基于小波和混沌的数字水印技术研究
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摘要
随着通信、计算机和Internet技术的飞速发展，在许多方面改变了人们的生活。基于计算机和网络的多媒体信息交换为数字产品的使用、传播提供了便利的途径，使数字作品与传统作品相比有了很大的优越性，由此而引出的多媒体信息安全问题成为国际上研究的热门课题。数字水印技术是一门新兴的信息隐藏技术，通过在原始数据中嵌入大量的秘密信息——水印(Watermarking)来证实该数据的所有权或完整性，并能够承受一定的攻击行为，以此来抵制对数字作品的盗版或篡改。本文的主要工作就是进行数字水印技术的研究，内容有以下二个方面：
(1)对数字水印技术及其相关的小波分析、混沌理论等基本概念、理论、知识点等进行了概述；对数字水印技术的发展、现状及未来展望做了综述性介绍，明确了本文的研究方向。
(2)提出了基于小波和混沌的非盲数字水印算法和盲水印算法。这两种算法都选用了有意义的二值图像作为水印，采用本文提出的基于混沌序列的置乱方法对水印进行处理；在水印嵌入域上，选择了具有与人眼视觉特性十分符合的离散小波变换，并考虑了小波系数的容噪能力；在嵌入方法上采用了同一水印多重嵌入技术；在水印检测时，采用了具有一定纠错能力的水印提取方法，提高了水印检测的正确率。在盲水印算法中，本文提出了具体的嵌入方法，由小波系数容噪能力来决定参考值的方法，加大了水印嵌入的灵活性，同时，参考值也可作为一个密钥，对水印的安全起一定的保护作用。
With the development of communication, computer and Internet technology, humans’ lives have been changed a lot. Based on the technology of computer and network, the multimedia information exchanges provide a convenient way for using and spreading of digital produces. This make digital produces have more advantages then traditional produces. At the same time, multimedia information security problems became a pop international research question. The digital watermarking technology as a new information hiding technology, can prove the original data copyright and integrity through embedding a mass of cryptic information-watermarking in it, because watermarking can endure some attack actions, such as pirate and modification. In this dissertation, the main work is the research of digital watering technology. The contents have two parts as shown:
(1) The summarizations of basic concepts, theories and main knowledge for the digital watermarking technology, wavelet analyze and chaos theory. With the introductions of the digital watermarking technology development, status and expectation, the research aspect of this dissertation has been proposed.
(2) In this dissertation, proposed a non blind watermarking algorithm and a blind watermarking algorithm based on wavelet and chaos. In those algorithms, selected two value image with exact meaning as watermarking and used the method that proposed in this dissertation based on chaos sequence to mess it; Selected digital wavelet transform which has human visual system characteristic as the watermarking embedding domain, and considered the noise acceptable capability of wavelet coefficients; Used the same watermarking repetitious embedding technology as the watermarking embedding means; Used a method with rectify ability to enhance the exactness rate when do watermarking detection. In blind algorithm, the material watermarking embedding way has been provided, Using the noise acceptable capability of wavelet coefficients to confirm the reference value improved the watermarking embedding agility. At the same time, the reference value can be the secret key to protect the watermarking’s security.
(1)对数字水印技术及其相关的小波分析、混沌理论等基本概念、理论、知识点等进行了概述；对数字水印技术的发展、现状及未来展望做了综述性介绍，明确了本文的研究方向。
(2)提出了基于小波和混沌的非盲数字水印算法和盲水印算法。这两种算法都选用了有意义的二值图像作为水印，采用本文提出的基于混沌序列的置乱方法对水印进行处理；在水印嵌入域上，选择了具有与人眼视觉特性十分符合的离散小波变换，并考虑了小波系数的容噪能力；在嵌入方法上采用了同一水印多重嵌入技术；在水印检测时，采用了具有一定纠错能力的水印提取方法，提高了水印检测的正确率。在盲水印算法中，本文提出了具体的嵌入方法，由小波系数容噪能力来决定参考值的方法，加大了水印嵌入的灵活性，同时，参考值也可作为一个密钥，对水印的安全起一定的保护作用。
With the development of communication, computer and Internet technology, humans’ lives have been changed a lot. Based on the technology of computer and network, the multimedia information exchanges provide a convenient way for using and spreading of digital produces. This make digital produces have more advantages then traditional produces. At the same time, multimedia information security problems became a pop international research question. The digital watermarking technology as a new information hiding technology, can prove the original data copyright and integrity through embedding a mass of cryptic information-watermarking in it, because watermarking can endure some attack actions, such as pirate and modification. In this dissertation, the main work is the research of digital watering technology. The contents have two parts as shown:
(1) The summarizations of basic concepts, theories and main knowledge for the digital watermarking technology, wavelet analyze and chaos theory. With the introductions of the digital watermarking technology development, status and expectation, the research aspect of this dissertation has been proposed.
(2) In this dissertation, proposed a non blind watermarking algorithm and a blind watermarking algorithm based on wavelet and chaos. In those algorithms, selected two value image with exact meaning as watermarking and used the method that proposed in this dissertation based on chaos sequence to mess it; Selected digital wavelet transform which has human visual system characteristic as the watermarking embedding domain, and considered the noise acceptable capability of wavelet coefficients; Used the same watermarking repetitious embedding technology as the watermarking embedding means; Used a method with rectify ability to enhance the exactness rate when do watermarking detection. In blind algorithm, the material watermarking embedding way has been provided, Using the noise acceptable capability of wavelet coefficients to confirm the reference value improved the watermarking embedding agility. At the same time, the reference value can be the secret key to protect the watermarking’s security.
引文
卢开澄.计算机密码学——计算机网络中的数据保密与安全.北京:清华大学出版社,2001:1-181
S.Katzenbeisser, A.P.Petitcolas(编著).信息隐藏技术——隐写术与数字水印.吴秋新, 杨义先, 罗守山,等(译). 北京:人民邮电出版社,2001:68-99
刘振华,尹萍.信息隐藏技术及其应用.北京:科学出版社,2002:9-72
R.G.van Schyndel, A.Z.Tirkel, C.F.Osborne. A Digital Watermark. International Conference on Image Processing,1994,2:86-90
北京电子技术研究所主编.信息隐藏全国学术研讨会(CIHW2000/2001)论文集.西安,2001年第3届.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2001:137-256
J.W.Huang, Q.s.Yun, Y.shi. Embedding Image Watermarks in DC Components. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2002,10(3): 974-979
I.Pitas. A Method for Signature Casting on Digital Images. Proc of International Conference on Image Processing,1996,3(2):215-218
W.Bender, D.Gruhl, N.Morimoto. Techniques for Datahiding. IBM System Journal,1996,35(3):313-335
Cox.I.J, Kilian.J, Leighton.Secure Spread Spectrue Watermarking for Multimedia. IEEE Trans on Image Processing,1997,6(12):1673-1687
李华,朱光喜,朱耀庭.一种基于人眼视觉感知模型的数字水印隐藏方法.电子学报,2000,28(10):111-113
黄继武,Yun Q.Shi,程卫东.DCT域图像水印:嵌入策略和算法.电子学报,2000,28(4)57-60
D.L.Shinfeng, C.F.Chen. A Robus DCT-Based Watermarking for Copy-right Protection. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2000,46(3):415-421
牛夏牧,陆哲明,孙圣和.基于多分辨率分解的数字水印技术.电子学报,2000,28(8):1-4
孟兵,周良柱,万建伟.基于小波变换的静态图像数字水印算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2000,12(10):751-755
钮心昕,杨义先.基于小波变换的数字水印隐藏与检测.计算机学报,2000,23(1):21-27
王卫卫, 杨波, 宋国乡.基于图像特征的小波域第二代水印算法.光子学报,2001,
30(7):856-860
Minjen Tsai, Kuangyao Yu, Yizhang Chen. Joint Wavelet and Spantial Transformation for Ditigal Watermarking. IEEE Trans On Computer Electronics, 2000,46(1):241-246
D.Y.Chen, M.Ouhyong, J.L.Wu. A Shift-resisting Public Watermark System for Protecting Image Processing Software. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,Aug.2000,46(3):404-414
贾林,任金目,赵荣椿. 一种改进的面向MPEG的区域DCT数字水印方法.计算机应用,2001,21(9):33-35
齐东旭,周建成. 一类新的置乱变换及其在图像信息隐藏中的应用.中国科学(E集),2000,30(5):440-447
李国富.椭圆曲线在数字图像隐藏中的应用.北方工业大学学报,2000,12(3):17-20
丁伟, 闫伟齐,齐东旭. 基于生命游戏的图像置乱与数字水印技术.北方工业大学学报,2000,12(1):1-5
庄国瑜,刘洋.图像中数字水印的嵌入与提取.天津工业大学学报,2001,20(5):50- 54
孙圣和, 王秋生. 矢量变换域内灰度级数字水印嵌入算法. 电子学报, 2001,29(12):1782-1784
易开祥, 王铁, 石教英.基于DCT域的自适应二维数字水印系统.计算机应用, 2000,20(增刊):12-15
Josf Scharinger. Fast Encryption of Image Data Using Chaotic Kolmogorov Flows. SPIE,1997,3022(1):278-289
Hui Xiang. Digital Watermarking Systems with Chaotic Sequences.Electronic Imaging’99,Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents SPIE,1999, 3657(1):449-457
王丽娜, 于戈, 王国仁. 基于混沌特性改进的小波数字水印算法. 电子学报, 2001,29(10):1424-1426
Hernandez.J. The Impact of Channel Coding on the Performance of Spatial Watermarking for Copyright Protection. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing,1998,5(1):2973-2976
谢荣生. 盲检测图像数字水印技术研究.[哈尔滨工程大学博士论文].2002:68-89
M.Kutter, F.Jordan, F.Bossen. Digital Signature of Color Image Using Amplitude Modulation,Proc.of SPIE, 1997,3022(1):513-519
韦志辉. 基于小波域中视觉门限模型的数字水印技术.东南大学学报, 1998, 28(5):44-48
刘瑞祯, 谭铁牛.水印能量估计的一般性框架.计算机学报,2001,24(3): 242-246
Darmstaedter.V, Delaigle.J.F, Quisquater.J.J. Low Cost Spatial Watermarking. Computer & Graphics,1998,22(4):417-424
R.Dugad, K.Ratakenda, N.Ahuja. A New Waveletbased Scheme for Watermarking Images. Proc.IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing,1998,1(2):231-240
钟桦, 刘芳. 自适应空域易损水印. 计算机研究与发展,2003,40(6):825-830
董刚,张良,张春田. 一种半脆弱性数字水印算法. 通信学报,2003, 24(1):33-38
祁明, 刘迎风.信息隐藏与数字水印技术及其应用.通信技术,2001,6(总第117期):16-19
S.Craver, N.Memon, B.Yeo. Resolve Rightful Ownerships with Invisible Watermarking Techniques : Limitation, Attacks, and Implications.IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4):573- 586
M.D.Swanson, B.Zhu, A.H.Tewfik. Multiresolution Scene-based Watermarking Using Perceptual Models. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4):573-586
王志雄, 王慧琴, 李人厚.数字水印应用中的攻击和对策综述.通信学报,2002, 23(11):73-77
Piva A, Barni M, Bartolini f. DCT-based Watermark Recovering without Resorting to the Uncorrupted Original Image. Proc IEEE Int Conf Image Processing[c],1997,15(6):520-523
Pldilchuk C, Zeng W. Image-adaptive Watermarking Using Visual Models. IEEE Trans Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4): 525-539
Zhong Wei. Image Watermarking Using Legendre Array. Journal of China Institute of Communications,2001,22(1):1-6
Watson.A.B, Yang.G.Y, Solomon.J.A. Visibility of Wavelet Quantization Noise. IEEE Trans Image Processing,1997,6(8):1164-1174
彭玉华. 小波变换与工程应用. 北京:科学出版社, 1999:8-46
刘贵忠, 邸双亮.小波分析及应用.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1992:17-36
Mallat S. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation.[J] IEEE Trans. PAMI,1989,11(7): 674-693
方锦清. 驾驭混沌与发展高新技术. 北京:原子能出版社,2002:1-27
Nikolaidis A, Pitas I.Comparison of Different Chaotic Maps with Application to Image Watermarking[A].Proceedings of IEEE Circuits and Systems, 2000,56(8):509-512
Teskeridou S, Solachidis V, Nikolaidis N. Statistical of Watermarking System Based on Bernoulli Chaotic Sequence[J]. Signal Processing,2001,81(6):1273-1293
张春田,张静.基于混沌映射的鲁棒性图像水印算法.电子学 报,2002,30(1):69-72
张玉双.数字水印及其在静止图像中的应用.[西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文]. 2002:36-37
易开祥. 数字图像加密与数字水印技术研究.[浙江大学博士学位论文].2001:11-34
王毅. 基于混沌序列的图像加密研究. 计算机工程与应用,2002,20:99-102
S.Katzenbeisser, A.P.Petitcolas(编著).信息隐藏技术——隐写术与数字水印.吴秋新, 杨义先, 罗守山,等(译). 北京:人民邮电出版社,2001:68-99
刘振华,尹萍.信息隐藏技术及其应用.北京:科学出版社,2002:9-72
R.G.van Schyndel, A.Z.Tirkel, C.F.Osborne. A Digital Watermark. International Conference on Image Processing,1994,2:86-90
北京电子技术研究所主编.信息隐藏全国学术研讨会(CIHW2000/2001)论文集.西安,2001年第3届.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2001:137-256
J.W.Huang, Q.s.Yun, Y.shi. Embedding Image Watermarks in DC Components. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2002,10(3): 974-979
I.Pitas. A Method for Signature Casting on Digital Images. Proc of International Conference on Image Processing,1996,3(2):215-218
W.Bender, D.Gruhl, N.Morimoto. Techniques for Datahiding. IBM System Journal,1996,35(3):313-335
Cox.I.J, Kilian.J, Leighton.Secure Spread Spectrue Watermarking for Multimedia. IEEE Trans on Image Processing,1997,6(12):1673-1687
李华,朱光喜,朱耀庭.一种基于人眼视觉感知模型的数字水印隐藏方法.电子学报,2000,28(10):111-113
黄继武,Yun Q.Shi,程卫东.DCT域图像水印:嵌入策略和算法.电子学报,2000,28(4)57-60
D.L.Shinfeng, C.F.Chen. A Robus DCT-Based Watermarking for Copy-right Protection. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,2000,46(3):415-421
牛夏牧,陆哲明,孙圣和.基于多分辨率分解的数字水印技术.电子学报,2000,28(8):1-4
孟兵,周良柱,万建伟.基于小波变换的静态图像数字水印算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2000,12(10):751-755
钮心昕,杨义先.基于小波变换的数字水印隐藏与检测.计算机学报,2000,23(1):21-27
王卫卫, 杨波, 宋国乡.基于图像特征的小波域第二代水印算法.光子学报,2001,
30(7):856-860
Minjen Tsai, Kuangyao Yu, Yizhang Chen. Joint Wavelet and Spantial Transformation for Ditigal Watermarking. IEEE Trans On Computer Electronics, 2000,46(1):241-246
D.Y.Chen, M.Ouhyong, J.L.Wu. A Shift-resisting Public Watermark System for Protecting Image Processing Software. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,Aug.2000,46(3):404-414
贾林,任金目,赵荣椿. 一种改进的面向MPEG的区域DCT数字水印方法.计算机应用,2001,21(9):33-35
齐东旭,周建成. 一类新的置乱变换及其在图像信息隐藏中的应用.中国科学(E集),2000,30(5):440-447
李国富.椭圆曲线在数字图像隐藏中的应用.北方工业大学学报,2000,12(3):17-20
丁伟, 闫伟齐,齐东旭. 基于生命游戏的图像置乱与数字水印技术.北方工业大学学报,2000,12(1):1-5
庄国瑜,刘洋.图像中数字水印的嵌入与提取.天津工业大学学报,2001,20(5):50- 54
孙圣和, 王秋生. 矢量变换域内灰度级数字水印嵌入算法. 电子学报, 2001,29(12):1782-1784
易开祥, 王铁, 石教英.基于DCT域的自适应二维数字水印系统.计算机应用, 2000,20(增刊):12-15
Josf Scharinger. Fast Encryption of Image Data Using Chaotic Kolmogorov Flows. SPIE,1997,3022(1):278-289
Hui Xiang. Digital Watermarking Systems with Chaotic Sequences.Electronic Imaging’99,Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents SPIE,1999, 3657(1):449-457
王丽娜, 于戈, 王国仁. 基于混沌特性改进的小波数字水印算法. 电子学报, 2001,29(10):1424-1426
Hernandez.J. The Impact of Channel Coding on the Performance of Spatial Watermarking for Copyright Protection. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics,Speech and Signal Processing,1998,5(1):2973-2976
谢荣生. 盲检测图像数字水印技术研究.[哈尔滨工程大学博士论文].2002:68-89
M.Kutter, F.Jordan, F.Bossen. Digital Signature of Color Image Using Amplitude Modulation,Proc.of SPIE, 1997,3022(1):513-519
韦志辉. 基于小波域中视觉门限模型的数字水印技术.东南大学学报, 1998, 28(5):44-48
刘瑞祯, 谭铁牛.水印能量估计的一般性框架.计算机学报,2001,24(3): 242-246
Darmstaedter.V, Delaigle.J.F, Quisquater.J.J. Low Cost Spatial Watermarking. Computer & Graphics,1998,22(4):417-424
R.Dugad, K.Ratakenda, N.Ahuja. A New Waveletbased Scheme for Watermarking Images. Proc.IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing,1998,1(2):231-240
钟桦, 刘芳. 自适应空域易损水印. 计算机研究与发展,2003,40(6):825-830
董刚,张良,张春田. 一种半脆弱性数字水印算法. 通信学报,2003, 24(1):33-38
祁明, 刘迎风.信息隐藏与数字水印技术及其应用.通信技术,2001,6(总第117期):16-19
S.Craver, N.Memon, B.Yeo. Resolve Rightful Ownerships with Invisible Watermarking Techniques : Limitation, Attacks, and Implications.IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4):573- 586
M.D.Swanson, B.Zhu, A.H.Tewfik. Multiresolution Scene-based Watermarking Using Perceptual Models. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4):573-586
王志雄, 王慧琴, 李人厚.数字水印应用中的攻击和对策综述.通信学报,2002, 23(11):73-77
Piva A, Barni M, Bartolini f. DCT-based Watermark Recovering without Resorting to the Uncorrupted Original Image. Proc IEEE Int Conf Image Processing[c],1997,15(6):520-523
Pldilchuk C, Zeng W. Image-adaptive Watermarking Using Visual Models. IEEE Trans Selected Areas in Communications,1998,16(4): 525-539
Zhong Wei. Image Watermarking Using Legendre Array. Journal of China Institute of Communications,2001,22(1):1-6
Watson.A.B, Yang.G.Y, Solomon.J.A. Visibility of Wavelet Quantization Noise. IEEE Trans Image Processing,1997,6(8):1164-1174
彭玉华. 小波变换与工程应用. 北京:科学出版社, 1999:8-46
刘贵忠, 邸双亮.小波分析及应用.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1992:17-36
Mallat S. A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation.[J] IEEE Trans. PAMI,1989,11(7): 674-693
方锦清. 驾驭混沌与发展高新技术. 北京:原子能出版社,2002:1-27
Nikolaidis A, Pitas I.Comparison of Different Chaotic Maps with Application to Image Watermarking[A].Proceedings of IEEE Circuits and Systems, 2000,56(8):509-512
Teskeridou S, Solachidis V, Nikolaidis N. Statistical of Watermarking System Based on Bernoulli Chaotic Sequence[J]. Signal Processing,2001,81(6):1273-1293
张春田,张静.基于混沌映射的鲁棒性图像水印算法.电子学 报,2002,30(1):69-72
张玉双.数字水印及其在静止图像中的应用.[西安电子科技大学硕士学位论文]. 2002:36-37
易开祥. 数字图像加密与数字水印技术研究.[浙江大学博士学位论文].2001:11-34
王毅. 基于混沌序列的图像加密研究. 计算机工程与应用,2002,20:99-102