自动气象站数据图形化应用研究
摘要
开发一个完整的自动气象站数据图形查询系统,涉及到大量的工作,如气象资料的质量控制、地理信息系统的应用等,本文对系统设计过程中遇到的几个关键问题进行了研究,并提出了解决的办法。
1)从介绍空间变异理论相关概念着手,引出了克里金等7种空间插值法。经过大量的统计和比较,筛选出空间质量控制的最优模型--时间协同克里金(CKT)。据初步检索,该模型在实时气象资料质量控制领域的应用尚属首次。最后利用各种质量控制方法,设计和实现了自动气象站资料质量控制软件。
2)Surfer控件支持分布式组件对象模型(DCOM )技术,激活其DCOM特性后,就可以通过web调用Surfer控件绘制等值线/色斑图。提出Surfer生成等值线图形文件的命名规则及程序算法,避免重复检索数据库和生成图片,加快了图像显示的速度,同时也避免了因大量用户并行访问可能引起的写文件冲突,最终解决了web远程调用Surfer控件的问题。负载测试结果表明,利用该算法,页面绘制等值图的速度提高一倍左右。
3)研究地球坐标系和地图投影,深入分析Google map地图算法,发现Google map图块URL的最新格式,并编写了相应的下载指定区域图块的验证程序,为今后实现离线系统打下基础,降低了系统完全依赖Google地图的风险。找到了Google地图产生偏移的原因,提出了一种简便、实用的坐标系纠偏方法。经实际测算,纠偏后的自动气象站坐标定位与WGS-84坐标系统相比,平均误差只有30米左右。
4)与surfer绘制等值线绘制技术相结合,实现了等值线、雷达回波图形与Google map地图的叠加。实现了任意两个自动气象站之间的行车路线查询和显示,方便了自动气象站的维护。
5)设计与开发了完整的自动气象站数据图形化查询系统,并投入业务应用。经负载测试,该系统的性能完全能满足目前的业务需求。
The development of an entire graphic query system for data from Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) is associated with a lot of work, such as the quality control of meteorological data, the applications of GIS, etc. In this paper, several key issues have been disscued during the design of the abovementioned system, and also the sulotions of the issues have been put forward.
1. Beginning with the presentation of the conceptual spatiail variogram theories, 7 spatial interpolations have been introduced.After a large amount of data statistics and comparisions,The Time CoKriging was selected as the best model of spatial quality control. And according to the initial documents retrieving, we are the first to apply this model in the fields of quality control for meteorological data. Finally, the quality control software for data from ASW was designed and implemented.
2. Surfer Automation supports Distribution Component Object Mode(lDCOM),by activating which, Surfer ActiveX will be called to draw contour on web pages. A rule of naming the contour graphical files and the algorithm of building the abovementioned files are discussed, with which, the repeatedly search of database and generation of images are avoided so that the speed of image display increases, and simultaneously, the write violation, which is probably caused by mass parallel access, is avoided. Eventually, the problem of calling Surfer ActiveX is resolved. The load test indicates that the speed of drawing contour on web pages by using the algorithm is increased by twice as much.
3. By studying the earth coordinate system and deeply analyzing the algorithm of Google Map, the recent URL format of the Google Map tiles is discovered and the verified program is coded to download the tile files of the specified area. With these files, a tiling map server can be made in the future so as to lower the risk of depending on Google Maps totally. At the same time, the reason causing the offset of Google Map China is found, and a simple and pragmatic method of correcting the offset of the coordinate system is put forward. The actual measurement shows that the average distance between coordinate system corrected and WGS-84 is less than 30 meters.
4. In combination with the techniques of drawing contour with surfer, the contour and images of radar can be overlaid to Google Map. And also, the driving route between any two automatic weather stations is calculated in order to make the maintenance more easily.
5. The Graphic Query System of data from Hainan Automatic Weather Stations has been designed and developed. The load test result shows that the performance of the system can meet the requirement of the current business.
1)从介绍空间变异理论相关概念着手,引出了克里金等7种空间插值法。经过大量的统计和比较,筛选出空间质量控制的最优模型--时间协同克里金(CKT)。据初步检索,该模型在实时气象资料质量控制领域的应用尚属首次。最后利用各种质量控制方法,设计和实现了自动气象站资料质量控制软件。
2)Surfer控件支持分布式组件对象模型(DCOM )技术,激活其DCOM特性后,就可以通过web调用Surfer控件绘制等值线/色斑图。提出Surfer生成等值线图形文件的命名规则及程序算法,避免重复检索数据库和生成图片,加快了图像显示的速度,同时也避免了因大量用户并行访问可能引起的写文件冲突,最终解决了web远程调用Surfer控件的问题。负载测试结果表明,利用该算法,页面绘制等值图的速度提高一倍左右。
3)研究地球坐标系和地图投影,深入分析Google map地图算法,发现Google map图块URL的最新格式,并编写了相应的下载指定区域图块的验证程序,为今后实现离线系统打下基础,降低了系统完全依赖Google地图的风险。找到了Google地图产生偏移的原因,提出了一种简便、实用的坐标系纠偏方法。经实际测算,纠偏后的自动气象站坐标定位与WGS-84坐标系统相比,平均误差只有30米左右。
4)与surfer绘制等值线绘制技术相结合,实现了等值线、雷达回波图形与Google map地图的叠加。实现了任意两个自动气象站之间的行车路线查询和显示,方便了自动气象站的维护。
5)设计与开发了完整的自动气象站数据图形化查询系统,并投入业务应用。经负载测试,该系统的性能完全能满足目前的业务需求。
The development of an entire graphic query system for data from Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) is associated with a lot of work, such as the quality control of meteorological data, the applications of GIS, etc. In this paper, several key issues have been disscued during the design of the abovementioned system, and also the sulotions of the issues have been put forward.
1. Beginning with the presentation of the conceptual spatiail variogram theories, 7 spatial interpolations have been introduced.After a large amount of data statistics and comparisions,The Time CoKriging was selected as the best model of spatial quality control. And according to the initial documents retrieving, we are the first to apply this model in the fields of quality control for meteorological data. Finally, the quality control software for data from ASW was designed and implemented.
2. Surfer Automation supports Distribution Component Object Mode(lDCOM),by activating which, Surfer ActiveX will be called to draw contour on web pages. A rule of naming the contour graphical files and the algorithm of building the abovementioned files are discussed, with which, the repeatedly search of database and generation of images are avoided so that the speed of image display increases, and simultaneously, the write violation, which is probably caused by mass parallel access, is avoided. Eventually, the problem of calling Surfer ActiveX is resolved. The load test indicates that the speed of drawing contour on web pages by using the algorithm is increased by twice as much.
3. By studying the earth coordinate system and deeply analyzing the algorithm of Google Map, the recent URL format of the Google Map tiles is discovered and the verified program is coded to download the tile files of the specified area. With these files, a tiling map server can be made in the future so as to lower the risk of depending on Google Maps totally. At the same time, the reason causing the offset of Google Map China is found, and a simple and pragmatic method of correcting the offset of the coordinate system is put forward. The actual measurement shows that the average distance between coordinate system corrected and WGS-84 is less than 30 meters.
4. In combination with the techniques of drawing contour with surfer, the contour and images of radar can be overlaid to Google Map. And also, the driving route between any two automatic weather stations is calculated in order to make the maintenance more easily.
5. The Graphic Query System of data from Hainan Automatic Weather Stations has been designed and developed. The load test result shows that the performance of the system can meet the requirement of the current business.
引文
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[2]张菊明.用电子计算机绘制等值线图和立体图[J].地质科学,1975(1):72-81.
[3]章毅之,辜晓青.气象要素的等值线绘制技术[J].江西气象科技,2002,25(1):30-33.
[4] ESRI.ARCGRIS软件产品[EB/OL].http://www.esrichina-bj.cn/templates/T_yestem_News/index.aspx?nodeid=3.
[5] ESRI.ArcGis技术理论[EB/OL].http://www.esrichina-bj.cn/templates/T_yestem_News/index.aspx?nodeid=206.
[6]尹振良,蒋红,朱睿等.地理数据处理服务在青海省气象灾害预报预警地理信息系统中的应用[C].2009年第八届ESRI中国用户大会论文集.
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[9] Keith StellmanBrice and Darrin HansingTim. How Geographic Information System Software is Improving the Effectiveness of the National Weather Service.
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[11] William F. RobertsD. Gebauer, and Leigh K. CheatwoodNicholas. A OneNOAA Concept Prototype for Data Viewing[C]. 23rd Conference on IIPS.
[12] WrightBruce. Invent weather map visualisation-A freely accessible weather-viewer using Google maps, tile-caching & WMS. http://www.metoffice.gov.uk.
[13]熊安元.北欧气象观测资料的质量控制[J].气象科技,2003,31(5):314-320.
[14]任芝花熊安元.地面自动站观测资料三级质量控制业务系统的研制.气象, 2007,33(1):19-24.
[15]窦以文,屈玉贵,陶士伟等.北京自动气象站实时数据质量控制应用[J].气象,2008,34(8):77-81.
[16]胡平,孙娟.上海自动气象站实时质量控制系统研究[J].气象水文海洋仪器,2009(4):38-41.
[17]王海军,杨志彪,杨代才等.自动气象站实时资料自动质量控制方法及其应用[J].气象,2007,33(10):102-109.
[18]封秀燕,何志军,王荷平等.自动气象站实时资料质量控制开放式平台设计.应用气象学报[J],2010,21(4):506-512.
[19] SiemenStephan. Metview 4-The next generation of The meteorological workstation at ECMWF[C]. 19th EGOWS, Ljubljana, 9 - 12 June 2008.
[20] 20. ChungSoon-Kab. KMA Integrated Observation System For the Better Meteorological Services[C]. 4th th Technical Conference, 5Technical 5-9 Feb. 2007, Islamabad, Pakistan9 Pakistan.
[21]李应军孟昭辉.自动气象站综述[J].气象水文仪器,2009(4):54-59.
[22]刘旭林,赵文芳.气象观测数据等值线自动绘制系统[J].气象,2009,35(4):102-107.
[23]刘旭林,赵文芳,刘国宏.基于WebGIS的气象信息显示和查询系统[J].应用气象学报,2008,19(1):116-121.
[24]冯建设,李占星,张璇.地面自动气象站资料图形分析软件设计与应用[J].山东气象,2010,30(2):41-43.
[25]陈业国.广西自动气象站雨量图形化的实现[J].广西科学院学报,2008,24(2):104～105,109.
[26]杨代才,傅希德.湖北省自动气象站多要素资料显示系统[J].湖北气象,2006(3):30-32.
[27]陈国勇,朱健,诸晓明等.中尺度自动气象站资料的图形化分析应用[J].气象,2006,32(12):111-115.
[28]杨晓武,黄兴友,徐平.加密自动气象站实时监控与查询显示系统[J].气象科技, 2008,36(4):506-509.
[29]张宗灏,王咏青,景安华等.中尺度自动气象站Web图形显示系统[J].气象科技,2008,36(3):372-374.
[30]黄克磊,王媛,杨娜娜等.基于W eb的区域气象站监测资料图形分析应用[J].安微农业科学,2009,37(19):9286-9287.
[31]连志鸾. Surfer二次开发实现加密雨量图自动显示与输出[J].气象科技,2006,34(2):221 - 224.
[32] Igor Zahumensky (Slovakia).Guidelines on Quality Control Procedures for Data from Automatic Weather Stations[S].WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION EXPERT TEAM ON REQUIREMENTS FOR DATA FROM AUTOMATIC WEATHER STATIONS Third Session,GENEVA,2004.
[33]冯益明.空间统计学理论及其在林业中的应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 2008.
[34]刘湘南,黄方,王平.GIS空间分析原理及方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[35]王远飞,何洪林.空间数据分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[36]张仁铎.空间变异理论及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[37] ESRI.Using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst[EB].
[38]吴孟达,李兵,汪文浩.高等工程数学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:131-136.
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