J,Barber D C and Brown B H. Applications of applied potential tomography (APT) in respiratory medicine Clin.Phys.Physiol.Meas. 1987. 8 Suppl A: 155-165
[14] Hinz J et al.End-expiratory lung impedance change enables bedside monitorying of end-expiratory lung volume change Intensive Care Med. 2003 ,29(1):37-43
[15] Holder DS.Temple J.Effectiveness of the Sheffield EIT system in distinguishes patients with pulmonary psthology from a series of normal subject. Clinical and Physiological Applications of Electrical Impedance Tomography.UCL Press.1993:157
[16] Nicolas Coulombe, Herv′e Gagnon, Franc?ois Marquis,Yoanna Skrobik and Robert Guardo A parametric model of the relationship between EIT and total lung volume Physiol. Meas. 2005,26: 401–411
[17] H Luepschen, T Meier, M Grossherr, T Leibecke, J Karsten and S Leonhardt,Protective ventilation using electrical impedance tomography Physiol. Meas. 2007,28:S247–S260
[18] I Frerichs, G Schmitz, S Pulletz, D Sch¨adler, G Zick, J Scholz and N Weiler Reproducibility of regional lung ventilation distribution determined by electrical impedance tomography during mechanical ventilation Physiol. Meas. 2007,28: S261–S267
[19] Hahn G, Sipinkova I, Baisch F and Hellige G. Changes in the thoracic impedance distribution under different ventilatory conditions. Physiol. Meas.1995.16(3)Suppl .A: A161-A173.
[20] I Frerichs, G Hahn and G Hellige. Gravity-dependent phenomena in lung ventilation dertimined by functional EIT. Physiol Meas.1996,17:A149-157
[21] Frerichs I et al. Detection of local lung air content by electrical impedance tomography compared with electron beam CT J. Appl. Physiol. 2002, 93(2):660-666.
[22] S Zlochiver, D Freimark, M Arad, A Adunsky and S Abboud,Parametric EIT for monitoring cardiac stroke volume Physiol. Meas. 2006,27: S139–S146
[23] S Nebuya, M Noshiro, A Yonemoto, S Tateno, B H Brown,R H Smallwood and P Milnes,Study of the optimum level of electrode placement for the evaluation of absolute lung resistivity with the Mk3.5 EIT system Physiol. Meas. 2006,27:S129–S137
[24] Patterson R P ,Zhang J, Mason L I and Jerosch_herold M. Variability in the cardiac EIT image as a function of electrode position,lung volume and body position. Physiol. Meas.2001.22(1): 159-166.
[25] Pulletz, S. van Genderingen, H.R.; Schmitz, G.; Zick, G.; Schadler, D.; Scholz, J.; Weiler, N.; Frerichs, I. Comparison of different methods to define regions of interest for evaluation of regional lung ventilation by EIT. Physiological Measurement, May 2006, 27(5): S115-27
[26] Kunst P W,de Vries P M, Postmus P E and Bakker J Evaluation of electrical impedance tomography in the measurement of PEEP induced changes in lung volume Chest 1998.115(4): 1102-1106
[27] Holder D S, Clinical and physiological applications of electrical impedancetomography. UCL Press, London,1993
[28] Boone KG,Barber DC,Brown DC,Imaging with electricity review of the European concerted action on impedance tomograph.Journal of Medical Engineering&Technology,1997,21(6):201
[29]Amato M B et al, Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the actue respiratory distress syndrome N. Engl.J.Med. 338(6):347-354
[30] Hahn G, Frerichs I, Kleyer M and Hellige G. Local mechanics of the lung tissue determined by functional EIT. Physiol.Meas. 17 Suppl 4A :A159-A166
[31] Frerichs I, Hahn G, Schroder T and Hellige G. Electrical impedance tomography in monitoring experimental lung injury Intensive Care Med. 1998,24(8): 829-836.
[32] Kunst P W, de Vries P M,Postmus P E and Bakker J. Evaluation of electrical impedance tomography in the measurement of PEEP-induced changeds in lung volume Chest 1999,115(4):1102-1106
[33] Kunst P W et al. Regional pressure volume curves by electrical impedance tomography in a model of acute lung injury Crit. Care Med. 2000.28(1) :178-183
[34] Van Genderingen H R, van Vught A J and Jansen J R.Estimation of regional lung volume changes by electrical impedance pressures tomography during a pressure-volume maneuver Internsive Care Med. 2003,29(2):233-240
[35] Van Genderingen H R, van Vught A J and Jansen J R. Regiona lung volume during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation by electrical impedance tomography Cir. Care Med. 2004,32(3):787-794
[36] Victorino J A et al. Imbalances in regional lung ventilation: a validation study on electrical impedance tomography Am. J. Respir.Crit.Care Med. 2004,169(7):791-800
[37]王超,医学电阻抗断层成像的研究,[博士学位论文],天津大学,2001
[38] Geselowitz D B. An application of electrocardiographic lead theory to impedance plethysmography. IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering,1971,19:156-157.
[39] Lehr J. A vector derivation useful in impedance plethysmography field calculations. IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering.1972,19:1577-1584
[40] Murai T. and Kagawa Y. Electrical impedance computed tomography based on a finite element method. IEEE Transaction on Biomedcal Engineering1985,32:177-184
[41] Wang H. X., Wang Ch. And Yin W. L. A pre-iteration method for the inverse problem in electrical impedance tomography. IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement 2004,53(4):1093-1101
[42] Yang W.Q. and Peng L.H., Image reconstruction algorithms for electricalcapacitance tomography. Meas. Sci. Technol,2003,14:R1-R14
[43] Vauhkonen M, Vadasz D, Karjalainen P.A. et al. Tikhonov regulation and prior information in electrical impedance tomography. IEEE Transaction on Biomedcal Engineering. 1998,17(2):285-296
[44]胡理,基于软场的图像成像算法研究,硕士学位论文,天津大学,2006
[45] Yorkey T., Webster J.,and Tompkins W. Comparing reconstruction algorithms for electrical impedance tomography. IEEE Transaction on Biomedcal Engineering,1987,BEM-34:843-852
[46] Cheney M. Isaacson D., Semersala E.J.,et al. A layer-stripping reconstruction algorithm for impedance imaging. IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging,1991,12(2):137-146
[47] Patino N.M and Valentinuzzi M., Reconstruction algorithm for electrical impedance tomographt based on the linear approximation method, in IEEE EMBC and CMBEC.1995:561-562.
[48]Michael Mayer, Patricia Brunner, Robert Merwa, Freyja Maria Smolle-Juttner, Alfred Maier and Hermann Scharfetter Direct reconstruction of tissue parameters from differential multifrequency EIT in vivo Physiol. Meas. 2006,27 S93–S101
[49] Atul S Minhas and M Ramasubba Reddy Neural network based approach for anomaly detection in the lungs region by electrical impedance tomography Physiol. Meas. 2005,26: 489–502.
[50] Brown B H and Seafar A D The Sheffield data collection System Clin. Phys. Physiol.Meas.&Suppl.1987 A:91-97
[51] Smith R W M, Freeston I L and Brown B H. A real-time electrical impedance tomography system for clinical use- design and preliminary results. IEEE Trans.Biomed. Eng.1995.42(2) :133-140
[52] Wilson A J, Milnes P, Waterworth A R, Smallwood R H and Brown B H Mk3.5: a modular,multi-frequency successor to the Mk3a EIS/EITsystem. Physiol.Meas. 2001, 22:49-54
[53] Yerworth RJ, Bayford RH, Cusick G, Conway M and Holder D S. Design and performance of the UCLH Mark1b 64 channel electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system, optimized for imaging brain function. Physiol Meas. 2002, 23:149-158.
[54] Newell J.C, Gisser D G and Isaacson D. An electric current tomography. IEEE Trans. Biomed.Eng. 1988, 35(10):828-833
[55] Cook R D, Saulnier G J,Gisser D G,Goble J C,Newell J C and Isaacson D. ACT3: A high-speed,high-precision electrical impedance tomography. IEEE Trans. Biomedical Engineering.1994,41(8):713-722
[56] N Chauveau. B Ayeva, B Rigaud and J P Morucci. A multifrequency serialEITsystem. Physiol Meas. 1996,17:A7-A13.
[57] Roberto E Serrano, Pere J Riu, Bruno de Lema and Pere Casan. Assessment of the unilateral pulmonary function by means of electrical impedance tomography using a reduced electrode set Physiol. Meas. 2004,25: 803–813
[58] Ryan Halter, Alex Hartov and Keith D Paulsen. Design and implementation of a high frequency electrical impedance tomography system Physiol. Meas. 2004, 25 379–390
[59] Zhu Q.S, Mcleod C N,Denyer C W, Lidgey F J and Lionheart W R B. Development of a real-time adaptive current tomography. Physiol.Meas. 1994.15:A37-A43
[60] Jari P Kaipio,Aku Seppanen, Arto Voutilainen and Heikki Haario. Optimal current patterns in dynamical electrical impedance tomography imaging. Inverse Problems. 2007.23:1201-1214
[61]董秀珍,秦明新,付峰等,生物电阻抗断层成像技术的研究进展,第四军医大学学报1999.20(3):252-255
[62]史学涛,董秀珍,秦新明等电阻抗参数成像数据采集系统中三种电流-电压转化器的比较第四军医大学学报2001.22(1):72-75
[63]尤富生,董秀珍,史学涛等电阻抗断层成像中临近和对向驱动模式的研究第四军医大学学报2004.25(1):88-92
[64]付峰,董秀珍,刘锐岗等实时电阻抗断层成像系统的成像算法及软件系统实现医疗设备信息专论2003.18(6):2
[65] Canhua Xu, Xuetao Shi, Liang Wang, Feng Fu, Fusheng You, Ruigang Liu, Wanjun Shuai, Meng Dai, Guodong Gao and Xiuzhen Dong. Preliminary Study of Image Monitoring for an Intracranial Hemorrhage Model of Piglets using Electrical Impedance Tomography. International Conference EIT 2008:13-16
[66] Fusheng You,Xuetao Shi,Xiushen,Dong et al. A quantitative method based on total relative changes for dynamic electrical impedance tomography. IEEE Trans. On Biomedical Engineering. 2008, 55(3):1224-1226.
[67]田海燕,电阻抗断层成像技术理论和实践的研究,博士学位论文,重庆大学,2004年
[68]田海燕,李贤良,何为,数值延拓法用于脑血肿电阻抗断层图像重建,重庆大学学报2003,26(3):56
[69]杜岩柳重堪程吉宽基于连续插值逼近的电阻抗成象的图象重建算法电子科学学刊1997年11月底19卷第6期:797-803
[70]杜岩柳重堪程吉宽电阻抗成像的加权Newton-Raphson算法北京航空航天大学学报1998年4月第24卷第2期:161-165
[71]徐桂芝,基于EIT技术的脑内电特性与功能成像研究,博士学位论文,河北工业大学,2003年
[72] Rao Liyun, He Renjie, Wang Youhua,et al. An Efficient Improvement of Modified Newton-Raphson Alogorithm for electrical Impedance Tomography, IEEE Trans. On Magn.,1999,35(3):1562-1565.
[73] He Renjie,Rao Liyun,Liu Shuo, et al. The Mothod of Maximum Mutual Information for Biomedical Electromagnetic Inverse Problem, IEEE Trans. On Magn.,2000,36(4):1741-1744.
[74] Dong Guoyan, Bayford R H,Gao Shangkai,et al. The Application of the Generalized Vector Sample Pattern Matching Method for EIT Image Reconstruction. Physiol. Meas.2003,24:449-466.
[75]颜威利,杨庆新,汪友华等,电气工程电磁场数值分析,机械工业出版社: 2005
[76]任超世,EIT:一种诱人的医学成像技术,电子科技导报,1996,5:9-12.
[77]任超世,王妍,邓娟,电阻抗断层成像应用技术研究,中国医疗器械杂志,Vol.31, 2007(4):235-238
[78] Sha Hong, Wang Yan, Zhao Shu, Ren Chaoshi, Integrated Data Collection in Electrical Impedance Tomography, Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Electrical Bio-Impedance & 8th Conference on Electrical Impedance Tomography, August 29, 2007, Graz, Austria, 348-351.
[79]王妍,沙洪,任超世,医学EIT复合电极结构参数优化设计,生物医学工程与临床,Vol.11, 2007(2):91-96
[80]王春艳,应用于肺部检测的电阻抗成像系统,硕士学位论文,天津大学2006
[81]何永勃,电阻抗双模态层析成像技术研究,博士学位论文,天津大学,2006
[82] Zhang Cao, Huaxiang Wang, Wuqiang Yang, Yong Yan, A calculable sensor for electrical impedance tomography, Sensors and Actuators, 2007,2(140): Pages 156-161
[83] Li Hu, Huaxiang Wang, Bo Zhao and Wuqiang Yang, A Hybrid Reconstruction Algorithm for Electrical Impedance Tomography, Measure Science and Technology, 2007,(18):13-818
[84] Bo Zhao, Huaxiang Wang, Linearised solution to electrical impedance tomography based on Schur conjugate gradient method, Measure Science and Technology. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2007,18 (11): 3373-3383
[85]问雪宁,王化祥,何永勃,用于EIT数据采集系统的USB通讯模块,电子测量技术,2006,29(6):163-165
[86]王化祥,崔自强,基于FPGA的电阻抗成像系统激励信号源,电子器件,2007,30(1): 90-92,96
[87]陈晓艳,王化祥,赵波.基于自适应多重网格的人体肺部功能成像技术,中国生物医学工程进展, CBME'07, 2007年4月:1646-1649
[88]曹章王化祥基于二端口测量的电阻阻抗层析成像.中国生物医学工程进展, CBME'07, 2007年4月: 1642-1645
[89] Xiaoyan Chen, Huanxiang Wang, Xiaolei Shi, Lung ventilation imaging with Prior Information by Electrical Impedance Tomography , IIMTC, 2008,1531-1537
[90] Xiaoyan Chen, Huanxiang Wang, Xiaolei Shi。Lung Ventilation Imaged by Electrical Impedance Tomography International Conference EIT 2008:110-113
[91] Ziqiang Cui, Huaxiang Wang, Lei Tang, Lifeng Zhang, Xiaoyan Chen1 Yong Yan。A Specific Data Acquisition Scheme for Electrical Tomography IIMTC, 2008, 726-729
[92]冯慈璋,马西奎,工程电磁场导论,高等教育出版社: 2000年
[93]胡健伟,汤怀民,微分方程数值方法,科学出版社:1999年
[94]王烈衡,许学军,有限元方法的数学基础,科学出版社: 2005年
[95]Andrea Borsic, Regularisation Methods for Imaging from Electrical Measurements,School of Engineering Oxford Brooks Univeristy,PhD,2002
[96] Kaipio J and Somersalo E.“Statistical inverse problems: Discretization model reduction and inverse crimes”.J Comput Appl Math 2007.198 493-504
[97]范文茹,医学电阻抗成像算法研究,硕士论文,天津大学,2008
[98] Vogel C.R., Computational methods for inverse problems, SIAM, Philadephia, 2002
[99] Polydorides N., Image Reconstruction Algorithms for Soft-Field Tomography, PhD Thesis, UMIST, 2002.
[100] Hansen P C, Rank-Deficient and Discrete Ill-Posed Problems, SIAM, Philadelphia, America, 1998
[101] N.L. Trefethen and D.Bau III, Numerical linear algebra,SIAM,Philadelphia,1994.
[102] Hanke M. and Hansen P.C., Conjugate gradient type methods for ill-posed problems, Scientific & Technical, Longman, Essex, 1995.
[103] Jacobsen M (2004), Modular regularization algorithms, PhD thesis, Informatics and Mathematical Modelling, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
[104] Spartan-3 FPGA family complete data sheet, Xilinx, Inc, 2005
[105] Soleimani M Gomez-Laberge C and Adler A.“Imaging of conductivity changes and electrode movement in EIT”Physiol.Meas 2006 .27 S103-113
[106] DDS 5.0, Xilinx, Inc, 2005
[107] Andy Adler, John Arnold, Richard Bayford etc,GREIT: towards a consensus EIT algorithm for lung images International Conference of EIT2008, Dartmouth, U.S.A. June 2008:18-21,.
[108] Vauhkonen M, Lionheart W R B, Heikkinen L M, Vauhkonen P J and Kaipio L P, A MATLAB package for the EIDORS projects to reconstruct two-dimensional EIT images, Physiol .Meas.2001, 22:107-111
[109] Molinari M, High fidelity imaging in electrical impedance tomography, PhD Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003
[110] Lionheart B, EIT reconstruction algorithms: pitfalls, challenges and recent developments, Physiol. Meas.,2004.vol 25. pp 125-142
[111] Manuchehr Solemani, Catherine. Powell, Nick Polydrrides. Improving the forward solver for the complete electrode model in EIT using Algeberic multigrid, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, 2005, vol 24. pp 577-583
[112] W.Briggs, Multigrid tutorial, SIAM, Philadelphia
[113] J.H. Bramble. Multigrid Method.Pitman,1993
[114] J.H. Bramble,and J.E.Pascial. The analysis of smoothers for multigrid algorithms.Math.Comp.,1992,58:467-488
[115] J.H. Bramble, J.E.Pascial,J.Wang and J.Xu,Convergence estimates for multigrid algorithm without regularity assumptions. Math. Comp.,1991,57:23-45
[116] J.Xu. Theory of Multilevel Methods,PhD.thesis.Cornell Univerisity。1989
[117] Hestenes M R.Iterative methods for solving linear equations[J].JOTA,1973,11(4):323-334
[118] Stiefel E、0ber einige methoden der relaxationsrechnung[J].Zeitschfifl far Angewandte Mathematik und Physik. 1952(3):1-33
[119] Hestenes M R,Stiefel E L.Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear systems[J].J Res Nat Bur Standards,1952,49(6):409-436
[120] Calvetti D,Reichel L and Shuibi A Enriched Krylov subspace methods for ill-posed problems. Linear Algebra Appl. 2003. 362:257-273
[121] Fletcher R and Reeves C. Function minimization by conjugate gradients Computer J. 1964.7:149-154
[122]付峰,董秀珍,刘锐岗等,实时电阻抗断层成像系统的成像算法及软件系统实现,医疗设备信息, 2003, 18(6): 2-4
[123]徐管鑫,王平,何为,实时电阻抗成像系统及实验研究,仪器仪表学报,2005, 26(9): 886-890,894
[124] R J Yerworth, R H Bayford, B Brown, et al, Electrical impedance tomography spectroscopy (EITS) for human head imaging, Physiol. Meas.,2003, 24:477-489
[125]班东坡,人体电阻抗测量系统设计,硕士学位论文,天津大学,2003
[126]曲志刚,生物电阻抗成像数字化系统设计,硕士学位论文,天津大学,2005
[127]崔晓会,电阻层析成像算法研究及其应用软件设计,硕士学位论文,天津大学,2004
[128]唐磊,电学成像系统图像重建算法研究及可视化软件设计,博士论文,天津大学,2008
[129]王育坚,Visual C++面向对象编程教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[130] Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues in the frequency range 10Hz-100GHz,http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/htmlclie/htmlclie.htm#atsftag
[131] Camellia Gabriel,PhD.Sami Gabriel,MSc.Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies,Physics Department King’s College London.
[132] Webster JG. Electrical impedance tomography[R]. Adam Higler 1990,
[133] Dehghai H, Barber DC, Horwath B. Incorporating a priori anatomical information into image reconstruction in electrical impedance tomography [J]. Physiol Meas, 1999,20:87-102.
[134] Hansen PC. Analysis of discrete ill-posed problems by means of the L curve[J]. SIAM Rev, 1992, 34(4): 561-580.
[135] Zhao Bo, Wang Huaxiang, Chen Xiaoyan, et al. Linearised solution to electrical impedance tomography based on Schur conjugate gradient method [J]. IEEE Meas Sci Technol, 2007,18: 3373–3383.
[136]http://eidors3d.sourceforge.net/data_contrib/cg_normal_breathing_2006/cg_normal_breathing_2006.shtml]
[137] Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Avalli L, Rossi F and Bombino M. Pressure-volume curve of total respiratory system in acute respiratory failure. Computed tomographic scan study Am,Rev,Respir. Dis. 1987,136(3):730-736
[138] Andy Adler, Andrea Borsic, Nick Polydorides, William R B Lionheart,Simple FEMs aren't as good as we thought: experiences developing EIDORS v3.3, EIT International Conference,Dartmouth,USA,2008: 48-52
[2]Cole K.S, Cole R.H, Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics, J.Chem.Phys, 1941,9 (4):341-351
[3] Henderson R.P. and Webster T.G. An impedance camera for spatially specific measurements of the thorax. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 1978 25:250-254
[4] A.M. Dijkstra, R.H.Brown,A.D.Leathard,et.al, Review clinical Application of electrical impedance tomography, Journal of Medical Engineering&Technology 1993,(17)3:89-98
[5]颜威利,徐桂芝等著,生物医学电磁场数值分析,机械工业出版社: 2006年
[6] Hahn G,Frerichs I, Kleyer M and Hellige G Local mechanics of the lung tissue determined by functional EIT Physiol.Meas. 1996.17 Suppl 4AA:159-A166
[7] Frerichs I. Electrical impedance tomography(EIT)in applications related to lung and ventilation: a review of experimental and clinical activities Physiol.Meas. 200021(2):R1-R21
[8] Holder D S, Electrical impedance tomography methods, history and applications, IoP Publishing: Bristol and Philadelphia, 2004
[9] Barber D C, Brown B H and Freestone I F. Experimental results of electrical impedance tomography, in Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on Electrical Bio-impedance,Zadar, Yugoslavia,Medical Jadertina XV: Supplementary Issue 1-5
[10] International conference of electrical impedance tomography 2008, Dartmouth, USA. Jane 15-18,2008 http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/EIT2008/
[11] www.eit.org.uk
[12] Eyuboglu B M, Brown B H, Barber D C Localisation of cardiac related impedance changes in the thorax Clin.Phys.Physiol.Meas. 1984.8 Suppl A: 167-173
[13] Harris N D, Suggett A J,Barber D C and Brown B H. Applications of applied potential tomography (APT) in respiratory medicine Clin.Phys.Physiol.Meas. 1987. 8 Suppl A: 155-165
[14] Hinz J et al.End-expiratory lung impedance change enables bedside monitorying of end-expiratory lung volume change Intensive Care Med. 2003 ,29(1):37-43
[15] Holder DS.Temple J.Effectiveness of the Sheffield EIT system in distinguishes patients with pulmonary psthology from a series of normal subject. Clinical and Physiological Applications of Electrical Impedance Tomography.UCL Press.1993:157
[16] Nicolas Coulombe, Herv′e Gagnon, Franc?ois Marquis,Yoanna Skrobik and Robert Guardo A parametric model of the relationship between EIT and total lung volume Physiol. Meas. 2005,26: 401–411
[17] H Luepschen, T Meier, M Grossherr, T Leibecke, J Karsten and S Leonhardt,Protective ventilation using electrical impedance tomography Physiol. Meas. 2007,28:S247–S260
[18] I Frerichs, G Schmitz, S Pulletz, D Sch¨adler, G Zick, J Scholz and N Weiler Reproducibility of regional lung ventilation distribution determined by electrical impedance tomography during mechanical ventilation Physiol. Meas. 2007,28: S261–S267
[19] Hahn G, Sipinkova I, Baisch F and Hellige G. Changes in the thoracic impedance distribution under different ventilatory conditions. Physiol. Meas.1995.16(3)Suppl .A: A161-A173.
[20] I Frerichs, G Hahn and G Hellige. Gravity-dependent phenomena in lung ventilation dertimined by functional EIT. Physiol Meas.1996,17:A149-157
[21] Frerichs I et al. Detection of local lung air content by electrical impedance tomography compared with electron beam CT J. Appl. Physiol. 2002, 93(2):660-666.
[22] S Zlochiver, D Freimark, M Arad, A Adunsky and S Abboud,Parametric EIT for monitoring cardiac stroke volume Physiol. Meas. 2006,27: S139–S146
[23] S Nebuya, M Noshiro, A Yonemoto, S Tateno, B H Brown,R H Smallwood and P Milnes,Study of the optimum level of electrode placement for the evaluation of absolute lung resistivity with the Mk3.5 EIT system Physiol. Meas. 2006,27:S129–S137
[24] Patterson R P ,Zhang J, Mason L I and Jerosch_herold M. Variability in the cardiac EIT image as a function of electrode position,lung volume and body position. Physiol. Meas.2001.22(1): 159-166.
[25] Pulletz, S. van Genderingen, H.R.; Schmitz, G.; Zick, G.; Schadler, D.; Scholz, J.; Weiler, N.; Frerichs, I. Comparison of different methods to define regions of interest for evaluation of regional lung ventilation by EIT. Physiological Measurement, May 2006, 27(5): S115-27
[26] Kunst P W,de Vries P M, Postmus P E and Bakker J Evaluation of electrical impedance tomography in the measurement of PEEP induced changes in lung volume Chest 1998.115(4): 1102-1106
[27] Holder D S, Clinical and physiological applications of electrical impedancetomography. UCL Press, London,1993
[28] Boone KG,Barber DC,Brown DC,Imaging with electricity review of the European concerted action on impedance tomograph.Journal of Medical Engineering&Technology,1997,21(6):201
[29]Amato M B et al, Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the actue respiratory distress syndrome N. Engl.J.Med. 338(6):347-354
[30] Hahn G, Frerichs I, Kleyer M and Hellige G. Local mechanics of the lung tissue determined by functional EIT. Physiol.Meas. 17 Suppl 4A :A159-A166
[31] Frerichs I, Hahn G, Schroder T and Hellige G. Electrical impedance tomography in monitoring experimental lung injury Intensive Care Med. 1998,24(8): 829-836.
[32] Kunst P W, de Vries P M,Postmus P E and Bakker J. Evaluation of electrical impedance tomography in the measurement of PEEP-induced changeds in lung volume Chest 1999,115(4):1102-1106
[33] Kunst P W et al. Regional pressure volume curves by electrical impedance tomography in a model of acute lung injury Crit. Care Med. 2000.28(1) :178-183
[34] Van Genderingen H R, van Vught A J and Jansen J R.Estimation of regional lung volume changes by electrical impedance pressures tomography during a pressure-volume maneuver Internsive Care Med. 2003,29(2):233-240
[35] Van Genderingen H R, van Vught A J and Jansen J R. Regiona lung volume during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation by electrical impedance tomography Cir. Care Med. 2004,32(3):787-794
[36] Victorino J A et al. Imbalances in regional lung ventilation: a validation study on electrical impedance tomography Am. J. Respir.Crit.Care Med. 2004,169(7):791-800
[37]王超,医学电阻抗断层成像的研究,[博士学位论文],天津大学,2001
[38] Geselowitz D B. An application of electrocardiographic lead theory to impedance plethysmography. IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering,1971,19:156-157.
[39] Lehr J. A vector derivation useful in impedance plethysmography field calculations. IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering.1972,19:1577-1584
[40] Murai T. and Kagawa Y. Electrical impedance computed tomography based on a finite element method. IEEE Transaction on Biomedcal Engineering1985,32:177-184
[41] Wang H. X., Wang Ch. And Yin W. L. A pre-iteration method for the inverse problem in electrical impedance tomography. IEEE Transaction on Instrumentation and Measurement 2004,53(4):1093-1101
[42] Yang W.Q. and Peng L.H., Image reconstruction algorithms for electricalcapacitance tomography. Meas. Sci. Technol,2003,14:R1-R14
[43] Vauhkonen M, Vadasz D, Karjalainen P.A. et al. Tikhonov regulation and prior information in electrical impedance tomography. IEEE Transaction on Biomedcal Engineering. 1998,17(2):285-296
[44]胡理,基于软场的图像成像算法研究,硕士学位论文,天津大学,2006
[45] Yorkey T., Webster J.,and Tompkins W. Comparing reconstruction algorithms for electrical impedance tomography. IEEE Transaction on Biomedcal Engineering,1987,BEM-34:843-852
[46] Cheney M. Isaacson D., Semersala E.J.,et al. A layer-stripping reconstruction algorithm for impedance imaging. IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging,1991,12(2):137-146
[47] Patino N.M and Valentinuzzi M., Reconstruction algorithm for electrical impedance tomographt based on the linear approximation method, in IEEE EMBC and CMBEC.1995:561-562.
[48]Michael Mayer, Patricia Brunner, Robert Merwa, Freyja Maria Smolle-Juttner, Alfred Maier and Hermann Scharfetter Direct reconstruction of tissue parameters from differential multifrequency EIT in vivo Physiol. Meas. 2006,27 S93–S101
[49] Atul S Minhas and M Ramasubba Reddy Neural network based approach for anomaly detection in the lungs region by electrical impedance tomography Physiol. Meas. 2005,26: 489–502.
[50] Brown B H and Seafar A D The Sheffield data collection System Clin. Phys. Physiol.Meas.&Suppl.1987 A:91-97
[51] Smith R W M, Freeston I L and Brown B H. A real-time electrical impedance tomography system for clinical use- design and preliminary results. IEEE Trans.Biomed. Eng.1995.42(2) :133-140
[52] Wilson A J, Milnes P, Waterworth A R, Smallwood R H and Brown B H Mk3.5: a modular,multi-frequency successor to the Mk3a EIS/EITsystem. Physiol.Meas. 2001, 22:49-54
[53] Yerworth RJ, Bayford RH, Cusick G, Conway M and Holder D S. Design and performance of the UCLH Mark1b 64 channel electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system, optimized for imaging brain function. Physiol Meas. 2002, 23:149-158.
[54] Newell J.C, Gisser D G and Isaacson D. An electric current tomography. IEEE Trans. Biomed.Eng. 1988, 35(10):828-833
[55] Cook R D, Saulnier G J,Gisser D G,Goble J C,Newell J C and Isaacson D. ACT3: A high-speed,high-precision electrical impedance tomography. IEEE Trans. Biomedical Engineering.1994,41(8):713-722
[56] N Chauveau. B Ayeva, B Rigaud and J P Morucci. A multifrequency serialEITsystem. Physiol Meas. 1996,17:A7-A13.
[57] Roberto E Serrano, Pere J Riu, Bruno de Lema and Pere Casan. Assessment of the unilateral pulmonary function by means of electrical impedance tomography using a reduced electrode set Physiol. Meas. 2004,25: 803–813
[58] Ryan Halter, Alex Hartov and Keith D Paulsen. Design and implementation of a high frequency electrical impedance tomography system Physiol. Meas. 2004, 25 379–390
[59] Zhu Q.S, Mcleod C N,Denyer C W, Lidgey F J and Lionheart W R B. Development of a real-time adaptive current tomography. Physiol.Meas. 1994.15:A37-A43
[60] Jari P Kaipio,Aku Seppanen, Arto Voutilainen and Heikki Haario. Optimal current patterns in dynamical electrical impedance tomography imaging. Inverse Problems. 2007.23:1201-1214
[61]董秀珍,秦明新,付峰等,生物电阻抗断层成像技术的研究进展,第四军医大学学报1999.20(3):252-255
[62]史学涛,董秀珍,秦新明等电阻抗参数成像数据采集系统中三种电流-电压转化器的比较第四军医大学学报2001.22(1):72-75
[63]尤富生,董秀珍,史学涛等电阻抗断层成像中临近和对向驱动模式的研究第四军医大学学报2004.25(1):88-92
[64]付峰,董秀珍,刘锐岗等实时电阻抗断层成像系统的成像算法及软件系统实现医疗设备信息专论2003.18(6):2
[65] Canhua Xu, Xuetao Shi, Liang Wang, Feng Fu, Fusheng You, Ruigang Liu, Wanjun Shuai, Meng Dai, Guodong Gao and Xiuzhen Dong. Preliminary Study of Image Monitoring for an Intracranial Hemorrhage Model of Piglets using Electrical Impedance Tomography. International Conference EIT 2008:13-16
[66] Fusheng You,Xuetao Shi,Xiushen,Dong et al. A quantitative method based on total relative changes for dynamic electrical impedance tomography. IEEE Trans. On Biomedical Engineering. 2008, 55(3):1224-1226.
[67]田海燕,电阻抗断层成像技术理论和实践的研究,博士学位论文,重庆大学,2004年
[68]田海燕,李贤良,何为,数值延拓法用于脑血肿电阻抗断层图像重建,重庆大学学报2003,26(3):56
[69]杜岩柳重堪程吉宽基于连续插值逼近的电阻抗成象的图象重建算法电子科学学刊1997年11月底19卷第6期:797-803
[70]杜岩柳重堪程吉宽电阻抗成像的加权Newton-Raphson算法北京航空航天大学学报1998年4月第24卷第2期:161-165
[71]徐桂芝,基于EIT技术的脑内电特性与功能成像研究,博士学位论文,河北工业大学,2003年
[72] Rao Liyun, He Renjie, Wang Youhua,et al. An Efficient Improvement of Modified Newton-Raphson Alogorithm for electrical Impedance Tomography, IEEE Trans. On Magn.,1999,35(3):1562-1565.
[73] He Renjie,Rao Liyun,Liu Shuo, et al. The Mothod of Maximum Mutual Information for Biomedical Electromagnetic Inverse Problem, IEEE Trans. On Magn.,2000,36(4):1741-1744.
[74] Dong Guoyan, Bayford R H,Gao Shangkai,et al. The Application of the Generalized Vector Sample Pattern Matching Method for EIT Image Reconstruction. Physiol. Meas.2003,24:449-466.
[75]颜威利,杨庆新,汪友华等,电气工程电磁场数值分析,机械工业出版社: 2005
[76]任超世,EIT:一种诱人的医学成像技术,电子科技导报,1996,5:9-12.
[77]任超世,王妍,邓娟,电阻抗断层成像应用技术研究,中国医疗器械杂志,Vol.31, 2007(4):235-238
[78] Sha Hong, Wang Yan, Zhao Shu, Ren Chaoshi, Integrated Data Collection in Electrical Impedance Tomography, Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Electrical Bio-Impedance & 8th Conference on Electrical Impedance Tomography, August 29, 2007, Graz, Austria, 348-351.
[79]王妍,沙洪,任超世,医学EIT复合电极结构参数优化设计,生物医学工程与临床,Vol.11, 2007(2):91-96
[80]王春艳,应用于肺部检测的电阻抗成像系统,硕士学位论文,天津大学2006
[81]何永勃,电阻抗双模态层析成像技术研究,博士学位论文,天津大学,2006
[82] Zhang Cao, Huaxiang Wang, Wuqiang Yang, Yong Yan, A calculable sensor for electrical impedance tomography, Sensors and Actuators, 2007,2(140): Pages 156-161
[83] Li Hu, Huaxiang Wang, Bo Zhao and Wuqiang Yang, A Hybrid Reconstruction Algorithm for Electrical Impedance Tomography, Measure Science and Technology, 2007,(18):13-818
[84] Bo Zhao, Huaxiang Wang, Linearised solution to electrical impedance tomography based on Schur conjugate gradient method, Measure Science and Technology. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2007,18 (11): 3373-3383
[85]问雪宁,王化祥,何永勃,用于EIT数据采集系统的USB通讯模块,电子测量技术,2006,29(6):163-165
[86]王化祥,崔自强,基于FPGA的电阻抗成像系统激励信号源,电子器件,2007,30(1): 90-92,96
[87]陈晓艳,王化祥,赵波.基于自适应多重网格的人体肺部功能成像技术,中国生物医学工程进展, CBME'07, 2007年4月:1646-1649
[88]曹章王化祥基于二端口测量的电阻阻抗层析成像.中国生物医学工程进展, CBME'07, 2007年4月: 1642-1645
[89] Xiaoyan Chen, Huanxiang Wang, Xiaolei Shi, Lung ventilation imaging with Prior Information by Electrical Impedance Tomography , IIMTC, 2008,1531-1537
[90] Xiaoyan Chen, Huanxiang Wang, Xiaolei Shi。Lung Ventilation Imaged by Electrical Impedance Tomography International Conference EIT 2008:110-113
[91] Ziqiang Cui, Huaxiang Wang, Lei Tang, Lifeng Zhang, Xiaoyan Chen1 Yong Yan。A Specific Data Acquisition Scheme for Electrical Tomography IIMTC, 2008, 726-729
[92]冯慈璋,马西奎,工程电磁场导论,高等教育出版社: 2000年
[93]胡健伟,汤怀民,微分方程数值方法,科学出版社:1999年
[94]王烈衡,许学军,有限元方法的数学基础,科学出版社: 2005年
[95]Andrea Borsic, Regularisation Methods for Imaging from Electrical Measurements,School of Engineering Oxford Brooks Univeristy,PhD,2002
[96] Kaipio J and Somersalo E.“Statistical inverse problems: Discretization model reduction and inverse crimes”.J Comput Appl Math 2007.198 493-504
[97]范文茹,医学电阻抗成像算法研究,硕士论文,天津大学,2008
[98] Vogel C.R., Computational methods for inverse problems, SIAM, Philadephia, 2002
[99] Polydorides N., Image Reconstruction Algorithms for Soft-Field Tomography, PhD Thesis, UMIST, 2002.
[100] Hansen P C, Rank-Deficient and Discrete Ill-Posed Problems, SIAM, Philadelphia, America, 1998
[101] N.L. Trefethen and D.Bau III, Numerical linear algebra,SIAM,Philadelphia,1994.
[102] Hanke M. and Hansen P.C., Conjugate gradient type methods for ill-posed problems, Scientific & Technical, Longman, Essex, 1995.
[103] Jacobsen M (2004), Modular regularization algorithms, PhD thesis, Informatics and Mathematical Modelling, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
[104] Spartan-3 FPGA family complete data sheet, Xilinx, Inc, 2005
[105] Soleimani M Gomez-Laberge C and Adler A.“Imaging of conductivity changes and electrode movement in EIT”Physiol.Meas 2006 .27 S103-113
[106] DDS 5.0, Xilinx, Inc, 2005
[107] Andy Adler, John Arnold, Richard Bayford etc,GREIT: towards a consensus EIT algorithm for lung images International Conference of EIT2008, Dartmouth, U.S.A. June 2008:18-21,.
[108] Vauhkonen M, Lionheart W R B, Heikkinen L M, Vauhkonen P J and Kaipio L P, A MATLAB package for the EIDORS projects to reconstruct two-dimensional EIT images, Physiol .Meas.2001, 22:107-111
[109] Molinari M, High fidelity imaging in electrical impedance tomography, PhD Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003
[110] Lionheart B, EIT reconstruction algorithms: pitfalls, challenges and recent developments, Physiol. Meas.,2004.vol 25. pp 125-142
[111] Manuchehr Solemani, Catherine. Powell, Nick Polydrrides. Improving the forward solver for the complete electrode model in EIT using Algeberic multigrid, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, 2005, vol 24. pp 577-583
[112] W.Briggs, Multigrid tutorial, SIAM, Philadelphia
[113] J.H. Bramble. Multigrid Method.Pitman,1993
[114] J.H. Bramble,and J.E.Pascial. The analysis of smoothers for multigrid algorithms.Math.Comp.,1992,58:467-488
[115] J.H. Bramble, J.E.Pascial,J.Wang and J.Xu,Convergence estimates for multigrid algorithm without regularity assumptions. Math. Comp.,1991,57:23-45
[116] J.Xu. Theory of Multilevel Methods,PhD.thesis.Cornell Univerisity。1989
[117] Hestenes M R.Iterative methods for solving linear equations[J].JOTA,1973,11(4):323-334
[118] Stiefel E、0ber einige methoden der relaxationsrechnung[J].Zeitschfifl far Angewandte Mathematik und Physik. 1952(3):1-33
[119] Hestenes M R,Stiefel E L.Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear systems[J].J Res Nat Bur Standards,1952,49(6):409-436
[120] Calvetti D,Reichel L and Shuibi A Enriched Krylov subspace methods for ill-posed problems. Linear Algebra Appl. 2003. 362:257-273
[121] Fletcher R and Reeves C. Function minimization by conjugate gradients Computer J. 1964.7:149-154
[122]付峰,董秀珍,刘锐岗等,实时电阻抗断层成像系统的成像算法及软件系统实现,医疗设备信息, 2003, 18(6): 2-4
[123]徐管鑫,王平,何为,实时电阻抗成像系统及实验研究,仪器仪表学报,2005, 26(9): 886-890,894
[124] R J Yerworth, R H Bayford, B Brown, et al, Electrical impedance tomography spectroscopy (EITS) for human head imaging, Physiol. Meas.,2003, 24:477-489
[125]班东坡,人体电阻抗测量系统设计,硕士学位论文,天津大学,2003
[126]曲志刚,生物电阻抗成像数字化系统设计,硕士学位论文,天津大学,2005
[127]崔晓会,电阻层析成像算法研究及其应用软件设计,硕士学位论文,天津大学,2004
[128]唐磊,电学成像系统图像重建算法研究及可视化软件设计,博士论文,天津大学,2008
[129]王育坚,Visual C++面向对象编程教程,北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[130] Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues in the frequency range 10Hz-100GHz,http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/htmlclie/htmlclie.htm#atsftag
[131] Camellia Gabriel,PhD.Sami Gabriel,MSc.Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies,Physics Department King’s College London.
[132] Webster JG. Electrical impedance tomography[R]. Adam Higler 1990,
[133] Dehghai H, Barber DC, Horwath B. Incorporating a priori anatomical information into image reconstruction in electrical impedance tomography [J]. Physiol Meas, 1999,20:87-102.
[134] Hansen PC. Analysis of discrete ill-posed problems by means of the L curve[J]. SIAM Rev, 1992, 34(4): 561-580.
[135] Zhao Bo, Wang Huaxiang, Chen Xiaoyan, et al. Linearised solution to electrical impedance tomography based on Schur conjugate gradient method [J]. IEEE Meas Sci Technol, 2007,18: 3373–3383.
[136]http://eidors3d.sourceforge.net/data_contrib/cg_normal_breathing_2006/cg_normal_breathing_2006.shtml]
[137] Gattinoni L, Pesenti A, Avalli L, Rossi F and Bombino M. Pressure-volume curve of total respiratory system in acute respiratory failure. Computed tomographic scan study Am,Rev,Respir. Dis. 1987,136(3):730-736
[138] Andy Adler, Andrea Borsic, Nick Polydorides, William R B Lionheart,Simple FEMs aren't as good as we thought: experiences developing EIDORS v3.3, EIT International Conference,Dartmouth,USA,2008: 48-52